• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.844-855
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to investigate the nutritional status and dietary intake of gastrectomized cancer patients. For this study, from 1993. 1 to 1993. 8, 50 postoperative gastric cancer patients were selected to examine anthropometric and laboratory data(Body Weight, Body Fat, serum Albumin, Total Lympocyte count), and dietary intake related symptoms. The results were 1) All anthropometric and laboratory data were significantly deteriorated by gastrectomy(s-Albumin, TLC. Body Fat : p<0.001). Weight loss of gastrectomized patients was 8.23$\pm$3.72% from admission to discharge. 2) In many gastrectomized cancer patients, preoperative dietary intake was decreased by abdominal discomfort, indigestion, early satiety, and anorexia. 3) Postoperative energy intake was 602$\pm$158㎉, and it is correspond to 31.18$\pm$.90% of daily energy requirement(1918$\pm$236㎉). The cause of poor oral intake is mostly fear, abdominal distension and fullness, and early satiety. In consideration of the fact that an inadequate energy intake was the main cause of the decreasing nutritional status, a careful nutritional care and dietary education is necessry after gastrectomy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.399-405
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• 1991

The interaction of 4 dietary crude protein (13, 16, 19 or 22%) and 4 metabolizable energy (2600, 2800, 3000 or 3100 kcal ME/kg) levels on egg quality performances of Starcross layers were assessed between 245 and 275 days of age. The egg weight increased significantly with the increasing dietary protein and energy levels. But egg shape index, albumen index, yolk index, yolk dry matter, yolk protein, yolk fat, albumen protein and shell tickness were similar at all dietary protein and/or energy levels. The egg specific gravity and albumen weight increased but the yolk, weight, Haugh unit and albumen drymatter decreased with the increase of dietary protein levels and showed irregular trend with energy levels. The albumen dry matter and egg shell weight, however, were not affected by energy and protein levels. Simultaneous increase of protein and energy increased specific gravity, albumen index and shell thickness at a greater rate than that increased by the increase of protein or energy alone.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.237-248
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• 1992

The effect of 16 different dietary rations, computed by the combinations of 13, 16, 19 or 22% CP and 2600, 2800, 3000 or 3100 kcal ME/kg, on growth performances and carcass yield of Starcross layers were assessed in two similar experiments. In both experiments, the body weight, eviscerated carcass yield, edible carcass yield, length of digestive tract and shank length increased but the feed intake decreased linearly with the increase of dietary CP and ME levels. The liver and gizzard weights as percentages of live weight tended to be increased with the increase of dietary CP and ME levels. The carcass dry matter, crude protein, fat, ash and energy content were not influenced by the dietary CP and ME levels. Dietary CP levels had positive correlations with all the parameters (except feed and energy intake and carcass dry matter). However, the dietary ME levels were positively correlated with all the parameters (except feed and energy intake; carcass dry matter and ash) in both experiments. The higher values were noted for all the parameters (except gizzard and carcass fat percentages) studied in Experiment 1 compared to those observed in Experiment 2.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1865-1873
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• 2007

An experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and lysine on carcass characteristics and meat quality in Arbor Acres (AA) broilers from 1 to 56 days of age. A total of 2,970 1-d-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to nine dietary treatments (three ME levels in combination with three lysine levels), and dietary ME and lysine concentrations were formulated by varying corn, soybean meal, tallow, and L-lysine sulfate concentrations. Live body weight (BW), carcass weight (CW), dressing percent, breast muscle weight (BMW), yield of breast muscle, muscle color (CIE L*, a*, and b*), pH values 45 min and 24 h postmortem ($pH_{45}$, and $pH_{24}$), meat shear force value (SFV), and water loss rate (WLR) were evaluated. Results showed that live body weight and dressing percent increased (p<0.05) as dietary energy increased. Higher dietary lysine content improved breast muscle weight. Neither carcass weight nor yield of breast muscle was affected by dietary energy or lysine content. Higher ME increased the b* value (p = 0.067) and $pH_{24}$ value (p<0.05), whereas it decreased SFV (p<0.05) and WLR (p = 0.06). Only water loss rate was influenced (p<0.01) by dietary lysine, which was higher in broilers from the high lysine diet as compared to those from medium or low lysine diets. The $pH_{45}$ value and L* value of breast muscle were not affected by ME or lysine. Significant interaction of dietary ME and lysine was found on a* value of breast muscle. These results indicated that dietary ME and lysine had important effects on breast muscle growth and meat quality, however their effects were different. Different concentrations of dietary ME and lysine might be considered to improve meat quality.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary behavior on the nutritional status of university students in Korea. A dietary intake survey of 603 university students (223 males and 380 females) was conducted using a 24-hour recall method. The resulting data on dietary behavior and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the SAS program package. The main results were as follows : 1) Most of the subjects were in their twenties and no obese cases were found. 2) Dietary intake data showed that, except for vitamin C in the female students, the average daily intakes of most nutrients did lot meet the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). The study also showed that most of the subjects, especially the female students, were concerned about having satisfactory physical appearances. Fat provided 25% of the daily energy intake, and this level was higher than the 20% recommended by the Korean Dietary Guidelines. In the female students, the iron intake from animal foods was lower than that from plant foods. 3) Male students were not very serious about healthy eating. However, the female group, who obtained a high score in dietary behavior, consumed more vegetables and had higher intakes of energy, protein, Ca, p, vitamin A, and vitamin C than the male group, even though they did not meet the Korean RDA in most nutrients. Energy intake from fats, as a percent of total energy intake, was lower than in the group of females who obtained higher stores in dietary behavior than the other groups. To sum up, the university students surveyed in this study were found to have the typical dietary behavior of young adults, such as frequent eating out and snacking. Female students were extremely conscious of their body images this can exert an important direct influence on their dietary intakes and health status. It is very important for university students to develop healthy lifestyles and desirable dietary behaviors, to best enable them to continue to lead a healthy lift: in their later years.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.647-686
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate selected nutrient intakes, dietary atherogenesity, energy balance and activity level of college students. One hundred and thirty onoe students (61 males and 70 females) made their three-day dietary records and one-day activity records along with one-day dietary records. BMI of the surveyed students was 22.33 for males and 20.28 for females. Average calorie intakes of male and female students was respectively 2166.20kcal and 1793.60kcal. Females had slightly higher fiber intakes than males in terms of fiber g/1000kcal. Carbohydrate, protein and fat ratios in energy composition of males and females were respectively 56.62 : 15.33 : 24.70 and 57.64 : 16.49 : 25.79. Average cholesterol intakes of male and female students were 295.66mg and 259mg respectively. The male showed higher saturated fat intake. and had higher atherogenic indices of diets such as cholesterol index(CI) and cholesterol-saturated fat index(CSI) than the female. Males spent an average of 1039.00 kcal/day compared to females of 687.93 kcal/day for all physical activities. Most students participated in light (100% of males and females) and moderate (33% of males and 3% of females) activities level. Few students spent time at severe and very severe activity level. Seventeen of the 131 students were in positive energy balance whereas 83% were in negative balance. Both genders with positive energy balance tended towards smaller weight and BMI, and larger food intakes than those with negative energy balance. Students with positive energy balance had higher saturated fat intakes and dietary atherogenic scores of CI and CSI than the counterparts with negative energy balance. Males with positive energy balance had decreased physical activity and daily energy expenditure whereas increased food and saturated fat intakes. Females with positive energy balance had singificantly increased food, saturated fat and sugar intakes.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2000

This study was performed to assess the extent of dietary diversity and nutrient intakes of Korean child-bearing women and to investigate the relationships between dietary diversity indices and nutrient intakes. A total of 91 women aged 18 to 48 years old participated. They were divided into four groups by age 15 subjects in teens, 20 in twenties. 32 in thirties and 24 in forties. Mean energy intake was 1638${\pm}$471㎉/day and it was low as 81.4% of the Korean RDA for energy. Mean intakes of folate, calcium and iron were also low as 81.7%. 72.6% and 57.2% of the RDAs. On the other hand, protein, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin C were consumed close to or above the RDAs. It was obvious that the subjects in teens and twenties took less all of the nutrients as well as energy than those In thirties and forties. Mean nutrient adequacy ratio( MNAR) was 0.77 and showed a trend to raise with increasing age. Thus MNAR of the teens was the lowest and that of the forties was the highest among the age groups. The results in this study support the previous findings that nutrient intakes of women in teens and twenties were poorer compared to those in thirties and forties. Mean dietary diversity score( DDS) . dietary variety score(DVS) and dietary frequency score( DFS) were 4.1. 11.6 and 14.7. respectively. DVS and DFS of the teens and twenties were lower than those in thirties and forties. DDS significantly correlated to the intakes of energy and calcium only, however, DVS and DFS had significant relationships to the intakes of all nutrients. The MNAR significantly related to DVS and DFS. but not DDS. In conclusion, the intakes of energy, folate. calcium and iron of child-bearing women were not sufficient and their nutrient adequacy highly correlated with dietary diversity. It indicates that to consume various foods helps to enhance the nutritional status.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.10
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• pp.37.1-37.10
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• 2016

Background: Providing of insufficient nutrients limits the potential growth of pig, while feeding of excessive nutrients increases the economic loss and causes environment pollution. For these reasons, phase feeding had been introduced in swine farm for improving animal production. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy levels and phase feeding by protein levels on growth performance, blood profiles and carcass characteristics in growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 128 growing pigs ([Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace] ${\times}$ Duroc), averaging $26.62{\pm}3.07kg$ body weight, were assigned in a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement with 4 pigs per pen. The first factor was two dietary energy level (3,265 kcal of ME/kg or 3,365 kcal of ME/kg), and the second factor was four different levels of dietary protein by phase feeding (1growing(G)-2finishing(F) phases, 2G-2F phases, 2G-3F phases and 2G-3F phases with low CP requirement). Results: In feeding trial, there was no significant difference in growth performance. The BUN concentration was decreased as dietary protein level decreased in 6 week and blood creatinine was increased in 13 week when pigs were fed diets with different dietary energy level. The digestibility of crude fat was improved as dietary energy levels increased and excretion of urinary nitrogen was reduced when low protein diet was provided. Chemical compositions of longissimus muscle were not affected by dietary treatments. In backfat thickness ($P_2$) at 13 week, pigs fed high energy diet had thicker backfat thickness (P = 0.06) and pigs fed low protein diet showed the trend of backfat thinness reduction (P = 0.09). In addition, water holding capacity was decreased (P = 0.01) and cooking loss was increased (P = 0.07) as dietary protein level reduced. When pigs were fed high energy diet with low subdivision of phase feeding, days to 120 kg market weight was reached earlier compared to other treatments. Conclusion: Feeding the low energy diet and subdivision of growing-finishing phase by dietary protein levels had no significant effect on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Also, phase feeding with low energy and low protein diet had no negative effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics but economical profits was improved.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1080-1088
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• 2010

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels of gestating gilts on physiological parameters and reproductive performance for primiparous sows. A total of 40 F1 gilts (Large White${\times}$Landrace) were allocated to 4 treatments using a completely randomized design (CRD). Four different experimental diets contained 3,165, 3,265 3,365 and 3,465 kcal of ME/kg and each diet was provided to gilts at 2.0 kg/d during gestation. Consequently, energy intake of each treatment of gestating gilts was 6,330, 6,530, 6,730 and 6,930 kcal ME/kg, respectively. During the whole gestation period, body weight, fat mass gain and backfat thickness of gilts were increased in proportion to dietary energy levels (p<0.01). However, estimated protein mass gain of gilts was not affected by dietary energy level (p>0.10). At farrowing, the total number of pigs born per litter did not show any significant difference among treatments. However, the number of pigs born alive per litter in treatment 6,730 kcal ME/d was significantly higher than that of other treatments (p<0.05). Moreover, litter weight at birth was improved as dietary energy level was increased (p<0.05). Feed intake of sows during lactation tended to decrease as dietary energy level of gestation was increased, but litter weight gain was not affected by dietary treatment during the gestation period. Fat content in colostrum was higher as dietary energy level was increased during gestation. The concentration of blood estradiol-$17{\beta}$ was increased and was higher at the first trimester of gestation in 6,730 kcal ME/d treatment compared to other treatments. These results suggested that increased dietary energy level during gestation resulted in higher body weight and backfat thickness of sows. In addition, reproductive performance of the sow, such as litter weight at farrowing and the number of pigs born alive, was improved when 6,730 kcal of ME/d treatment diet was provided. Consequently, the NRC (1998) recommendation of energy for gestating gilts (6,015 to 6,150 kcal of ME/d) should be reevaluated to maximize reproductive performance because recent high-producing sows require much more energy to produce a large litter size and heavier piglets from the first parity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.373-384
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to identify dietary patterns of Korean middle school students and to investigate the characteristics of dietary intake of subjects with different dietary pattern. Three-day diet records were obtained from 163 male and 155 female 7th graders in Seoul, Korea. Food items from the diet records were aggregated into 22 food groups before subjected to factor analysis. Four dietary patterns emerged from factor analysis with different factor score. Cluster analysis using factor score classified subjects into three groups named 'Traditional' (n = 42), 'Westernized' (n = 135), and 'Intermediate' (n = 145). Major nutrient intake and dietary quality assessed by NAR (Nutrients Adequacy Ratio), MAR (Mean Adequacy Ratio), DDS (Dietary Diversity Score), and DVS (Dietary Variety Score) of the three groups were compared. Mean energy intakes of three groups were 1783, 1916, 1578 kcal in Traditional, Westernized, and Intermediate diet group respectively. Differences in nutrient intake of the groups were significant in all nutrients except vitamin B$_1$. Percent energy from fat was significantly higher in Westernized and Intermediate diet group, and cholesterol intake of Westernized diet group was higher than 300mg. NARs of most nutrients were higher in Traditional and Westernized than Intermediate diet group except vitamin E. Traditional and Westernized diet groups had the highest MAR of fourteen nutrients. DDS was the highest in Westernized and DVS was the highest in Traditional and Westernized diet group. Traditional diet groups had 22％ of energy consumption from breakfast, significantly higher than other diet groups. In conclusion, these results suggest that Korean teenagers with Traditional diet pattern have lower diet in ％ energy from fat, diversity of food and regularity of meals. Future studies need to focus on the relationship between dietary patterns and health status of Korean teenagers.