• Title/Summary/Keyword: Dietary Reference Intakes

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Anthropometic Characteristics, Serum Profiles, Health Status, Food Intakes Frequency and Nutrient Intakes by Married Status of Men Aged 30-39 - Based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2015) - (30대 남성의 결혼 여부에 따른 신체계측, 혈액성상, 건강상태, 식품섭취빈도 및 영양소 섭취량 비교 - 국민건강영양조사(2008~2015년)에 기초하여 -)

  • Choi, Soon Nam;Jho, Kwang Hyun;Chung, Nam Yong
    • Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.223-239
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    • 2017
  • This study was conducted to investigate the anthropometric data, serum profiles, nutrient intakes and diet quality of men in their 30s. The subjects were divided into a married group and an unmarried group. For the study, we obtained data for analysis from the combined 2008~2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Mean height and weight of study population were 173.5 cm, and 74.0 kg in the married group and 173.1 cm, and 73.6 kg in the unmarried group, respectively. Systolic blood pressure in the unmarried group was significantly higher than that of the married group (P<0.001), while circulating vitamin D levels in the married group were significantly higher than those of the unmarried group (P<0.001). The proportion of obesity in the two groups was 42.41% and 38.40%, respectively. In the unmarried group, prevalence of depression was significantly higher than that those of the married group. Intakes of energy, water, protein, fat, carbohydrate and calcium in the married group were significantly higher than those of the unmarried group. In both groups, water and fiber intakes were low and sodium intakes were extremely high based on the KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans). The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of the married group was higher than that of the unmarried group. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) in the married group was also higher than that of the unmarried group. Therefore, we propose development of dietary guidelines and education programs for improvement of food and nutrient intakes, nutrition balance and dietary quality of unmarried men in their 30s.

The Effect of a Community-Based Nutrition Intervention Program on Dietary Behavior and Nutritional Status of Low-Income Elderly Women in Gwangju City (광주지역 일부 저소득층 여자노인에서 지역사회 영양중재 프로그램 적용에 따른 식행동 변화 및 영양상태 개선 효과)

  • Kim, Bok Hee;Yang, Ji-Suk;Kye, Seung-Hee;Lee, Yoonna
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.495-506
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    • 2014
  • This study was conducted to measure the effect of a community-based nutritional intervention program on dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes of low-income elderly women in Korea. The subject of the study was a group of 88 elderly women using the free meal service in Dong-gu, Gwangju city in Korea. The study was carried out from April to July 2009, and the pretest, application of nutrition education, and post-test were applied in each stage. This community-based nutrition intervention program consisted of snack supplement and nutrition education provided three times a week and 36 times in total. The nutrition education was led by the nutritionists and professionals using various educational media. Snack supplement included were milk, soymilk, carrot juice, bread, yogurt, and bananas. The result of pretest showed that the nutrient intakes of the subjects were much below the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) level of Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans. Comparison of the dietary behavior score and nutrient intakes before and after the nutritional intervention program indicated that the food behavior score increased from 3.1 to 5.6 (P<0.001) and intake of energy, protein, carbohydrate, thiamin, niacin, vitamin C, iron, and potassium of the subjects all increased significantly (P<0.05). Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of their nutrient intakes was also improved from 0.53 to 0.64 (P<0.01). These results indicated that the nutrition intervention program conducted in this study was effective in improving dietary behavior and nutrient intakes of elderly women in local community.

Dietary intake and major source foods of vitamin E among Koreans: findings of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2019

  • Shim, Jee-Seon;Kim, Ki Nam;Lee, Jung-sug;Yoon, Mi Ock;Lee, Hyun Sook
    • Nutrition Research and Practice
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    • v.16 no.5
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    • pp.616-627
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    • 2022
  • BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin E is essential for health, and although vitamin E deficiency seems rare in humans, studies on estimates of dietary intake are lacking. This study aimed to estimate dietary vitamin E intake, evaluate dietary adequacy of vitamin E, and detail major food sources of vitamin E in the Korean population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016-2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 year that participated in a nutrition survey (n = 28,418) were included. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall and individual dietary vitamin E intake was estimated using a newly established vitamin E database. Dietary adequacy was evaluated by comparing dietary intake with adequate intake (AI) as defined by Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. RESULTS: For all study subjects, mean daily total vitamin E intake was 7.00 mg α-tocopherol equivalents, which was 61.6% of AI. The proportion of individuals that consumed vitamin E at above the AI was 12.9%. Inadequate intake was observed more in females, older individuals, rural residents, and those with a low income. Mean daily intakes of tocopherol (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-forms) and tocotrienol were 6.02, 0.30, 6.19, 1.63, and 1.61 mg, respectively. The major food groups that contributed to total dietary vitamin E intake were grains (22.3%), seasonings (17.0%), vegetables (15.3%), and fish, and shellfish (7.4%). The top 5 individual food items that contributed to total vitamin E intake were baechu kimchi, red pepper powder, eggs, soybean oil, and rice. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that mean dietary vitamin E intake by Koreans did not meet the reference adequate intake value. To better understand the status of vitamin E intake, further research is needed that considers intake from dietary supplements.

Food Group and Dietary Nutrient Intakes by Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Level in Korean High School Students Using the Data from 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007~2015 국민건강영양조사를 이용한 고등학생의 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 식품군 및 영양 섭취 실태)

  • Kim, Sun Hyo
    • Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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    • v.33 no.2
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    • pp.95-113
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    • 2021
  • This study examined the food group and dietary nutrient intakes by sugar-sweetened beverage(SSB) intake level in high school students aged 15~18 years(n=2,377) using the 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were classified into three groups by SSB(included carbonated drinks, sports drinks, and caffeinated drinks that contained added sugars) intake level obtained from 24-hour recall method: SSB 1(SSB intake 0 g/d), SSB 2(0 g/d < SSB intake < 50th percentile) and SSB 3(SSB intake ≥ 50th percentile). Result of daily intakes of SSB were 160.6±10.5 g/d for boys and 98.6±7.1 g/d for girls and it increased for boys(p<0.0001) and girls(p=0.0280) by year. The highest intakes were carbonated drinks followed by fruit juices for boys and girls. Intakes of carbonated drinks increased as 2.7 times for boys(p<0.0001) and 1.6 times for girls between 2007 and 2015 year. Daily intakes of vegetables were the lowest in SSB 3 of three groups for boys and girls(p<0.0001), and those of fruits were lower in SSB 2 and SSB 3 than SSB 1 for boys(p=0.0013). Daily intakes of milk & milk products decreased toward SSB 3 group for boys(p<0.0001) while those were the lowest in SSB 3 of three groups for girls. Daily intakes of dietary fiber(21.3~25.3%) and calcium(49.6~59.8%) were very low compared to the dietary reference intakes. Percentage of daily intakes compared to the dietary reference intakes increased for energy for boys and girls(p<0.0001) while decreased for vitamin C toward SSB 3 group for boys(p<0.0001) and girls(p=0.0382). Those of calcium were the lowest in SSB 3 of three groups for boys(p<0.0001) and girls(p=0.0008). Ratio of excess intakes of energy/fat increased toward SSB 3 group for boys and girls(p=0.0002). Ratio of calcium deficiency was not different among groups but that was very high(85.9~92.5%). Therefore, it should be emphasized to reduce SSB intakes in order to improve diversity in food group and dietary nutrient intakes among high school students through dietary education and government support.

Trends in Food and Nutrient Intake of High School Students based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2015 (우리나라 고등학생의 식품 및 영양소 섭취 변화 추이 - 2007~2015 국민건강영양조사를 이용하여 -)

  • Kim, Sun Hyo
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.33 no.5
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    • pp.447-458
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    • 2020
  • This study assessed yearly trends of food and nutrient intake among high school students aged 16 to 18 years (n=2,377) using the 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Yearly trends of food or nutrient intake were analyzed via logistic regression analysis. The results showed that consumption of sugars & sweets, and beverages & alcohols was increased rapidly during this period (p<0.0001). Intake of meat & meat products, and fish & shellfish also was increased (p=0.0008). Intake of grains and grain products was increased until year 2011 but declined after 2012 (p=0.0025). Consumption of vegetables, and milk & milk products was decreased (p=0.0395). Intake of protein, fat, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron was increased (p=0.0445). Carbohydrate energy ratio was decreased, whereas fat energy ratio was increased (p=0.0235). Most nutrient intakes satisfied the dietary reference intakes for Koreans except dietary fiber (19.6~26.2%), calcium (46.9~55.2%) and sodium (more than 221.4%) during this period. There was a significant positive correlation between most food group intakes and most nutrient intakes (p=0.0468). Therefore, it is crucial to increase dietary fiber and calcium intake and decrease consumption of sugars, fats and sodium through diverse eating of food groups to ensure balanced nutrition of subjects.

Dietary intake and food sources of essential fatty acids among Korean adolescents: a cross-sectional study based on the 2016-2021 KNHANES data

  • Enkhgerel Erdenetsetseg;Hye Ran Shin;SuJin Song
    • Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.144-155
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    • 2024
  • Objectives: This study evaluated dietary intake and food sources of essential fatty acids in Korean adolescents. Methods: This study was comprised of 3,932 adolescents (9-18 years) who participated in the 2016-2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary intake and food sources of essential fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA) were evaluated using data obtained from one-day 24-hour dietary recall. The proportions of adolescents consuming ALA, EPA + DHA, and LA above or below the adequate intake (AI) of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans were calculated. All statistical analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and appropriate sample weights. Results: The mean intakes of ALA, EPA, DHA, and LA among Korean adolescents were 1.29 g/day, 69.6 mg/day, 166.0 mg/day, and 11.1 g/day, respectively. Boys had higher intakes of all essential fatty acids compared to girls. By age group, adolescents aged 15-18 years showed lower intakes of EPA and DHA compared to adolescents in younger age groups. The 9-11-year-old adolescents had lower intakes of ALA and LA than older adolescents. The proportions of adolescents who consumed more than AI were 35.7% for ALA, 30.4% for EPA + DHA, and 41.5% for LA. Adherence to the AI for ALA did not differ by sex or age group, although boys showed a lower adherence to the AI for EPA + DHA than girls. Major food sources for ALA and LA were plant-based oils, mayonnaise, pork, and eggs. Mackerel was the most significant contributor to EPA and DHA intake (EPA, 22.6%; DHA, 22.2%), followed by laver, squid, and anchovy. Conclusions: The proportion of Korean adolescents who consumed EPA + DHA more than AI was low. Our findings highlight that nutrition education emphasizing an intake of essential fatty acids from healthy food sources is needed among Korean adolescents.

Evaluation of Dietary Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Selenium Intake in Female University Students (여대생의 아연, 구리, 망간, 셀레늄 섭취 상태 평가)

  • Bae, Yun-Jung;Kim, Mi-Hyun;Yeon, Jee-Young
    • Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.146-155
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    • 2012
  • This study aimed to measure and evaluate the intakes of four antioxidant trace elements, namely, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se in 19-29y-old female university students in Korea. Diet data were collected by 3-day dietary records in 644 subjects. The mean age, height, weight and body mass index of the subjects were 20.08 years, 161.77 cm, 54.26 kg and $20.82kg/m^2$, respectively. The mean, median and 25th-75th percentile intakes of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se in the subjects were 12.83 mg (12.40 mg, 9.59 to 15.34), 1.30 mg (1.27 mg, 1.00 to 1.57), 3.19 mg (3.12 mg, 2.45 to 3.86), and $50.90{\mu}g$ ($50.17{\mu}g$, 37.59 to 64.35), respectively. The proportion of subjects whose Mn intake was adequate or less was 62.89%, and the proportions of subjects whose Zn, Cu and Se intakes were at the estimated average requirements or less were 10.09, 4.97, and 39.60%, respectively. The major food group for dietary intakes of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se was cereal, providing 8.55 mg (66.60%), 0.78 mg (59.93%), 2.09 mg (65.50%), and $16.83{\mu}g$ (32.43%), respectively. Many female university students were deficient in Mn and Se compared with the dietary reference intakes. Therefore, except for cereal, it is required to consume a diet consisted of various food sources for increasing the intakes of antioxidant trace minerals, especially animal food groups.

Mineral Content and Nutritional Evaluation of Marine Invertebrates from the Korean Coast (한국 연안산 해산 무척추동물의 미네랄 함량과 영양평가)

  • Mok, Jong-Soo;Lee, Doo-Seog;Shim, Kil-Bo;Yoon, Ho-Dong
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.42 no.2
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    • pp.93-103
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    • 2009
  • To measure the mineral contents of marine invertebrates, we collected 239 individuals from 52 species from the east (Pohang), west (Gunsan), and south (Tongyeong) coasts of Korea: 34 species of molluscan shellfish (Gastropoda and Bivalvia), 6 species of Cephalopoda, 8 species of Crustacea, and 4 other species. The mean contents of the macro mineral in the 100g edible portion of molluscan shellfish were high in the oder of Na (355.1 mg), P (128.1 mg), K (110.8 mg), Mg (83.8 mg) and Ca (57.5 mg). And the mean contents of the micro mineral in the molluscan shellfish were high in the oder of Fe ($41.12{\mu}g/g$), Zn ($30.48{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($3.81{\mu}g/g$), Cu ($3.49{\mu}g/g$) and Ni ($0.35{\mu}g/g$). We could not observe clear regional variation in the mineral content of the molluscan shellfish species. The mean contents of the macro mineral in the 100g edible portion of other marine invertebrates (Cephalopoda, Crustacea, etc.) were high in the oder of Na (400.7 mg), P (145.1 mg), K (105.0 mg), Mg (63.2 mg) and Ca (49.0 mg). And the mean contents of the micro mineral in other marine invertebrates were high in the oder of Zn ($24.4{\mu}g/g$), Fe ($13.8{\mu}g/g$), Cu ($4.88{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($2.14{\mu}g/g$) and Ni ($0.12{\mu}g/g$). The daily average intakes of the macro mineral through fisheries products consisted of P (125.9 mg), Na (119.3 mg), K (101.8 mg), Ca (31.0 mg), Mg (27.6 mg). And the daily average intakes of the micro mineral through fisheries products consisted of Zn (0.92 mg), Fe (0.68 mg), Cu (0.12 mg) and Mn (0.07 mg). The respective intakes of the minerals (P, Mg, Na, Ca, K) from fish were about 18.0, 7.9, 8.0, 4.4 and 2.2% of the dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) set by the Korean Nutrition Society. And the respective intakes of micro mineral (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) from fish were about 14.6, 9.2, 6.7, and 2.1% of the dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). Therefore, fisheries products play a very important role as a source of mineral.

Development and Application of Computerized Dietary Analysis System (전산화를 통한 한국인 식생활 개선 방안 연구-식생활평가 시스템-)

  • 이기열
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.54-64
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    • 1987
  • The purpose of this study is to computerize all the necessary information on the daily food value and nutritional status for individuals and groups. In this research, a FOCUS-16jXT (16 bit personal computer ) compatible with IBM-PCjXT was used, and the database files and programs were created by using the dBASEIII package. The food life evaluation system consists of 3 subsystems of Reference, Nutrition Status Assessment and Food Source. The findings are summerized a8 follows: 1. Reference: This subsystem enables users to proceed to the next step, if necessary, by describing each subsystem. 2. Nutrition Status Assessment. 1) Food Habit Assessment: This subsystem determines whether the user has a good food habit or not, based on the answers for ten questions about daily food life. 2) Obesity Assessment: This subsystem calculates Broca index, which is used as a indicator of obesity. 3) Nutrient Intakes: When personal data such as age, sex, weight, height and food consumptions are input, it is possible to calculate the followings. i) Comparison between the amounts intaked and the recommended dietary daily allowances of various nutrients ii) Nutrient intakes from each food group and their composition rates for the nutrients iii) Nutrient intakes per unit body surface area iv) Composition of lipid intake 3. Food Sources: The appropriate food sources for the lacking nutrients will be recommended to the subjects.

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