• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.614-620
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• 2009

We report non-specific immune responses and its disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda by alga mixture (HE; Hizikia:Ecklonia) in olive flounder for the first time. Five isonitrogenous (44% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.1 MJ $kg^{-1}$) diets were formulated to have 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of the alga mixture. One of five experimental diets was fed triplicate groups of fish (30 fish/group) to apparent satiation in a flow through system. After a two week feeding, blood was sampled at 3, 6, 12, 24 h after the last feeding for a kinetic measurement of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity and healthy fish with similar sizes in each tank were selected and injected with 1 mL of E. tarda suspension ($1.0\times10^7$ CFU/mL) to evaluate the disease resistance of the fish. Dietary supplementation of alga mixtures resulted in significantly higher non-specific immune responses compared with the fish fed the control diet. The cumulative mortality was significantly lower in the fish groups fed alga mixture containing diets than control group in the challenge test with E. tarda. Therefore, the results in this study indicate that dietary supplementation of Hizikia and Ecklonia mixtures enhance the non-specific immune responses and a disease resistance of olive flounder.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2008

긴털이리응애와 점박이응애에 대하여 fluacrypyrim, cyflumetofen과 spiromesifen의 권장사용농도로 상대독성을 시험하였다. Fluacrypyrim과 cyflumetofen은 점박이응애보다 긴털이리응애의 자성충에 대하여 독성이 매우 낮았으며, 이들 두 살비제를 처리한 긴털이리응애 암컷성충은 무처리에 비해 $88{\sim}93%$의 산란수를 나타내었다. Fluacrypyrim과 cyflumetofen의 처리는 긴털이리응애 난의 부화나 생존 유 약충의 발육에 영향이 없었으며, 유 약충의 $92{\sim}96%$가 성충으로 우화하였다. Spiromesifen은 시험농도에서 긴털이리응애 암컷성충의 생존율과 산란수에는 큰 영향이 없었으나, 유충에는 100%의 치사율을 나타내었다. Fluacrypyrim과 cyflumetofen을 처리한 먹이를 섭식한 긴털이리응애 자성충은 생존율과 산란수에 큰 영향을 받지 않았다. 또한 이들 살비제를 처리한 먹이를 포식한 긴털이리응애의 유 약충도 성충 우화율에 실질적인 영향을 받지 않았다. 이상의 결과에서 긴털이리응애의 암컷성충과 발육태에 영향이 적게 나타난 fluacrypyrim과 cyflumetofen은 점박이응애의 종합관리체계에서 긴털이리응애와 함께 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.283-300
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to grasp health-promoting behavior of the elderly and to identify variables related to them in order to facilitate nursing intervention for health promotion of this population. The subjects for this study were 291 old persons obtained by cluster sampling from twenty general social welfare centers located in Tague. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from August 13 to September 13, 1996. Questionnaires were developed based on Sherer and others' Self-Efficacy scale, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem scale, Wallston and other's Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale, Northern illinois University's Helath Self Rating Scale, Walker and others' Health Promotion Lifestyles Profile. Analysis of the data was done by use of descriptive statistics, stepwise multiple regression, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, MANOVA, t-test, and ANOVA. The results were summarized as follows : 1. For the practice of health-promoting behavior, the mean score was 2.89 and range was 3.59 to 2.09. The factor of the highest mean score was regular diet(M=3.42) and factor of the lowest mean score as stress management(M=2.27). 2. The combination of self-efficacy, internal health locus of control, family number, and average monthly pocket money explained 30.0% of the variance of health-promoting behavior. 3. With regard to the relationship between health-promoting behavior and cognitive perceptual factor, self-efficacy correlated positively with health-promoting behavior(r=.4951, P=.0001), self-esteem correlated positively(r=.3263, P=.0001), internal health locus of control correlated positively(r=.3244, P=.0001), perceived health status correlated positively(r=.1355, P=.0274). 4. According to age(F=2.50, P=.0431), sex(t=2.14, P=.0332), marital status(F=7.85, P=.0005), education(F=5.44, P=.0003), family number(F=11.18, P=.0001), people living together(F=7.21, P=.0009), previous occupation(F=5.83, P=.0001), average monthly pocket money(F=7.27, P=.0001), there were differences of health-promoting behavior. The above findings show that health-promoting behavior are related to demographic characteristics, four cognitive perceptual factors(self-efficacy, self-esteem, internal health locus of control, perceived health status). On the basis of the above findings the following recommendations are made ; 1. Nursing interventions enhancing exercise or activity, accountability for health, stress management of the elderly must be provided. 2. Nursing strategies enhancing self-efficacy which is most significant effect on health-promoting behavior must be developed.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.146-165
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• 1999

The purpose of this paper was to identify the performance of health promoting lifestyles and health perception over 18 years old women living Wonju city so that the results will be based for setting up women's health nursing center. The subjects were 1080 women selected by stratified and purposive sampling. The data were collected by self reporting questionnaire and interview from May to June, 1998. Data were analyzed by SPSS win program. The results were as follows : 1. The range of age was 18-84 years, The proportion according to women's lifecycle was premarital group 20.0%, delivery and rearing group 49.9%, over middle aged-elderly group 29.8%. 2. The mean menarchial age was 15.2 and menopausal age was 48. Mean frequenices of pregnancy is 2.4 and artificical abortion rate is 36.4%. Primary cause of abortion was unwanted babies 42.8%. The practice rate of family planning was 79.4% and permanent sterilization rate was 37.6%. 3. Fatigue was predominated problem in target population. Depression and headache was predominated in premarital group, headache and nervous felling in delivery and rearing group, arthritis and loss of memory in over middle aged-elderly group. 4. Only 13.7% of the target population make some efforts for their health in compare to 85.9% have attention for their health. Perception of unhealthy rate was 9.1% in premarital group, 24.8% in delivery and rearing group, 30.1% in middle aged-elderly group. 5. The average score of the HPLP(Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile) was 2.41. The variable with the highest degree of performance was interpersonal relationship, whereas the one with the lowest degree was the professional health maintenance. The significant difference was found in HPLP according to age, residential area, marital status, educational level, income level. 6. Majority(95.1%) of the target population agreed on necessity for women's health nursing center. Proper location area was presented to women's center and public health center. The priority for health education program was proper diet, family health, stress management, and exercise. In conclusion, we should prepare the education program for women's health according to women's lifecycle, because health perception, HPLP, and education program needed was differentiated in women's lifecycle. Also we suggest that women's health nursing center based community was needed for proper management of women's health.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.266-272
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• 1996

긴털이리응애와 점박이응애에 대한 fenpyroximate의 독성에 비교하기 위하여 농도별로 처리한 강남콩 엽편에 두 종의 자성충과 난을 접종하여 시험한 결과, fenpyroximate는 점박이응애보다 긴털이리응애에 대하여 독성이 매우 낮았다. 긴털이리응애 자성충은 처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 생존율이 감소하였으나 6.25~50ppm에서 58~74%가 생존하였으며, 산란수는 처리농도 간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 점박이응애 자성충은 6.25~50ppm에서 32~40%가 잔존하였지만 모두 활동불능되었으며, 산란수도 처리농도가 높을수록 감소하였다. 모든 처리농도에서 긴털이리응애 난의 부화나 생존한 유.약충의 발육에는 영향이 없었다. 긴털이리응애 유.약충의 생존율은 농도증가에 따라 감소하였으나 6.25~50ppm에서 16~48%가 성충으로 우화하였다. 그러나 점박이응애의 경우는 6.25~50ppm에서 성충태에 이른 개체가 전혀 없었다. 중독된 먹이를 섭식한 긴털이리응애 자성충은 생존율과 산란수 및 차세대의 성비에 실질적인 변화가 없었다. 또한 긴털이리응애에 상대적으로 영향이 적어 아치사농도라 할 수 있는 6.25~12.5ppm의 농도는 점박이응애의 종합관리에서 긴텅이리응애와 점박이응애의 밀도비율을 조절하는데 유용할 것으로 생각된다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.464-476
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• 1999

This study was conducted between October 1, 1998, and December 31, 1998, in order to provide basic data to develop better self-management educational programs for systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) patients. In the study, the extent of each patients knowledge on the disease and their learning needs about it were examined for 100 lupus inpatients and outpatients at the Kangnam St. Marys Hospital. Data were collected by using questionnaires to those patients. Frequencies, percentage, average, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, and Duncans multiple range test were examined through the SAS program. The result of study follows : 1) The average score of patients knowledge on the disease was 15.7 (range, 7-20; standard deviation, 2.74). Subjects scored higher as far as the extent of their knowledge in the following categories : management of daily life, diet, characteristics of the disease, risk factors, and medication. Two categories shared the highest percentage of correct answers : 99% of subjects correctly identified that fatigue and stress aggravate symptoms of lupus and symptoms of lupus vary among individuals in range and type. However, when subjects were asked if patients should get a regular examination by an ophthalmologist every 4-6 months while they are on medication to treat rashes, lupus can be completely cured, and contraceptives that include a female hormone (estrogen) are good as contraceptive methods, the percentages of correct answers were low (32%, 31%, and 20%, respectively). In terms of subjects knowledge about the disease by their general characteristics, single subjects had more knowledge about the disease than married subjects did (t=2.14, p=0.0353). The extent of knowledge also varied by monthly income (F=4.96. p=0.0097). Those with more formal education had more knowledge about lupus than those who had less formation education did (t=2.95, 0.0039). Additionally, those who were satisfied with their education about the disease had better knowledge about it than those who were dissatisfied with their education did (t=2.71, p=0.0090). 2) The extent to which lupus patients wanted to be educated about the disease was, on average, 64.5 (range, 46-75; standard deviation, 7.91). Areas for which patients requested education are listed here in order : risk factors, sexual lives and patients associations. Patients who had been hospitalized demonstrated wanting more education than those who had not been did(t=3.73, p=0.0003). The extent to which they wanted the information was different by the number of educational sessions they had (F=3.98, p=0.0249). In conclusion, the results above would be considered when the education programme is planned for SLE patients.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.66-80
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• 1998

With the opening of healthcare market, the health care environment in Korea is anticipating a drastic change. In this Internationally open market environment, it is necessary to introduce a systematic health care plan and DRG system which offer qualitative medical services as well as reduced cost. Purpose of this study is to develop and test the critical pathway for Cesarean section patient in the way to be possible the integrated inpatient management. It was adopted the process of six phases to develop the critical pathway as the theoretical framework implemented by Johns Hopkins Hospital, Maryland, U.S.A. In the first phase, make a selection of diagnosis/procedures to develop. In the second phase, organize a development team consisted of eight expertises working in maternity nursing area. In the third phase, analyze the overall medical service offered to patient through review medical records and decided the service content and the implementation period for the Cesarean section patient. In the forth phase, make out a preliminary critical pathway after verification of expert group on content validity. In the fifth phase, validity operate to ten Cesarean section patients to test implementation in practice by using the preliminary critical pathway, In the sixth phase, defined the final critical pathway. The result of this study was as follows. 1. There were classified 8 categories as monitoring/assesment, treatment, medication, activity, diet, test, consult, education/discharge plan for vertical axis and showed hospital stayed from admission to discharge for horizontal axis of critical pathway through analysis 68 Cesarean section patients medical records. 2. After critical review 68 medical records to make out a preliminary critical pathway, hospital stays for horizontal axis were showed 6 days, mean hospital stays were 7.5 days, 2.1 days were to be taken operation after admission and 4.2 days were stayed until discharge after operation. 3. After making out a questionare in 90 items of a medical service content of eight categories and verifying the content validity of expertises, the 85 items of the preliminary critical pathway were selected by expertises agreement over 88% and modified or deleted 5 items showing agreement below 75%. 4. After verifying a validity to 10 patients for 4 weeks, hospital stays were 5.9 days. There were deleted 1 item and modified or supplemented the 9 items of the 10 items.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.762-771
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• 2010

Two experiments were conducted to determine i) the fermentation characteristics of catfish by-product (C) ensiled with rice bran (RB) or sugarcane molasses (M) in different ratios, and ii) the digestibility of the silages in growing pigs. In the ensiling experiment, there were three ratios of C, ensiled with RB or M, of 8:2, 7:3 and 6:4 (wet basis for C and air-dry basis for RB and M). The six treatments were CRB8:2, CRB7:3, CRB6:4, CM8:2, CM7:3 and CM6:4, with 3 replications per treatment and seven sampling times. The pH of CRB7:3 and CRB6:4 decreased (p<0.05) from the first week and stayed stable until 8 weeks of ensiling, but the pH did not decrease in CRB8:2. The pH of CM8:2, CM7:3 and CM6:4 decreased rapidly from the first week until week 8. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) contents were slightly lower when catfish by-product was ensiled with RB than with M. Ammonia content in all treatments increased (p<0.05) during ensiling. Lactic acid content in silages with molasses increased from the first week, with the highest value at week 4. However, the lactic acid content in CRB8:2 did not increase with time and had the lowest value of all treatments. Acetic acid proportions of total volatile fatty acids were low at day 0, with the highest value at day 7, decreasing slowly until 8 weeks. The butyric acid proportion was highest at day 0 and decreased up to week 8. The proportion of propionic acid increased during ensiling. The digestibility experiment had a 4${\times}$4 Latin-square design and included 4 castrated crossbreed (Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace) male pigs fed four diets. The basal diet (BD) included rice bran, broken rice and maize meal, and the other three diets included fish meal (FMD) or catfish by-product ensiled with rice bran (CRBD) or sugarcane molasses (CMD). The silages chosen were those which gave the best results in the ensiling experiment for each additive. The coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of DM and organic matter (OM) was not significantly different among treatments. The CTTAD of CP was not different among the silage diets, but was lower in BD (p<0.01). The CTTAD of ether extract (EE) was higher in the catfish by-product silage diets than in FMD and BD. There was no significant difference in the digestibility of DM, OM, CP and EE between the fish meal and the by-product silages. In conclusion, catfish by-product can be successfully preserved by ensiling. Moreover, the total tract apparent digestibility of OM, CP and EE in ensiled catfish by-product was comparable with that of fish meal.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.517-532
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develop a critical pathway for case management of patients who have received Lumbar Laminectomy because of low back pain, arm and leg numbness, and radiating pain in the leg. For this study, a preliminary critical pathway was developed through a review of the literature including five critical pathways which are currently being used in the USA. In order to identify the overall service contents required by these patients, 30 cases were analyzed. These cases were taken from medical records of those with Lumbar Laminectomy between January, 1998 and December, 1998 in the department of neurosurgery at the Pusan National University Hospital in Pusan. An expert validity test was done for the preliminary critical pathway, a clinical validity test was also done using 12 patients with Lumbar Laminectomy between October 1, 1999 and January 31, 2000. After these processes, the final critical pathway was developed. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The vertical axis of the critical pathway includes the following eight items: assessment, consultation, diet, test, medication, treatment, activity, education/ discharge planning. The horizontal axis includes the time from the start of hospitalization to discharge. Analysis of the 30 medical records was done. analysis of the service contents showed the horizontal axis of the preliminary critical pathway was set from hospitalization to the 12th post operation day and the vertical axis was set to include eight items, the contents which should have occurred, according to the time frames of the horizontal axis. 2. As a result of the expert validity test, it was found that among the 233 items, 203 showed over 88% agreement and 30 of them showed less than 88% agreement, which were then revised or deleted from the critical pathway. At the preliminary meeting for the clinical validity test, the time of hospitalization on the horizontal axis was shortened to the 10th post operation day. A clinical validity test was done with 12 patients with Lumbar Laminectomy. All the cases progressed according to the critical pathway although some variances were noted in assessment, consultation, test, medication, and treatment. 3. Based on these results, a final critical pathway was determined. In conclusion, this critical pathway is partially applicable to the care of patients with Lumbar Laminectomy and needs further investigation.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.549-559
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the knowledge and educational needs related to recurrent in coronary artery bypass graft patients as a basis to provide an individual nursing education for the population. The subjects consisted of 110 patients who had coronary artery bypass graft(CABG) at Asan Medical Center in Seoul and Sechong hospital in Buchon. Data was obtained from a knowledge questionnaire and a learning needs questionnaire between November 1998 and February 1999. Data were analyzed using SAS program for Wilcoxon rank sum test and Spearman correlation coefficient. The results were as follows : 1. With regard to the 18 items to measure knowledge, the mean (median) of items 'don't know' was 4.9(4) items. The mean (median) of items answered wrong was 3.2(3) items. The number of items answered 'don't know' tend to show higher in those who had less education, blue color jobs and myocardiac infarction history than in their counter parts. There were higher frequency of items answered 'don't know' in those who had no hypertension 2. With regard to the level of knowledge by questionnaire about CABG, The most "I dont know" (59.1%) highly response was 'He has to be treated with anticoagulant drug to prevent revasculized vessel from obstructing.' The seond highest response (56.4%) was 'If you were hypotensive, the coronary attack would collapse. 'During the hospitalized day, the patient has complete bedrest.' The highest error probability was cholesterol has not to intake.', 'After surgery, the sexual life is need controlled for 1 year. 3. The mean of educational needs was 3.38. With regard to the level of learning needs by sentence about CABG, 'Food that benefit heart disease', 'Recurrence possibility of heart disease', 'Management method of operation site', 'Risk symptom that visit hospital or report immediately' were higher than other sentenses. With regard to the level of learning needs by factor 'food(5 items)', 'disease(9 items)' and 'exercise(3 items)' showed the highest than other factors. The educational needs by patients characteristics tend to show higher in males, under the age of 49, middle or high school degree, previous experience of admission with coronary artery disease, history of myocardial infarction, expierience of PTCA, history of cerebro-vascular accident, previous expierience of smoking than in their counter parts. 4. The number of items answered 'don't know', wrong and correct weren't correlated with the level educational needs. As the results, the number of items answered 'don't know' tend to show higher in those who had less educated, blue color jobs and myocardiac infarction history than in their counter parts. There were higher frequency of items answered 'don't know' in those who had no hypertension .There were higher frequency of items answered 'don't know' on anti-thrombolitic theraphy, hypotension and pain relief. Also there were higher frequency of items answered wrong on bed rest period, cholesterol intake, and sexual life. Educational needs were higher in young age group, had previous experience of procesure and history of other disease. And when we educate CABG patients, education for diet, recurrence possibility of disease, management methods of operation site and risk symptom should be emphasized.