Browse > Article

The Effects of Hypercapnia and High Flow on Cerebral Metabolism During Cardiopulmonary Bypass  

강도균 (인제대학교 의과대학 부산백병원 흉부외과학교실)
최석철 (부산가톨릭대학교 보건과학대학 임상병리학과)
윤영철 (인제대학교 의과대학 부산백병원 흉부외과학교실)
최국렬 (인제대학교 데이터정보학과)
정신현 (다정의원)
황윤호 (인제대학교 의과대학 부산백병원 흉부외과학교실)
조광현 (인제대학교 의과대학 부산백병원 흉부외과학교실)
Publication Information
Journal of Chest Surgery / v.36, no.7, 2003 , pp. 472-482 More about this Journal
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that cerebral desaturation during rewarming period of CPB was associated with postoperative neurologic dysfunction. The prevention of cerebral desaturation during CPB may reduce the incidences of neurologic and neuropsychological complications. The present study was prospectively undertaken to compare the clinical effects between two strategies (hypercapnic CPB and high flow CPB) to prevent cerebral desaturation for establishing a proper CPB technique. Material and Method: Thirty-six adult patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery were randomized into either hypercapnic (Pa$CO_2$ 45~50mmHg, n=18) or high flow group (flow rate 2.75 L/ $m^2$/min and Pa$CO_2$ 35~40mmHg, n=18) during rewarming period of CPB. In each patient, middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity ( $V_{MCA}$), cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content difference (C(a-v) $O_2$), modified cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (MCMR $O_2$), cerebral oxygen transport rate ( $T_{E}$ $O_2$), incidence of cerebral desaturation (internal jugular bulb blood oxygen saturation $\leq$ 50%), increased rate of S-100 $\beta$ concentration, and arterial and internal jugular bulb blood gas were measured during the five phases of the operation; Pre-CPB, CPB-10 min (steady-state CPB, nasopharyngeal temperature 29~3$0^{\circ}C$), Rewarm-1 (rewarming phase, nasopharyngeal temperature 33$^{\circ}C$), Rewarm-2 (nasopharyngeal temperature 37$^{\circ}C$), and CPB-off. Incidence of postoperative delirium and duration were assessed in all patients. All variables were compared between the two groups. Result: $V_{MCA}$ (157.88$\pm$10.87 vs 120.00$\pm$6.18%, p=0.006), internal jugular bulb $O_2$ saturation (68.01$\pm$2.75 vs 61.28$\pm$2.87%, p=0.03) and $O_2$ tension (41.01$\pm$2.25 vs 32.02$\pm$ 1,67 mmHg, p=0.03), and $T_{E}$ $O_2$(110.84$\pm$7.41 vs 81.15$\pm$8.11%, p=0.003) at rewarming periods were higher in the hypercapnic group than in the high flow group. C(a-v) $O_2$ (4.0$\pm$0.30 vs 4.84$\pm$0.38 mg/dL, p=0.04), COE (0.36$\pm$0.03 vs 0.42$\pm$0.03, p=0.04), increased rate of S- 100$\beta$ (391.67$\pm$23.40 vs 940.0$\pm$17.02%, p=0.003), and incidence of cerebral desaturation (2 vs 4 patients, p=0.04) at rewarming periods, and duration of postoperative delirium (18 vs 34 hr, p=0.02) were low in the hypercapnic group compared to the high flow group. Conclusion: These results indicate that hypercapnic CPB may provide relatively diminished cerebral injury and beneficial effects for cerebral metabolism relatively compared to high flow CPB.low CPB.
Keywords
Cardiopulmonary bypass; Hypercapnia; Cerebral metabolism;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Mahanna EP, Blumenthal JA, White WD, Clancy CP, Smith LR, Newman MF. Defining neuropsychological dysfunction after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorae Surg 1996;61: 1342-7.
2 Sheinberg M, Kanter MJ, Robertson CS. Continuous moni-to ring of jugular venous oxygen saturation in head-injured patients. J Neurosurg 1992;76:212-7.
3 Meyer JS, Gotoh F, Ebihara S, Tomita M. Effects of anoxia on cerebral metabolism and electrolytes in man. Neurology 1965; 15:892-901.
4 Prough DS, Rogers AT, Stump DA, Mills SA, Gravlee GP, Taylor C. Hypercarbia depresses cerebral oxygen consumption during cardiopulmonary bypass. Stroke 1990;21: 1162-6.
5 Usui A, Kato K, Abe T, Murase M, Tanaka M, Takeuchi E. 5-100B protein in blood and urine during open-heart surgery. Clin Chern 1989;35:1942-4.
6 Georgiadis D, Berg M, Kowatscheve E, Bomer A. Predictive value of 5-100;J and neuron specific enolase serum level for adverse neurologic outcome after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:138-47.
7 Kadoi Y, Saito S, Goto F, Fujita N. Decrease in jugular venous oxygen saturation during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass predicts short-term postoperative neurologic dysfunction in elderly patients. J Am Coil Cardiol 2001; 38: 1405-5.
8 Newman MF, Croughwell ND, Blumenthal JA, White WD, Lewis JB, Smith LR. Effect of aging on cerebral autoregulation during cardiopulmonary bypass: association with postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Circulation 1994;90(part 2):11-243-9.
9 CroughweJl ND, Smith LR, Quill T, et al. The effect of temperature on cerebral metabolism and blood flow in adults during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992: 103:549-54.
10 Cook DJ, Plochl W, Orszulak TA. Effect of temperature and PaC02 on cerebral embolization during cardiopulmonary bypass in swine. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69:415-20.
11 Murkin JM, Farrar JK, Tweed W A, Mckenzie FN, Guiraudon G. Cerebral autoregulation and flow/metabolism coupling during cardiopulmonary bypass: the influence of PaC02 Anesth Analg 1987;66:825-32.
12 Plochl W, Cook DJ. Quantification and distribution of cerebral emboli during cardiopulmonary bypass in the swine: the impact of PaCOz. Anesthesiology 1999;90: 183-90.
13 Roach GW, Kanchuger M, Mora Mangano C, Newman M, Mussmeier N. Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1857-63.
14 Croughwell ND, Newman MF, Blumenthal JA, White WD, Lewis JB. Jugular bulb saturation and cognitive dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;58: 1702-8.
15 Blomquist S, Johnsson P, Luhrs P. The appearance of 5-100 protein in serum during and immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vase Anesth 1997; 11:699-703.
16 Bruder N, Cohen B, Pellissier D, Francois G. The effect of hemodilution on cerebral blood flow velocity in anesthetized patients. Anesth Analg 1998;86:320-4.
17 Croughwell ND, Frasco P, Blumenthal JA, Leone BJ, White WD, Reves JG. Warming during cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with jugular bulb desaturation. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;53:827-31.
18 Endoh H, Shimoji K. Changes in blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery during nonpulsatile hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Stroke 1994;25:403-7.
19 Enomoto S, Hindmen BJ, Dexter F, Smith T, Cutkomp 1. Rapid rewarm causes an increase in the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen that is temporarily unmatched by cerebral blood flow: A study during cardiopulmonary bypass in rabbits. Anesthesiol 1996;84: 1392-1400.
20 Schell RM, Kern PH, Greeley WJ, et al. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Anal 1993;76:849-65.