• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the results of salty taste assessment, dietary attitudes, and dietary behaviors among adult and senior women by region and by age. The results generated from this was expected to provide fundamental data for implementing a nationwide salt reduction education program. Methods: The salty taste assessment tool was applied to 4,064 subjects from 15 areas in Korea. Also, a survey of dietary attitude and dietary behavior related to salt intake was conducted for all subjects participated in this study. Results: The salty taste assessment scores by region and by age were the lowest in capital (p < 0.01) and was highest among the 70+ year age group (p < 0.01). The dietary attitude scores and dietary behavior scores showed that Gyeongsang was the highest (p < 0.001) and the capital was the lowest. The dietary attitude scores were highest at 20&30's followed by 40's and 70's group (p < 0.001). Dietary behavior scores showed that 20's~30's and 40's groups were higher than the other age groups (p < 0.001). The score of 'I like kimchi' was $3.46{\pm}0.88$, which was the highest among 10 dietary behavior questions. The score of 'I eat a lot of kimchi' was $3.30{\pm}0.90$, which was the highest among 10 dietary behavior questions related to salt intake. The scores of salty taste assessment had significant positive correlations between the scores of dietary attitude (p < 0.001), dietary behavior (p < 0.001) and self-awareness (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Based on the results of salty taste assessment, we observed a tendency that older people and regions except the capital had higher preference for salty taste. Our results suggested the necessity for a nationwide salty reduction education program tailored for regions and for different age groups.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.663-674
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• 2005

The factors for the childhood onset obesity were assessed to provide informations for the nutrition education program targeting the primary school children. The subjects of this study were 529 primary school children in Iksan City, Jeon-buk Province. Children were classified into obese(236) and control(293) groups by the obesity index. Anthropometric measurement dietary intake through 24-hour recall method, blood analysis and questionnaire response including nutritional knowledge and attitude, body image recognition and eating habits were conducted The mean age of subject was 12.0 years. The average body weight(p<0.001), BMI(p<0.001), and obesity index(p<0.001) in obese group were significantly different from those in control group; their values in the former were 26.5 kg/m2 and $37.7\%$ and 43.0 kg, 19.8 kg/m2 and $3.2\%$ in the latter, respectively. The average scores of self-satisfaction were significantly different in two groups (p<0.001), 31.2, and 34.1, respectively. Among the obese subjects, $60.6\%$ were unsatisfied or very unsatisfied with their body image, and $76.5\%$ had experiences of weight control and $67.5\%$ took diet control as a weight control method Among mothers of obese subjects, $89.1\%$ were unsatisfied with their children's body image. $64.4\%$ of obese subjects had obese parents. Average intake of energy were $76.7\%$ of RDA in obese group and $74.9\%$ of RDA in control group. Average intake of cereals(p<0.01), potatoes & starch(p<0.01) and eggs(p<0.01) between obese and control subjects were significantly different; 295.4g, 76.2g, 55.6g in the former and 277.9g, 38.1g, 45.6g in the latter, respectively. The mean serum triglyceride(p<0.05), GPT(p<0.05), hemoglobin(p<0.001) concentration of the obses and control subjects were significantly different; in the former, 103.6mg/dL, 24.6U/L, 13.4g/dL, and in the latter, 93.7mg/dL, 19.9U/L, 13.1g/dL, respectively, The results suggest that practical nutrition education for the prevention of childhood onset obese should be provided to primary school children.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.542-548
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• 2011

Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is a distinct form of food allergy induced by physical exercise. It is typified by the onset of anaphylaxis during exercise, which is preceded by the ingestion of causal food allergens. Diagnosis of FDEIA is heavily dependent on clinical history. To describe the physiopathological mechanism, etiologic factors, and clinical manifestations, we evaluated the spleen index, proliferation assay of lymphocyte, ROS, ASAS, and cytokines levels in sensitized and exercise-trained mice. One-hundred mice were bred in the animal lab at D and P university under controlled conditions [$22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, RH 45-55%, and a 12-hour photoperiod]. Animals are 7-weeks-old at the time of study and were fed a standard commercial chow diet from 09:00 to 15:00 over the 8-week study period. The mice were allowed access to distilled deionized water ad libitum. Daily food intake and weekly body gains were routinely recorded throughout the experimental period using computing scale (CAS). Mice were divided into the control group (S; control sensitized, n=25), 30 min swim training group (S30, N=25), 50 min swim training group (S50, N=25), and 80 min swim training group (S80, N=25). The results were as follows: Spleen index showed the highest level in the S80 group compared to other groups; this level was exercise-dependent. In proliferation assay of Med and OVA, the S80 group showed the highest level compared to the other groups; this level also was exercise intensity- dependent. Peritoneal ROS and IL-4 showed a statistically significant difference compared to S; however, there was no significant differences in ROS among S30, 50, and 80. From the results, we concluded that FDEIA is correlated with exercise intensity based on the levels of peritoneal ROS and cytokine profiles.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.58-66
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify the relation of health behaviors and the quality of life by life cycle of hypertensive patients. This study was conducted by analyzing secondary data with data from the 2017 Community Health Survey. The subjects were total of 62,056 who were diagnosed with hypertension and analyzed using the SPSS WIN 20.0 program. As a result of the study, As a result of the study, first, hypertension treatment and drug compliance were significantly lower in adulthood than in middle-aged and older adults. Second, it was confirmed that the quality of life score by life cycle was the highest in adulthood and decreased as age increased. Third, the quality of life according to health behaviors differed according to drinking, exercise, and low-salt diet throughout the life cycle. Considering the results presented in this study, it is suggested that health education by life cycle is essential for lifelong health management of hypertensive patients. In particular, it is considered that a convergence approach such as education and medical approaches will be needed to develop measures to increase drug compliance in adult hypertensive patients and to have healthy health behaviors to improve quality of life.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.529-541
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• 2004

This study was carried out to survey the eating behaviors and the food preferences of the tourism transportation business managers in Daegu areas by age. The survey was performed from 17 to August 25, 2003 by questionnaires and the subjects were 365 males. As a general factor, the subjects of survey were male drivers in their thirties to sixties. Their education level was middle school(44.9%) and high school(45.8%) diploma. This study showed that the managers eat three meals per day with high percentage(75.9%) and a large number of managers(24.1%) eat two meals only. 77.8% of the subjects responded that their diet life were irregular due to the property of their job. Frequency of eating-out turned out to be much higher in managers aged 60 over(p<0.001). They considered taste of the food firstly, and the prices of the food secondly, but the nutritional value of the food was considered with a low percentage(22.7%). We found that their BMI were overweight from 23.5 to 26.01, their calorie and some nutrient intakes were below their RDA. The most insufficiently consumed nutrient(less than 75% of RDA) was vitamin B₂ followed by calcium. The food preferences of subjects showed that the managers preferred boiled rice to any other rice as a staple foods. Their favorite menu of one-course Korean style meal turned out to be the bibimbob(boiled rice mixed with assorted vegetable and meat). As for subsidiary foods, out of all various meat soups, beef soups and beef-rib soups were most preferred. The most preferred stew were soybean paste stew and kimchi stew, and the most preferred cooked vegetables were cooked spinach, seasoned cucumber. Baechu kimchi(white cabbage kimchi) were the most preferred kind of kimchi. For desserts there was a very high preference for the watermelons, apples, and pears. For beverages the most preferred were ginseng tea, fruit juices and dietary fiber drinks. From the results listed above, the nutritional education needed to be done to the tourism transportation business managers to set the proper menu considering the characteristics of the preference each age group of managers.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.133-149
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• 1998

본 연구는 미국에 사는 한국인 이민자들의 암예방과 식품에 대한 지식과 신념에 관하여 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 도구로는 미국 국민 건강연구조사 (NHIS)의 설문지를 한국어로 번역하였고, 연구의 대상자는 미국의 시카고에 거주하는 263명의 한국인 이민자들이다. 본 연구의 주된 연구결과는 다음과 같았다. (1) 대부분의 대상자(83.3%)들은 한국음식을 먹고 있다고 답하였다. (2) 대상자들의 47.5%가 영어를 전혀 못 읽거나 거의 못 읽는다고 답하였다. (3) 식생활 변화를 하지 않는 이유에 대해 현재 먹고 있는 음식을 즐기기 때문에 식생활을 바꾸고 싶지 않다는 답이 가장 많았다. (4) 우리가 먹고 마시는 음식과 관계 있는 주요질병에 대해서 25.4%의 응답자만이 암이라고 답하였다 (미국 NHIS 에서는 48%). (5) 응답자의 48.3%만이 섬유소에 대해 들어보았다고 응답하였다. (6) 7.1%의 응답자만이 섬유소가 많은 음식으로 corn flakes와 bran flakes를 고를 수 있었다. 이 결과로 보아 한국인 이민자들이 미국음식에 대해 잘 모르는 것으로 보인다. (7) 약 62%의 응답자들이 암예방에 관한 무료 보건강좌에 참석하고 싶다고 응답하였다. 보건강좌 장소에 대해 "교회'라고 답한 응답자가 가장 많았다. (8) 질병예방에 관한 정보를 어디에서 얻느냐는 질문에 대하여 "신문"이라고 답한 응답자가 가장 많았다. 본 연구에서 얻은 결과를 볼 때 대부분의 응답자들이 미국 정부에서 하고 있는 암예방 교육의 혜택을 받고 있지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 한국인 이민자들의 문화적 배경에 맞는 암교육이 필요하며, 영어를 잘 못하는 이민자들을 위해 한국말로 번역된 보건교육자료를 사용하여야 한다.교육자료를 사용하여야 한다.표현을 위하여 확장된 기본 모델을 중심으로 각 레벨의 구성 요소들의 형식적 의미(formal semantics)와 레벨 내 혹은 레벨 구성요소들간의 관계성(relationship), 그리고 제약조건의 표현과 질의 추론 규칙들을 식별하여 FOPL(First Order Predicate Logic)로 표현한다. 또한, 본 논문은 FOPL로 표현된 predicate들과 규칙들을 구현하기 위하여 Prolog로 변환하기 위한 이론적 방법론을 제시하고 정보자원 관리를 위한 기본 함수들과 스키마 진화(schema evolution)를 위한 방법론을 제안한다. 최저 잔류탁도를 나타내는 최적 응집제 주입량에서의 Zeta potential은 원수탁도가 5NTU일 경우 Alum, PAC 및 PACS 모두 -20mV∼-15mV사이였으며, 원수 탁도가 10NTU인 경우에는 0∼0.5mV 범위에 있는 것으로 나타나 응집제 종류 및 주입량이 상이하더라도 응집효율이 가장 양호한 상태에서의 Zeta potential은 일정한 범위내에 있는 것으로 나타났다.각 각 11.1, 10.2, 12.2 그리고 13.0%의 발달율을 보여 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 4. 수정 후 114 시간 개별배양된 수정란으로부터 분리된 small과 large의 할구를 공핵체로 사용한 처리구에서 핵이식 수정란의 세포융합율에 있어서 각각 71.0, 71.4, 69.9 및 77.1% 의 융합율올 보여 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으며, 핵이식 수정란의 배반포기배로의 발달율에 있어서도 각각 11.4%, 8.0%, 17.2% 그리고 12.9% 의 발달율을 보여 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 보아 핵이식 수정란을 효율적으로 생산하기 위하여 수핵난자의 세포질에 ionomycin 과 DMAP 의

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.888-895
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• 2016

The population ecology (Ecological characteristics) of Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae were investigated at Geum River from March to November, 2013. This species inhabited midstream of the river where was mostly covered with cobble and sand. The depth of the habitat was 30~60 cm and velocity of stream was 2.27~4.88 cm/sec. The sex ratio of female to male was 1 : 0.86. They were sexually mature when they were over two years of age. The spawning period was from June to July with water temperatures from $25^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$. Sexually matured individuals appeared over the two year of age. Frequency analysis of total length indicated that the group with 55~70 mm in total length was one year old, the 71~90 mm was two years old, and the group over 91 mm was three years old. The average number of eggs in the ovaries was estimated as 2,219 per matured female. The number of matured eggs size in ovaries was 0.64~0.98 (mean: 0.85) mm. Calulation length-weight relation of S. chankaensis tsuchigae show the value of contant a as 0.0002 and b as 2.81, and condition factor (K) was 1.06 on average. The stomach contents were Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Crustaceae, Copepoda, Nematota, Actithocephala, and Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, and Trichoptera that belong to Aquatic insect, and dormant bud of Pectinatella that belongs to Phylactolaemata. The diet of S. chankaensis tsuchigae was omnivorous, mainly vegetable feed on attached algae (filament form), and mainly animality feeded on benthic invertebrates such as Chironomidae larvae.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.415-424
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• 2014

Objectives: Vegetables are the most left over side dishes in school lunch programs. This study intended to analyze the differences in preference for vegetables among the students of different age groups in order to determine potential ways of increasing vegetable consumption in this study group. Methods: A total of 308 primary to university students in Gyeongbuk area were recruited and a questionnaire-based survey was conducted. The preference score (7-Likert scale: very much dislike (1)~so-so (4)~like very much (7)) and intake frequency (5-Likert scale) of 48 kinds of vegetables in 4 vegetable groups, such as vegetable (fruit-, root-, leaf-, and stalk-vegetable), seaweeds, mushrooms, and kimchi were investigated, and data were analyzed by SPSS WIN (ver 12.0). Results: The preference scores of vegetables except for seaweeds were significantly different among school groups, university was the highest, followed by high school. Primary and middle school students showed the lowest preference score, especially for leaf- and stalk- vegetables. The preference score for seaweeds was the highest of 5.28, followed by kimchi of 4.99. With regard to kimchis, the preference score was the highest in university', followed by high school, middle school, and primary school' was the lowest. The number of vegetables with < 4.0 preference score was the highest in primary school of 16, 15 in middle school, 11 in high school, and 7, the lowest in university. The vegetable with preference score of < 4.0 in all 4 school groups were mallow, chard, bud, radish leaf, mugwort, butterbur and sweet potato stalk. With regard to the intake frequency of vegetables, kimchis, an indispensable part of the Korean diet, was the highest of 2 times/day, followed by cooked vegetables of 1.5 times/day. The correlation coefficients between preference scores and intake frequencies were statistically significant in all groups of vegetables. As for the coefficient of variation (CV) of preference score, primary school' was the highest and university' was the lowest. The number of vegetables with high CV and high inexperience were highest in primary school students. Conclusions: Providing more opportunities for consuming a variety of vegetables, such as leaf- and stalk-vegetable, it may be possible to increase vegetable consumption, especially for the primary school students.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2005

This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of spent bleaching clay(SBC) as an energy resource for meat type chicks. A total of one hundred twenty 1-d old broiler chicks(Han-hyop, No. 3) were divided into four groups and each group was assigned to one of the following diets: 0(T1), 2.0(T2), 4.0(T3) and $6.0\%$ SBC(T4). Each treatment had 3 replications of 10 birds. Before feeding experimental diets, they were fed a commercial diet for a week Body weight gain and feed intake tended to increase in T3 and T4, respectively. Feed efficiency(feed intake/ gain) tended to decrease in T3 compared to other groups. Fatty acid composition of breast and thigh meat was not significantly affected by feeding SBC. Utilization of dry matter, energy, crude protein and crude fat was lower in T4 than in the other groups during both starter and finisher periods(p<0.05). Crude ash utilization was not significantly affected by feeding dietary SBC. These results indicate that broiler diets may be supplemented with 2 to $4\%$ SBC without adverse effect on growth.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2002

The objective of tole study was to compare nutritional knowledge, attitudes and food practices of competitive athletes, recreational athletes and non-participants. All students enrolled at the University of Nebraska in an Introductory Nutrition course in which sports nutrition was stressed, were asked to participate in the study. The course was typical of many introductory nutrition courses ; about two thirds of the students were from the Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, and most of the students were encouraged to take this course by their advisers. The students were divided into three groups : 20 competitive athletes (mostly runners, swimmers, basketball players and football players for the University), 14 recreational athletes (who were involved in a planned exercise program at least 2 hours per week), and 19 non-participants. At the beginning of the semester, students completed a food frequency questionnaire, and a 24-hour food record based on the Food Guide Pyramid. A nutrition knowledge and attitude questionnaire was formulated specifically for this study, covering normal nutrition and sports nutrition. The results showed that consumption of foods from all Food Guide Pyramid food groups except the fats/oils/sweets group was not significantly different among the three student groups. Regarding the fats/oils/sweets group, competitive athletes consumed significantly more numbers of servings than recreational athletes, while the recreational athletes consumed significantly more than non-participants (p<0.01). The total mean scores from the nutrition attitude and knowledge questionnaire were not significantly different among the three student groups. However, combined athletes (competitive athletes and recreational athletes) obtained significantly higher scores on some of the nutrition attitude questions (p<0.05). The results of the study indicate that athletes, significantly lower scores on some of the nutrition knowledge questions (p<0.05). The results of the study indicate that athletes, whether competitive or some of the nutrition knowledge questions (p<0.05). The results of the study indicate that athletes, whether competitive or recreational, had a very positive attitude regarding the effects of nutrition on their sports performance and health: however, these athletes did not appear to apply scientific principles of sports nutrition to their diet. In conclusion, advising athletes to simply increase or decrease their intakes of certain foods is too simplistic an approach for maintenance of good health and for better sporting performance. Athletes and non-athletes need continuous nutrition education to help with improving their competitive edge and food choices.