• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1426-1433
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• 2022

Objective: The present research was conducted to evaluate the interactive effect of dietary concentration of calcium (Ca) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 (25OHD3) on the performance, blood composition and digestibility of laying hens. Methods: A total of 540 Hy-line brown laying hens aged 61 to 70 weeks were randomly allotted in a 3×3 factorial arrangement, consisting of three levels of 25OHD3 (0, 25, and 50 ㎍/kg) and three levels of Ca (3.5%, 4.0%, and 4.5%). All diets had basal concentration of 3,000 IU/kg of vitamin D3 including the 2,800 kcal/kg of metabolic energy and 16% of crude protein. Results: The results showed that interactive effect (p<0.05) between Ca and 25OHD3 was such that dietary 25OHD3 linearly increased interleukin-6 at all levels of Ca inclusion. Interaction (p<0.05) occurred with the highest parathyroid hormone in laying hens that received dietary concentration of Ca (3.5%) with 25OHD3 (50 ㎍/kg), and Ca (4.0%) with 25OHD3 (50 ㎍/kg). Egg production and egg weight significantly (p<0.05) increased in the 4.5% Ca group compared to the 3.5% to 4.0% Ca groups. Egg shell thickness and tibia bone length also increased (p<0.05) in groups fed a high-Ca diet (4.0% to 4.5%). Phosphorus digestibility significantly (p<0.05) increased along with dietary Ca level. Among the tested 25OHD3 groups, higher (p<0.05) egg production and tibia thickness were present in hens fed 50 ㎍/kg of 25OHD3. Furthermore, Ca digestibility serum Ca and 25OHD3 were significantly increased in group offered 50 ㎍/kg of 25OHD3. Conclusion: The results gathered in this study indicate that dietary concentrations of 4.0% to 4.5% Ca and 50 ㎍/kg 25OHD3 improve the performance of hens from 61 to 70 weeks of age.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.176-184
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate total sugars intake and determine its relationship with nutrient density and obesity degree in elementary school children. A total of 1,292 elementary school students (638 boys, 654 girls) in Chungnam participated in this study. Daily total sugars intake of subjects was analyzed using the USDA database of sugars after a questionnaire survey using 24-hour recalls. The average age of subjects was 9.7 years, daily energy intake was 1,834.0 kcal, and total sugars intake was 37.6 g/day, which was 8.3% of total energy intake. Sugars intake from the milk group was highest at 18.4 g/day, followed by fruits, cereals, sugars and sweeteners, and beverages. Nutrient density of protein as well as Na, Fe, and Zn levels were significantly lower according to total sugars intake level. There was no significant difference between overweight and obesity risk among the sugars intake quartile groups. In conclusion, total sugars intake of subjects was not significantly high and not associated with obesity risk; however, high sugars intake in children was associated with decreased consumption of protein, Fe, and Zn, which are important for growth.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.294-303
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• 2019

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin levels on physiological responses, blood profiles, and reproductive performance in gestating sows. A total of 52 F1 multiparous sows ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$) with an average body weight of $223.5{\pm}31.7kg$, an average parity of $6.4{\pm}2.7$, and an average backfat thickness of $18.5{\pm}4.9mm$ were divided into four treatment groups considering body weight, backfat thickness, and parity in a completely randomized design with 13 replicates. The treatments were 100% (V1), 300% (V3), 600% (V6) and 900% (V9) of the National Research Council (NRC) Nutrient Requirements of Swine. The gestation diet was formulated based on corn-soybean meal (SBM) and contained 3,265 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg and 12.00% crude protein. During the lactation period, all sows were fed the same commercial lactation diet. There was no significant difference in body weight of gestating sows. However backfat thickness tended to increase when higher levels of vitamins were provided to gestating sows (p < 0.10). When high levels of dietary vitamins were provided, the body weight change of lactating sows increased (p < 0.01). When sows were fed higher levels of vitamins, the feed intake of lactating sows tended to decrease (p = 0.06). There were no treatment differences in the number of total born, born alive, stillbirth piglets, or the body weight of piglets according to different dietary vitamin level. As dietary vitamin level increased, the serum concentration of $25(OH)D_3$ in sows at 90 days of gestation linearly increased (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the serum vitamin E level of gestating sows was linearly increased with increasing dietary vitamin level (p < 0.05). The current NRC vitamin requirements are sufficient for gestating sows and higher levels of vitamins in the gestation diet did not show any beneficial effects for gestating and lactating sows.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A large number of studies on anemia have focused mostly on pregnant women or children. The vegetarian population, which is another potential risk group for anemia, remains largely unexplored. Therefore, this cross-sectional study examined the associations of the sociodemographic, lifestyle, nutritional, and psychological factors with the anemia status among female adult vegetarians. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 177 female vegetarians were recruited from a Buddhist and Hindu organization in Selangor, Malaysia. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire, which analyzed their sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity level, sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and stress. The body weight, height, waist circumference, and body fat percentage of the participants were also measured. A 3-day dietary recall was conducted to assess their dietary intake. Blood samples (3 ml) were withdrawn by a nurse from each participant to determine the hemoglobin (Hb) level. RESULTS: The findings revealed 28.2% of the participants to be anemic. The age group (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.19-5.05), marital status (AOR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.27-5.71), and percentage of energy from protein (AOR = 5.52, 95% CI = 1.41-21.65) were the significant predictors of anemia. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia is a public health problem among female vegetarians in this study. Health promotion programs that target female adult vegetarians should be conducted to manage and prevent anemia, particularly among those who are married, aged 50 and below, and with an inadequate protein intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.585-594
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• 1995

Attempts were made to determine the effects of 5-Korean wild vegetabel consumptions on blood glucose leveles and orgen-energy metabolisms in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The 5-Korean wild vegetables were : Cassia tora L.(C.t), Lycium chinese Mill(L.c), Trichosanthes kirilowii Max(T.k), Polygonatum odoratum var. Pluriflorum Ohwi(P.o) and Arctium lappa L(A.l). Sixty male Spargue-Dawley rats(160-220g) were induced diabetes mellitus by streptozotocin injection into the tail vein and were devided into 6 groups : a diabetic control and 5-experimental groups. All groups of the rats were fed on a AIN-76 diet, and the 5-experimental groups were fed with each wild vegetable (10%) for four weeks. An increased tendency in body weight of all the groups was observed and the tendency was more significant in L.c, T.k. and P.o. groups. The organ weight of liver and kidney were higher in L.c. and A.l. groups and lower in T.k. group which has shown the improvement from diabetes. Plasma glucose levels were markedly decreased from the 1st week in C.t, T.k. and P.o. groups and the tendency has lasted throughout the four weeks experimental period. The consumption of P.o. has decreased plasma cholesterol level while any significant difference was not seen in plasma protein levels from all the experimental groups. The level of plasma triglyceride was decreased in P.o. group and the levels of plasma free fatty acids were also significantly lower in P.o. and T.k. groups. The liver protein levels were significantly higher in P.o. and T.k. groups and these two groups also showed the negative or relatively small amount of urinary glucose excretion. The experimental group of T.k. has revealed the decreased level of muscles protein and the increased level of muscle glycogen. The 5-Korean wild vegetables contained dietary fiber and 9-analyzed minerals comparable to the ordinary use vegetables.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.496-503
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among Rohrer index, and nutritional intake and biochemical status. We examined physical status, dietary intakes, serum cholesterol, blood pressure and other biochemical of children in Taejon. Thin survey was carried out in October, 1995. The subjects were 362 children, aged from 6 to 11 years old. The results were summarized as follows. By Rohrer index, 4.5% of the subjects were lean, 70.2% were normal, 17.0% were overweight and 8.6% were obese. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the subjects were 111.73 and 69.88mmHg, respectively. The systolic blood pressure of obese subjects(119.93mmHg) was higher than any other groups. Total cholesterol level was 160.87mg/dl, cholesterol levels in each group were not significantly different. Hemoglobin level of total subjects was 13.10mg/dl, especially hemoglobin levels of 11 year-old girls was lower than that of the same aged boys suggesting that the girls should be supplied with more protein, iron and other nutrients. Energy and protein intakes wee 86.6% and 94.5% of RDA, respectively. The nutrients above the RDA were only two, phosphorus and-vitamin C. The intakes of iron, zinc and vitamin A were lower than 50% of the RDA's. The levels of zinc and niacin were highest in obese group than any other groups. The subjects in overweight and obese groups had eaten more calories from snack and less calories from breakfast than other groups. Rohrer index was correlated with cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and creatinine levels.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.625-636
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine effects of different ratios (3.5, 3.0 and 2.5) of nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC) to ruminally degradable protein (RDP) on in vitro fermentation and lactation performance of dairy cows and optimum ratio of NFC to RDP in dairy rations. In vitro trial was conducted up to 12 hr with ruminal fluidtaken from ruminally cannulated Holstein cows. The level of dietary NFC did not affect ruminal pH. The ammonia-N concentration was not significantly different among treatments until 6 hr incubation, however, it was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased as the ratio of dietary NFC to RDP increased on 9 and 12 hr incubation. For volatile fatty acids, concentrations of both acetate and propionate were significantly (P < 0.05) increased on 3 hr incubation as dietary NFC contents of treatments increased, in other incubation times, they had no significant differences among treatments. Valerate and A:P ratio were not affected by the ratio of NFC to RDP. Isoacids and total VFAs were significantly (P < 0.05) increased with increasing dietary NFC contents and their values were highest in the treatment of 3.0 ratio. Meanwhile, for in vivo trial, 18 Holstein lactating cows were allotted to treatments in three groups of 6 cows. They were employed for 24 weeks to investigate nutrient intakes, and milk yield and composition according to different ratios of dietary NFC to RDP. Intakes of dry matter and energy were significantly (P < 0.01) increased, but NDF intake was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased as the ratio of dietary NFC to RDP increased. Milk yield for the ratio of 3.5 (32.7 kg) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of other treatments. Milk fat (%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for the treatments of 3.0 (3.79 %) and 2.5 (3.79 %) than that (3.48 %) for the ratio of 3.5, but milk fat yield was not different among treatments. Contents and yields for milk protein and solids-not fat were linearly (P < 0.01) increased as the ratio of dietary NFC to RDP increased. However, milk urea nitrogen concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with increasing dietary NFC levels. Our results showed that the increasing level of NFC in the diet of dairy cows enhanced ruminal fermentation, N utilization and milk production and suggested that maximal fermentation and lactation performance were achieved when the dietary ratio of NFC to RDP was more than 3.0 in dairy rations.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate effects of nutrition education and exercise intervention on health and diet quality of middle-aged women. The subjects were 209 women who wanted to involve in the health promotion program run by Jincheon-Gun Health Center. Nutrition education was given once a week and dance sports were done twice a week for 3 months. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 24-hour recall method and food records. Dietary habits and nutrition knowledge were investigated by self-administered questionnaires before and after the intervention program. Body and blood compositions were measured before and after the program. The nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) was significantly increased in energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B2 and calcium, mean adequacy ration (MAR) was significantly increased (p < 0.05), and also the index of nutritional quality (INQ) was significantly increased in protein (p < 0.01). Percent (%) RIs of protein (p < 0.01) and calcium (p < 0.05) were significantly increased and body weight (p < 0.001), body fat (p < 0.01), soft lean mass (p < 0.01) and BMI (p < 0.001) decreased. Over the 3-month study, there was a significant trend toward higher HDL-C and albumin levels and lower LDL-C level (p < 0.001). The results showed that nutrition education and exercise intervention could improve the body health and the diet quality.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.566-575
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• 2004

To compare the dietary intakes and body composition in the stage of puberty, this study was conducted with 360 girls aged 9 to 12 years in Seoul Korea. Girls's general information and 3-day diet records were collected, fat mass was measured by Inbody 3.0, bone mass at right calcaneus was measured by PIXI and pubertal development was self-assessed by picture of Tanner stages. The results are as follows: Girls who had breast development were 79.7% and 15.8% had pubic hair development. Mean of BMI, BMC and BMD were significantly higher at breast stage3+(19.6 kg/$m^2$, 1.62 kg, 0.47 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) than at the breast stage2 (18.2 kg/$m^2$, 1.47 kg, 0.44 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) or breast stage1(16.3 kg/$m^2$, 1.32 kg, 0.39 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) (p < 0.001). Percent body fat of breast stage1, 2, and 3+ were 19.7%, 23.1%, 25.3% respectively and significantly increased during the puberty (p < 0.001). The mean of energy intake was 1629 kcal in stage1, 1664 kcal in stage2 and 1577 kcal in stage3+ showed significant difference in the breast stages (p < 0.05). Energy adjusted sodium intakes and crude fiber intakes were significantly higher in breast stage3 + than other breast stages. For zinc and iron, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 75% of Korean RDA was over 40% and significantly higher in breast stage3+ than other stages (p < 0.05) ; for protein and vitamin E, the proportions of subjects with intake levels more than 125% RDA was significantly higher in the stage 1. The nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for protein and phosphorous was significantly lower in breast stage3+ than other stages. The food groups of seed and nut were 4.7 g/day, 2.3 g/day, 1.8 g/day, respectively, and was significantly higher in breast stage 1. In summary, mean of BMI, BMD, BMC and percent of body fat were increased with pubertal development, and those who had higher breast developmental stage showed a lower amount of consumption level in energy, seeds and nuts, and also showed a higher amount of consumption level in energy adjusted sodium and fiber among Korean girls.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.462-470
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• 2022

The addition of dietary proteases (PRO) to weaner diets hydrolyzes soybean-based anti-nutritive factors and improves weaned pig's dietary digestibility and growth performance. Therefore, this study explores the effects of PRO in a lower crude protein (CP) level diet than that in a commercial diet on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs. A total of 90 weaned pigs were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 6 pigs per pen and 5 replicated pens per treatment using a randomized complete block design (block = body weight [BW]): 1) a commercial weaner diet as a positive control (PC; phase1 CP = 23.71%; phase2 CP: 22.36%), 2) lower CP diet than PC as a negative control (NC; 0.61% less CP than PC), and 3) an NC diet with 0.02% PRO. Pigs fed PC and PRO had higher (p < 0.05) final BW, average daily gain, and/or gain to feed ratio for the first three weeks and the overall experimental period than NC. The PC and PRO groups had greater (p < 0.05) apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter, CP, and energy than the NC group. Moreover, pigs fed PC and PRO increased (p < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of CP compared with those fed NC. In addition, the PRO group had a higher number of goblet cells than the PC and NC groups. However, pig fed PC and PRO increased (p < 0.05) villus height and height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum compared with those fed NC. In conclusion, PRO supplementation in a commercial weaner diet with low CP levels improves growth rate and nutrient digestibility by modulating the intestinal morphology of weaned pigs.