• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 1993

In Tris-iso-butanol (TIB; Tris buffer pH 8.8 and 1% iso-butanol)-treated chloroplasts, oxygen evolving activity was more inhibited than Tris-treated chloroplasts, but restored highly by 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol (DCPIP) and photoreactivation. To understand the mechanism of this results of TIB in photosynthetic electron transport, system, oxygen consumption and evolution of PS I and PS II were measured and protein of the chloroplasts was analysed. In Tris- and TIB-treated chloroplasts, oxygen evolving activity was increased according to the light intensity. Under 48 W·m-2 light intensity, the oxygen evolving activity in both chloroplasts were similar but as the light intensity was increased, TIB-treated chloroplasts showed higher activity. Under 240 W·m-2 light intensity, TIB-treated chloroplasts showed about 25% higher oxygen evolving activity than Tris-treated chloroplasts. Oxygen evolving activity was increased after photoreactivation in both Tris-treated and TIB-treated chloroplasts. Addition of NH4Cl increased the activity in both chloroplasts but in TIB-treated chloroplasts the increase was 30% higher than that in Tris-treated chloroplasts. In PS I, oxygen evolving activity was not inhibited by both treatments whereas in PS II, significant difference was observed between two treatments. Addition of Mn2+ and Ca2+ enhanced oxygen evolution in both Tris- and TIB-treated chloroplasts. Though enhancement was higher in TIB-treated chloroplasts. No difference was observed n protein analysis of the two thylakoid membrane.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.274-280
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• 2008

The study of subjects were 8 persons. The study measured VO2max of each person and substituted METs at exercise intensity of both VO2max 50% and VO2max 70% in accordance with energy consumption formula to set exercise time at energy consumption of both 300kcal and 600kcal. And, the study substituted inclination and rate at exercise intensity that was measured at preliminary test. T, B, NK cell varied depending upon aerobic exercise to have no significant difference of exercise intensity at relative ratio of T, B, NK lymphocyte of all of lymphocytes and to have significant difference of Expenditures Calorie (p<.01) and interaction (p<.05) by T cell and Expenditures Calorie (p<.01) by B cell and Expenditures Calorie (p <.001) and interaction (p<.05) by NK cell.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2011

Background: Pregabalin has been shown to have analgesic effect in acute pain models. The primary objective was to examine the efficacy a single dose of pregabalin, would have on morphine consumption following lumbar discectomy. Methods: With ethical approval a randomized, placebo-controlled prospective trial was undertaken in 32 patients (ASA I-II, 18-65 years) with radicular low back pain for > 3 months undergoing elective lumbar discectomy. Patients received either oral pregabalin 300 mg (PG Group) or placebo (C Group) one hour before surgery. Pain intensity, the accumulative morphine consumption and adverse effects were recorded for 24 hours following surgery. Functional, psychological and quantitative sensory testing were also assessed. Results: Fourteen patients out of the 32 recruited were randomized to receive pregabalin. Morphine consumption was reduced (absolute difference of 42.3%) between groups with medium effect size. (Mann-Whitney; U =52.5, z-score= 2.84, P = 0.004, r = 0.14). This was not associated with a significant difference in the incidence of adverse effects between the two groups. The median pain intensity (VAS) on movement was not significantly different between groups. Conclusions: A single pre-operative dose of pregabalin (300 mg) did not result in a reduction in pain intensity compared to placebo in this patient cohort but the significant reduction in morphine consumption suggests that a fixed peri-operative dosing regime warrants investigation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1053-1056
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• 2007

The acoustical performance of noise reducing devices installed on the top of a noise barrier were tested by small-scale outdoor tests. Noise measurements before and after installation of the devices were carried out using sound intensity methods. It is well known that the sound intensity method can specify the strength and directivity of sound, and it is convenient to consider the feature of sound around a noise barrier. The noise reduction effect of each edge device was evaluated using the difference between the input and output sound power levels calculated from sound intensities. It was investigated that each device had different efficiency in the shadow zone, while there was no significant difference between edge devices in the illuminated zone.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.462-470
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• 2020

Objective: To demonstrate that human visual illusion can contribute to sub-endocardial dark rim artifact in contrast-enhanced myocardial perfusion magnetic resonance images. Materials and Methods: Numerical phantoms were generated to simulate the first-passage of contrast agent in the heart, and rendered in conventional gray scale as well as in color scale with reduced luminance variation. Cardiac perfusion images were acquired from two healthy volunteers, and were displayed by the same gray and color scales used in the numerical study. Before and after k-space windowing, the left ventricle (LV)-myocardium boarders were analyzed visually and quantitatively through intensity profiles perpendicular the boarders. Results: k-space windowing yielded monotonically decreasing signal intensity near the LV-myocardium boarder in the phantom images, as confirmed by negative finite difference values near the board ranging -1.07 to -0.14. However, the dark band still appears, which is perceived by visual illusion. Dark rim is perceived in the in-vivo images after k-space windowing that removed the quantitative signal dip, suggesting that the perceived dark rim is a visual illusion. The perceived dark rim is stronger at peak LV enhancement than the peak myocardial enhancement, due to the larger intensity difference between LV and myocardium. In both numerical phantom and in-vivo images, the illusory dark band is not visible in the color map due to reduced luminance variation. Conclusion: Visual illusion is another potential cause of dark rim artifact in contrast-enhanced myocardial perfusion MRI as demonstrated by illusory rim perceived in the absence of quantitative intensity undershoot.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.149-162
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to measure the suprathreshold taste intensity for sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and quinine HCl in Korean young people using a whole-mouth, sip-and-spit procedure, employing the method of magnitude matching. The results were analysed in terms of sex, taste preference, and smoker or nonsmoker. One hundred twenty three subjects (61 male and 62 female, mean age of 25.2$\pm$2.1 years) were included for the study. Subjects were instructed to give nonmodulus magnitude estimates to the intensities of five concentrations each of sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and quinine HCl; distilled water; 6 loudness levels of a 1,000-Hz tone, using the same 9-point intensity scale. Each of the 21 taste stimuli and 6 auditory stimuli are presented in random order twice. The auditory function is used to assess the absolute intensity function of the subject's taste system. The results were as follows; 1. The perceived taste intensity for sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and quinine HCl increased progressively as the concentrations of taste solutions were increased. Most of the subjects are standing within the zone of mean value $\pm$1standard deviation in their total perceived intensity score, and nobody is outside the limit of mean value - 2standard deviation. 2. There were not significant difference in total perceived intensities for sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and quinine HCl between males and females. 3. There were not significant difference in total perceived intensities for sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and quinine HCl according to the difference in taste preference. 4. There were not significant difference in total perceived intensities for sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and quinine HCl between smokers and non-smokers in males.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.697-705
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• 2023

Along with other heavy metals, arsenic (As) is one among the substances most harmful to living organisms including humans. Owing to its morphological similarity to phosphorus, the uptake of As is influenced by photosynthesis and the phosphorus uptake pathway. In this study, we varied arsenic exposure and light intensity during nutrient solution cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to determine the effect of these two factors on arsenic uptake, lettuce growth, and electron transfer in photosystem II. In the treatment exposed to 30 μmol L^-1 of arsenic, the shoot arsenic concentration increased from 4.73 mg kg^-1 to 18.97 mg kg^-1 as the light intensity increased from 22 to 122 μmol m^-2 s^-1. The water content and ET2o/RC of the shoots were not affected by arsenic at low light intensity; however, at optimal light intensity, they decreased progressively with arsenic exposure. Increased light intensity stimulated the growth of plant roots and shoots; contrarily, the difference in growth decreased as the concentration of As exposure increased. The results of this study suggest that the effect of As on plant growth is dependent on light intensity; in particular, an increase in light intensity can increase the uptake of As, thereby affecting plant growth and As toxicity.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.225-239
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• 2014

An effect of reward program related to promotional activity has the limitation of being concentrated on a short-term performance or of inducing temporary re-purchase. Accordingly, this study verified the influence of reward method upon consumers' response recovery centering on interactive effects of reward timing and reward intensity, in order to expand a research of dissatisfaction situation. As for the objective of this study, first, the aim is to verify the difference in the influence of economic, non-economic, and combined rewards, which are reward methods of dissatisfaction situation, upon consumers' cognitive response recovery and emotional response recovery. Second, the aim is to confirm a moderating role of reward timing and reward intensity in the effect of consumers' response recovery according to reward methods. To design a research, the perfect factor design between subjects in 3X2X2 was used. As a result of major research, first, there was a difference in the influence upon consumers' response recovery depending on reward methods. Second, the influence of reward method upon consumers' response recovery had a difference depending on reward timing. Third, the influence of reward method upon consumers' response recovery had a difference depending on reward intensity. Consumers' response recovery level was confirmed to have the greatest influence in the combined reward. This study has a significance in newly applying the reward timing, in the dissatisfaction situation which is addressed in the general reward program. Through this study, the aim was to support the empirically analytical results of prior researches and to expand its role in several angles.

• Journal of KSNVE
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 1997

This paper investigated the practical use for measuring the structural intensity (power flow per width of cross section) in a uniform semi-infinite beam in flexural vibration. The structural intensity is obtained as a vector at a measurement point, One-dimensional structural intensity can be obtained from 4-point cross spectral measurement, or 2-point measurement on the assumption of far field. The measurement errors due to finite difference approximation and phase mismatch of accelerometers are examined. For precise measurements, it would be better to make the value of k$\delta$(wave number x space between accelerometers) between 0.5 and 1.0. Formulation of the relation between bending waves in structures and structural intensity makes it possible to separate the wave components by which one can get a state of the vibration field. Experimental results are obtained from 2- and 4-point measurement performed at 200mm (near field) and 400mm (far field) apart from excitation point in random excitation. the results are compared with the theoretical values and measured values of input power spectrum in order to verify the accuracy of structural intensity method, 2-point method is suggested as the practical structural intensity method.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2019

The aim of this study was analyzed the setup error of breast cancer patients in intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) with deep inspiration breath holding(DIBH) and was analyzed the dose distribution due to setup error. A total of 45 breast cancer cases were performed a retrospective clinical analysis of setup error. In addition, the re-treatment planning was carried by shifting the setup error from the isocenter at the treatment. Based on this, the dose distribution of PTV and OARs was compared and analyzed. The 3D error for small breast group and medium breast group and large breast group were 3.1 mm and 3.7 mm and 4.1 mm, respectively. The difference between the groups was statistically significant(P=0.003). DVH results showed HI, CI for the PTV difference between standard treatment plan and re-treatment plan of 14.4%, 4%. The difference in $D_5$ and $V_{20}$ of the ipsilateral lung was 5.6%, 13% respectively. The difference in $D_5$ and $V_5$ of the heart of right breast cancer patients was 6.8%, 8% respectively. The difference in $D_5$, $V_{20}$ of the heart of left breast cancer patients was 7.2%, 23.5% respectively. In this study, there was a significant association between breast size and significant setup error in breast cancer patients with DIBH. In addition, it was found that the dose distribution of the PTV and OARs varied according to the setup error.