• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.689-697
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• 2005

This study was conducted to fine out the preventive effects of chitosan and chitosan oligomer on the disorders of hepatic functions and lipid metabolism induced by 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) using adult male rats (SD) for four weeks. Rats were fed chitosan ($4\%$) or chitosan oligomer ($4\%$) diets respectively before 3weeks of TCDD treatment (50 ug/kg BW) by intraperitoneal injection and then continually supplied these diets for one week until being sacrificed. The elevation of serum total and LDL cholesterol levels induced by TCDD treatment was significantly reduced in the rats fed chitosan diets. The increment of liver triglyceride levels caused by TCDD treatment was tended to suppress in all rats fed chitosan and chitosan oligomer diets. Fecal total lipid and cholesterol excretion were high levels in the rats fed chitosan diets. The hepatic cytosolic catalase activities significantly decreased by TCDD treatment appeared recovering trend by chitosan diets. In hepatic microsomal cytochrome p-450, NADPH cytochrome p-450 reductase, ethoxycoumarin-o-deethylase (ECOD) and benzphetamin N-demethylase (BPND) chitosan than chitosan oligomer diets apparently decreased the increasing levels by TCDD treatment. In histochemical observation the fat droplets and apoptosis of hepatocytes by TCDD treatment were markedly alleviated by chitosan and chitosan oligomer diets. These results indicate that chitosan, more than chitosan oligomer can exert preventive effects on some disorders of hepatic functions and lipids accumulation by TCDD.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.90-94
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• 2008

Growth and water quality in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica ($6.0{\pm}0.9g$) fed extruded and paste type diets were compared for 8 weeks. Fish in the duplicate tanks were fed with one of three experimental diets: two different extruded pellet diets and one paste type diet. Six FRP tanks were used with stocking density of 3.6 kg per tank (3 m3). Restricted feeds (ca. 2% of body weight) were served twice daily. Weight gains were checked at the end of every two-week interval, and water qualities in terms of NH4-N and NO2-N were determined daily one hour after feeding in the morning. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH were constantly kept within the optimum range, while fifty percent of total water volume was changed daily. Eels fed the extruded pellet diets showed significantly better (P<0.05) growth performance than did eels fed the paste type diet. The amount of feed waste from the paste type diet was significantly greater than those from the extruded pellet diets (P<0.05). Ammonia (NH4-N) waste was significantly higher from the paste diet than from the extruded pellet diets (P<0.05). These results show that extruded pellet diets are better than the paste type diet for growth and water quality management in eel culture.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.915-922
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the optimum dietary protein level in juvenile river puffer. Five semi-purified diets were formulated by using casein to contain graded levels of protein levels of 35, 45, 50, 55 and 65%. Fish averaging $8.56{\pm}0.04g$ were randomly assigned to one of five experimental diets in triplicate groups for 8 weeks. After the 8-weeks of feeding trial, weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed 45, 50 and 55% diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed 35 and 65% diets (P<0.05). Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the 35% diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed 65% diet (P<0.05), but there were no significant difference among those of fish fed 45, 50 and 55% diets. Specific growth rate of fish fed 50% diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed 35 and 65% diets (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference among those of fish fed 45, 50 and 55% diets. No significant differences were observed in condition factor, hepatosomatic index, visceralsomatic index and survival among those of fish fed all the diets. Optimum dietary protein levels by using broken-line model and by using second order polynomial were estimated at 45.9% and 51.6% for the maximum growth of fish respectively. Therefore, these results suggested that the optimum dietary protein level could be greater than 45.9% but less than 51.6% for the maximum growth in juvenile river puffer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.718-724
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• 1998

Twelve gilts were used to investigate the effect of lysine to protein ratio (5.2 g lysine/100 g CP vs. 6.7 g lysine/100 g CP) in practical diets on nitrogen retention and the efficiency of utilization in growing pigs. Treatments involved 2 levels of dietary lysine (5.2 or 6.7 g/100 g CP) and 3 levels of dietary crude protein (11, 14 and 17% in diet). Nitrogen retention was greatest when pigs were fed the control diet containing 17% protein. Nitrogen retention progressively increased as dietary protein increased (p < 0.01), but it was not affected by lysine concentration (g/100 g CP). Apparent biological value (ABV, nitrogen retained/apparently digestible nitrogen) was estimated to be ~50% at the maximum nitrogen retention. ABV was not affected by lysine concentration, but declined (p < 0.05) as the dietary protein level increased. The efficiency of intake N used for maximum nitrogen retention was approximately 44%. One gram of lysine supported approximately 9 to 10 g apparent protein accretion (nitrogen retention ${\times}$ 6.25/lysine intake) in pigs fed control diets. The efficiency of lysine utilization for protein accretion was lower in pigs fed high-lysine diets (6.7 g lysine/l00 g CP) so that 1 g of lysine accounted for 7 to 8 g of protein accretion in these pigs (p < 0.01). The lysine required to support maximum nitrogen retention in pigs fed high-lysine diets was higher than that in pigs fed control diets, which suggests that lysine was over-fortified relative to crude protein, since practical diets can not be formulated without excess of some amino acids. In summary the concentration of 5.2 g total lysine/100 g CP in diet is more appropriate for corn-soybean diets than the commonly suggested the content of 6.7 g total lysine/100 g CP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.206-213
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• 2011

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing barley and soybean meal in finishing diets with sesame hull (SH) on growth performance, digestibility, and carcass characteristics of Black goat kids. Twenty-one Black goat kids were assigned randomly to 0%, 10%, or 20% SH diets (7/diet). The study lasted for 63 d. Intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and crude protein (CP) of kids fed the 10% diet were greater (p<0.05) than for the 0% and 20% SH diets (p<0.10). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intakes were highest (p<0.05) for kids fed the 10% SH diet when compared to 0% and 20% SH diets. Ether extract (EE) intake was greater (p<0.05) for kids fed 10% and 20% SH diets when compared to 0% SH. Digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF were similar among all diets. However, sesame hull inclusion increased (p<0.05) EE digestibility. Final body weight, total gain, average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio were comparable among all diets. Cost of gain was lower (p<0.05) in kids fed 20% SH than the 0% SH diet, while there was no difference between the 10% SH diet and the other two diets. Dressing percentage, hot and cold carcass weights, non-carcass components, carcass cut weights, and meat quality parameters were not influenced by SH. Total fat percentage in the leg was greater (p<0.05) on 0% SH than on the 10% SH diet. Results of this study demonstrated that inclusion of sesame hull at levels of 10 or 20% did not influence the performance of Black goat kids, but the cost of gain was lower.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.629-632
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of substituting bread by-product (BBP) for barley grain in high concentrate fattening diets for kids on nutrient intake, growth performance, and nutrient digestibility. Twenty-eight Baladi kids (body weight=17.1${\pm}$1.0 kg) were assigned randomly to 4 experimental finishing diets (7 kids/treatment) in a completely randomized design for 70 days. The control (CON) diet contained 20, 60, 11, 7 and 2% (DM basis) alfalfa hay, barley grain, soybean meal, corn grain, and mineral and vitamin mix, respectively. Bread by-product substituted barley grain by 10, 20 and 30% of the diet DM in the LBBP, MBBP, and HBBP diets, respectively. Dry matter intakes for the CON, LBBP and MBBP diets were similar (p>0.05; avg.=592 g/day), however, kids fed the HBBP diet had a lower (p<0.05) DM intake (451 g/day). Organic matter and CP intakes showed similar patterns to that observed for DM. Dietary treatments did not affect (p>0.05) average daily gain for kids fed the CON, LBBP and MBBP diets (avg.=150 g/day). Final body weights for kids fed the CON, LBBP and MBBP diets (avg. 27.1 kg) were greater (p<0.05) than for kids fed the HBBP diet (23.7 kg). Feed to gain ratio was greater for the CON, LBBP and MBBP diets (avg. 3.9) compared with the HBBP diet (5.0). No significant (p>0.05) effect of the dietary treatment was observed for DM, OM and NDF digestibility. Substituting BBP for barley grain up to 20% of the diet DM did not affect nutrient intake, growth performance and nutrient digestibility of kids and resulted in a decrease in feed cost.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.216-223
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• 2001

The digestibility of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract and amino acids of a cassava root meal and rice bran diet, without (Basal) and with inclusion of fish meal (FM) or fresh (FSB) or ensiled (ESB) shrimp by-product in growing pigs (Large White$\times$Mong Cai) fitted with post-valve T-caecum (PVTC) cannulas was studied in a $4{\times}4$ change-over experiment. Significantly higher ileal digestibility of OM in the basal and FM diets and lower ileal digestibility of CP in the basal and ESB diets were found (p<0.05). Total tract digestibilities of OM and CP of diet ESB were lower (p<0.05) than in the other diets. The apparent ileal digestibilities of most amino acids were higher (p<0.05) in diets FM, FSB and ESB than in the basal diet. There was no difference (p>0.05) in the ileal digestibility of individual amino acids between diets FM, FSB and ESB, except for threonine, alanine and glycine. The estimated apparent ileal digestibility of individual amino acids in ensiled shrimp by-product was lower (p<0.05) than in fresh shrimp by-product and fish meal. In conclusion, as a result of the reduced daily intake of the diets containing shrimp by-products and lower ileal and total tract digestibility of both fresh and ensiled shrimp by-products complete replacement of fish meal cannot be recommended. The ensiled shrimp by-product was inferior nutritionally compared with fresh shrimp by-product. However, lower daily feed intakes of both the FSB and ESB diets suggest that the replacement should only be made partially, in order not to reduce the overall performance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.148-156
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate dietary hydrolyzed pig bristle meal (PBM) for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. In Experiment 1 (EXP-1), six experimental diets were prepared to contain 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15% PBM (designated Con, PBM3, PBM6, PBM9, PBM12 and PBM15, respectively). Triplicate groups of olive flounder (initial body weight, 8.69 g) were fed the diets to apparent satiation for 8 weeks during the optimal water temperature season ($20.5{\pm}2.12^{\circ}C$). All PBM supplemented groups except for PBM3 showed significantly lower growth performance and feed utilization compared to the control group. The protein digestibility of PBM3, PBM6, and PBM9 diets did not significantly differ from that of the control diet. In Experiment 2, 1% mono-calcium phosphate was added into the experimental diets used in Exp-1. Triplicate groups of olive flounder (10.6 g) were fed the diets to apparent satiation for 8 weeks during the low water temperature season ($12.5{\pm}1.12^{\circ}C$). The growth performances and feed utilization of fish fed all diets except for PBM15 diet did not significantly differ from those of the control diet. This study indicates that hydrolyzed PBM can replace fish meal by up to 12% with limiting amino acids and mono-calcium phosphate in diets for juvenile olive flounder.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1724-1727
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• 2001

A trial was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and carcass characteristics of LW ${\times}$ Mukota $F_1$ crosses when fed diets containing graded levels of maize cob meal. Sixteen LW ${\times}$ Mukota $F_1$ crossbred pigs of approximately 4.5 months of age, were randomly allocated to four diets that contained 0, 100, 200 and 300 g maize cobs/kg, which corresponded to 276.4, 360.3, 402.9 and 523.5 g NDF/kg, respectively. The pigs were fed ad libitum for 14 weeks. The diets were formulated to contain similar levels of energy (ca. 9MJ ME/kg) and protein (ca.160 g CP/kg). Average daily feed intake (ADFI), daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored for 14 weeks. At slaughter, the cold dressed weight (CDM) and backfat thickness (BFT) were determined. There was no significant linear relationship (p>0.05) between level of cob inclusion and ADFI. The ADG decreased as level of maize cobs increased (p<0.001). The pigs that were on 300 g cobs/kg had the highest FCR (p<0.05) as compared to pigs on the other three diets. No differences (p>0.05) were observed in the CDM between pigs that were fed diets that had 0 and 100 g maize cobs/kg. In addition, pigs on 100 and 200 g cobs/kg diets had the same CDM (p>0.05). The diet that contained 300 g cobs/kg gave the lowest (p< 0.001) CDM. Both BFT parameters showed a decrease (p<0.05) as level of maize cobs increased. An increase in CDM was associated with an increase in BFT (p<0.001), with the correlation coefficient between K7.5 and CDM being 0.84 (p<0.001). It can, therefore, be concluded that crossbred pigs perform well on diets containing up to 200 g/kg maize cobs.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.29.1-29.8
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of tuna by-product meal (TBM) as a substitute for fishmeal in juvenile Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) diets. Five isonitrogenous (52% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.9 kcal/g) diets were prepared. Control diet (Con) was formulated to contain brown fishmeal, whereas 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fishmeal was substituted with the same percentage of TBM in the TBM25, TBM50, TBM75, and TBM100 diets, respectively. Three replicate groups of fish (initial weight, $29.5{\pm}0.6g$) were fed one of the five diets for 12 weeks. The mean weight gain of fish fed the Con and TBM25 diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the TBM100 diet (P < 0.05), but it was not significantly different from the weight gain of fish fed the TBM50 and TBM75 diets. The feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratios of fish fed the Con diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the TBM100 diet (P < 0.05), but were not significantly different from those fed the TBM25, TBM50, and TBM75 diets. The TBM25, TBM50, TBM75, and TBM100 diets had significantly (P < 0.05) lower incidence cost and higher profit index than the Con diet. These results suggest that the tuna by-product meal used in this study could replace up to 75% of fishmeal protein in the diet without reducing growth and feed utilization in juvenile Korean rockfish weighing 29-53 g. By considering feed cost, the TBM 75 diet is recommendable for Korean rockfish farming.