• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.135-141
• /
• 2005

A 16-week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio, mg/kcal) in juvenile Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Six experimental diets were formulated with three energy levels and two protein levels at each energy level. Three energy levels of 3800, 4150 and 4500 kcal per kg diets were included at 45 and 50% crude protein (CP) levels, respectively $(_{120}P_{45},\;_{110}P_{45},\;_{100}P_{45},\;_{130}P_{50},\;_{120}P_{50},\;and\;_{110}P_{50})$. After four weeks of the conditioning period, fish initially averaging $15.0{\pm}3g\;(means{\pm}SD)$ were randomly distributed into each tank as groups of 20 fish. Each diet was fed to fish in three randomly selected tanks at a rate of $2{\sim}3%$ wet body weight per day in the recirculated system. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of fish fed diet $_{100}P_{45}$ were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed the other diets. WG of fish fed diet $_{120}P_{50}$ was also significantly higher than those of fish fed diets $_{130}P_{50}$ and $_{110}P_{50}$. Feed efficiency ratio of fish fed diets $_{100}P_{45}$ and $_{110}P_{45}$ were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed other diets. These results suggest that the optimum P/E ratio may be 100 mg/kcal with 45% protein diets, and 120 mg/Kcal 50% protein diets for the maximum growth of juvenile Japanese eel under the experimental condition.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.123-131
• /
• 1999

The nutritional status of 125 preschool children(Female : 56, Male : 69) residing in low income area of Seoul was surveyed. The mean family size was 4.3 and the mean monthly income was 921,000 won which was below the poverty level. Average heights of boys aged 3, 4, 5 and 6 were 98.6cm, 106.1cm, 111.9cm and 116.0cm and those for girls were 99.4cm, 106.4cm, 110.9cm, and 116.0cm, respectively. There was no significant difference between the height of boys and girls. The proportion of children showing stunted growth(<90% of Korean standard of height) was 3.2%. The mean weight of boys for each age group(3, 4, 5, 6) were not significantly differient from that of girls. The proportion of children assessed as moderately underweight (<80-90% of Korean Standard of weight) was 10.4% and 3.2% of children was underweight(<80% of weight standard). The group of children aged 3 were taking adequate energy, whereas the mean energy intake of children aged 4.5 and 6 were within 77.3-78.6% of RDA. The proportion of energy derived from carbohydrate, fat and protein was 60.1%, 24.6% and 15.3%. The high proportion of energy derived from fat seems partly due to high energy intake from fat in the snack. The nutrients which did not meet 75% of the RDA were vitamin A and calcium for children aged 5, and iron for children aged 3 to 5. Carbohydrate intake was positively correlated with the height, weight and girth of chest(P<0.05-P<0.001). There was positive correlation between protein intake and weight, girth of chest and BMI, respectively(P<0.05). Iron intake showed positive relationship with height, weight and BMI(P<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.55-60
• /
• 2002

A metabolism trial with four castrated male Brahman cattle, average body weight 320 kg, was conducted in order to determine the nutritive value of chopped sugarcane stalk (CSS) for the establishment of feeding strategy in the dry season in Northeast Thailand. Animals were subjected to the following four dietary treatments: Treatment 1; 100% of CSS, Treatment 2; 70% of CSS and 30% of commercial complete feed (TMR), Treatment 3; 40% of CSS and 60% of TMR, and Treatment 4; 100% of TMR. The average CP, ether extracts, nitrogen free extracts, crude fiber and ash contents of CSS were 2.0, 0.9, 79.0, 16.1 and 2.2%, respectively. Although the amount of feed given was approximately at maintenance level, animals in treatments 1 and 2 refused a part of feed. The metabolism trial revealed that total digestible nutrient and metabolizable energy contents of CSS were 61.5% and 9.04 MJ/kgDM, respectively, when it was properly supplemented with protein sources. Nutritive value of CSS was lowered when animals were given CSS solely. This was due to the large loss of energy into urine and methane. Voluntary intake of CSS in cattle was not enough to satisfy energy requirement for maintenance. The CSS can be used as a roughage for feeding cattle in the dry season with proper supplementation of protein and energy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.523-532
• /
• 2004

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial phytase ($Natuphos^{R}$) supplementation in combination with enzyme complex (composed of enzymes targeted to SBM dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; $Endo-Power^{R}$) to diet with low nutrient levels on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total of 210 crossbred weaned pigs (Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc), 6.68$\pm$0.98 kg of initial body weight, were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments, based on weight and age, according to a randomized complete block design. There were three pens per treatment and 14 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were 1) CON (Control diet with no phytase and enzyme complex (EC)), 2) LP+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower available phosphorus (aP) level+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 3) LP+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP level+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex, 4) LPEA+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels (lysine, methionine, threonine and typtophan)+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 5) LPEA+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/ kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex). For the determination of ileal nutrients digestibility, a total of 15 T-cannulated pigs (initial body weight; 7.52$\pm$1.24 kg; 3 replicates per treatment) were used in the present study. Piglets were weighted and allotted into same dietary treatments as one in growth trial and phase I experimental diets were provided for ileal digestibility study. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among dietary treatments during the whole experimental period (0 to 5 weeks). However, piglets in LP+EC 100 group had a significantly higher gain/feed ratio (G:F) than piglets had in control (p<0.05). Crude protein, energy and phosphorus digestibilities were significantly improved when both of phytase and enzyme complex were supplemented at the revel of 0.1%, respectively to diets with low nutrient level (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) (p<0.05). Piglets in LP+EC 100 and LPEA+EC 100 groups showed significantly higher phosphorus content (%) in bone than that of piglets in control group (p<0.05). Supplementation of both of phytase and enzyme complex at 0.1%, respectively, to diet with low nutrient levels (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) significantly improved total ileal essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid digestibilities compared to control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results from the present study suggest that the simultaneous inclusion of phytase and enzyme complex to diets at recommended level is advantageous with respect to improving growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs and may contribute to increased economic return when added to corn-soy based weaned pig diets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.560-568
• /
• 2002

This study was carried out to compare the dietary behaviors and the nutrient intake of a middle school and a high school girls in Iksan. The subjects consisted of 132 middle school girls and 122 high school girls in Iksan. The proportion of subjects eating meals irregularly was higher in the high school girls (98.6%) than in the middle school girls(78.7%). The proportion of subjects skipping a meal also was higher in the high school girls(61.5%) than in the middle school girls(53.8%) and most of them (65.8%) skipped breakfast though they thought breakfast was the most important meal of a day (87.4%). The subjects tended to overeat at lunch (38.6%), and at dinner (55.9%). The main reasons of skipping a meal were 1. They had no time (49.3%), and 2. They had poor appetite (24.7%) Mean daily energy intake was 2198.5Kcal in the middle school girls and 2150.5Kcal in the high school girls and mean daily intake of protein, iron, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ and niacin was significantly higher (p<0.05, p<0.01) in the middle school girls than in the high school girls. Mean daily calcium, iron, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin A and C intake of middle school girls were lower than those of RDA and all nutrients intake of high school girls except for phosphorus was lower than those of RDA. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) was under 1.0 for calcium, iron, vitamin A, $B_1$ and C. Mean blood level of cholesterol, triglyceride, Hb, Hct, GOT, GPT were 170.9mg/dl, 78.9mg/dl, 13.1g/dl, 39.5%, 18.8mg/d and 15.7mg/dl, respectively.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.137-140
• /
• 2003

Anti-obesity effect of a new dietary supplement (3D-relax) in high-fat fed rats. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 3D-relax; a proprietary formulation containing hydroxycitrate (233 mg/g), carnitine (150 mg/g) and red pepper (150 mg/g); on body weight, body fat, and serum lipids levels in rats fed a high-fat diet. Male SD 7-wk-old rats (n=8) were fed a high fat diet [52% total dietary energy (E%) from fat, 15.4 E% protein, 32.6E% carbohydrate] with or without 3D-relax administration (1 g/kg body weight/day) for 3 weeks. Administration of 3D-relax significantly reduced the increase in body weight compared to the group fed high fat without 3D-relax. Food efficiency ratio (FER) tended to be decreased with administration of 3D-relax, but was not significant. The perirenal and epididymal fat pad weights of vats administered 3D-relax were significantly lower than those of the high fat group that did not ingest 3D-relax during the 3 weeks. The oral administration of 3D-relax significantly increased HDL-cholesterol level and lowered total cholesterol level compared to those of high fat alone group. These results suggest that 3D-relax reduced body weight and fat gains, and those effects are presumably linked to its inhibitory effects on lipogenesis.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.752-762
• /
• 2022

Objective: Microencapsulation is a technique to improve stability, bioavailability, and controlled release of active ingredients at a target site. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of microencapsulated basil oil (MBO) on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), jejunal histomorphology, bacterial population as well as antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens in a tropical climate. Methods: A total of 288 one-day-old female broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allocated into 4 groups (6 replicates of 12 birds), based on a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were as follows: i) basal diet (NC), ii) basal diet with avilamycin at 10 ppm (PC), iii) basal diet with free basil oil (FBO) at 500 ppm, and iv) basal diet with MBO at 500 ppm, respectively. Results: Dietary supplementation of MBO improved average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio of broilers throughout the 42-d trial period (p<0.05), whereas MBO did not affect average daily feed intake compared with NC group. The broilers fed MBO diet exhibited a greater AID of crude protein and gross energy compared with those in other groups (p<0.05). Lactobacillus spp. and Escherichia coli populations were not affected by feeding dietary treatments. Both FBO and MBO had positive effects on jejunal villus height (VH), villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) and villus surface area of broilers compared to NC and PC groups (p<0.05). Superoxide dismutase level in the duodenal mucosa of MBO group was significantly increased (p<0.01), whereas malondialdehyde level was significantly decreased (p<0.01). Conclusion: Microencapsulation could be considered as a promising driver of the basil oil efficiency, consequently MBO at 500 ppm could be potentially used as a feed additive for improvement of intestinal integrity and nutrient utilization, leading to better performance of broiler chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.754-760
• /
• 2007

The effect of dehydrated food waste product (DFWP) inclusion in diets of Taiwan native chickens on the growth performance, carcass traits, clinical blood chemistry and nutrient digestibility was investigated with 320 male Taishi Native Chickens (Taishi No. 13). They were randomly allocated into four levels of DFWP inclusion (0, 5, 10, or 20%) treatment. Each treatment had 80 chickens with four replicates. At 15 weeks of age, 8 chickens were selected from each group for the nutrient digestibility trial. The results showed that body weight gain during the 0 to 4 week period decreased as the feed intake and feed conversion rate (FCR) increased linearly with increasing level of DFWP inclusion. During the 4 to 8 week period, greater body weight gains were recorded for the birds on the 5% DFWP inclusion level than for the control (p<0.05). During 8 to16 weeks, the feed intake and FCR increased linearly (p<0.05). Interestingly too, results of the carcass analysis showed that DFWP inclusion up to 20% in the diet significantly decreased the relative abdominal fat weight but increased the relative proventriculus and gizzard weights of the birds. However, other carcass parameters, meat quality and sensory scores were not significantly influenced by the dietary DFWP inclusion levels (p>0.05). Higher serum aspartate aminotransferase, ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase activity and crude protein digestibility, and lower gross energy digestibility were observed in the 20% DFWP group compared to the control (p<0.05). Dietary DFWP inclusion was inappropriate during the 0 to 4 week period. During 4 to 8 weeks, there was no adverse effect on chicken performance in the 20% group. There was no disadvantage on carcass properties and in the meat panel test. This result would not affect consumer determination.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.635-639
• /
• 1995

Digestibility trial was performed with carps weighing 200 g/fish. Fecal collection was made over 7 days using a settling column. The water temperature was in the range of 27 to $30{^{\circ}C}$ during whole experimental period. Fishes were fed 5 diets (Control, $F_{24}S_{13}$, $F_{16}S_{27}$, $F_8S_{40}$ and $F_0S_{56}$) containing both 32%, 24%, 16%, 8% and 0% of fish meal (F) and 0%, 13%, 27%, 40% and 56% of roasted full-fat soybean (S), respectively. Water volume in each recirculated rearing tank was maintained at 130 l with flow rate of 10-12 l/min. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, protein, lipid, total carbohydrates and energy in diets showed a reduction (p < 0.05) with the increase of dietary full-fat soybean level, although there was no difference in the ADCs between Control and $F_{24}S_{13}$ (p > 0.05). The ADCs of ash, Ca and P in diets significantly increased with the increase of dietary full-fat soybean level, suggesting the high availability of phosphorus in monocalcium phosphate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.267-274
• /
• 2009

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the feeding value of wood vinegar in weanling pigs. In Experiment 1, weanling pigs (n = 224; Landrace ${\times}$Yorkshire ${\times}$Duroc, 21${\pm}$3 d-old, initial BW 6.12${\pm}$0.10 kg) were assigned to four dietary treatments. Different levels of wood vinegar were added to the diets as dietary treatments (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%). Each treatment comprised 4 replicates with 14 piglets in each. Experimental feeding was conducted for 28 d in two phases (phase I, d 0 to 14 and phase II, d 15 to 28). Feeding of wood vinegar linearly (p<0.05) improved the phase I, phase II and overall ADG and increased (linear, p<0.05) the overall and phase II ADFI. Linear improvements in the apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.013), gross energy (p = 0.019) and crude protein (p = 0.033) were observed as the level of wood vinegar was increased in the diet of pigs. Experiment 2 was conducted to compare dietary wood vinegar with commonly used growth promoters, organic acid (mixture of 21% phosphoric acid, 3.25% propionic acid, 2.8% formic acid, 10% calcium formate and 5% calcium propionate) and antibiotic (aparamycin). A total of 288 weanling piglets (Landrace ${\times}$Yorkshire ${\times}$Duroc, 22${\pm}$2 d-old, initial BW 6.62${\pm}$0.31 kg) were assigned to four treatments with four replicates (18 piglets/pen) for 28 days and fed in 2 phases: phase I, d 0 to 14 and phase II, d 15 to 28. The dietary treatments were control (corn-soybean meal basal diet without antibiotics) and diets containing 0.2% antibiotic, 0.2% organic acid and 0.2% wood vinegar. Pigs fed antibiotic showed higher (p<0.001) ADG and better feed efficiency followed by pigs fed wood vinegar and organic acid diets while those fed the control diet had lowest ADG and poorest feed efficiency. The overall and phase I ADFI was highest (p<0.001) in pigs fed wood vinegar and lowest in pigs fed the control diet. Apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and crude protein was significantly higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed the antibiotic diet when compared with pigs fed the control but comparable among pigs fed antibiotic, organic acid and wood vinegar diets. Higher populations of Lactobacillus (p = 0.004) were noted in the ileum of pigs fed the wood vinegar diet, while the population of coliforms in the ileum and cecum was higher (p<0.001) in pigs fed the control diet when compared with pigs fed antibiotic, organic acid or wood vinegar diets. These results indicated that wood vinegar could improve the performance of weanling pigs by improving the nutrient digestibility and reducing harmful intestinal coliforms; moreover performance of pigs fed wood vinegar was superior to those fed organic acid.