• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.619-623
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• 2018

Bovine coccidiosis is one of the most important parasitic diseases affecting calf productivity. Here, we investigated the prevalence of Eimeria spp. in pre-weaned native Korean calves and determined the correlation between diarrhea and Eimeria spp. Fecal samples were collected from individual calves (288 normal and 191 diarrheic) in 6 different farms. Of the 479 samples, Eimeria oocysts were detected in 124 calves (25.9%). Five Eimeria spp. were identified; E. zuernii (18.8%) was the most prevalent, followed by E. auburnensis (12.5%), E. bovis (7.5%), E. subspherica (5.8%), and E. bukidnonensis (1.0%). A significant correlation was observed between diarrhea and mixed infection with more than 2 Eimeria spp. (odds ratio [OR]=2.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-4.49; P=0.03) compared to single infection (OR=1.29; 95% CI: 0.77-2.15; P=0.33). Of the 5 Eimeria spp. identified, E. subspherica (95% CI: 1.24-5.61; P=0.01) and E. bukidnonensis (95% CI: 825.08-1,134.25; P=0.00) strongly increased the risk of diarrhea by 2.64-fold and 967.39-fold, respectively, compared to other species. Moreover, mixed infection with E. auburnensis and E. bukidnonensis was significantly associated with diarrhea (OR=2,388.48; 95% CI: 1,009.71-5,650.00; P<0.00) in pre-weaned native Korean calves. This is the first report to demonstrate the importance of E. bukidnonensis associated with diarrhea in pre-weaned native Korean calves. Further epidemiological studies should investigate the prevalence of E. bukidnonensis and the association between E. bukidnonensis and diarrhea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.271-281
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• 2021

Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one among the most important agents of diarrhea in calves. From January to December 2021, 108 isolates from feces of calves with diarrhea were investigated for enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) using real-time PCR. In addition, the genes for F5, F17 and F41 fimbriae were detected by PCR. The most frequently isolated pathotypes were EPEC/STEC (29 isolates), and ETEC/EPEC/STEC (29 isolates). ETEC/EPEC, and ETEC/STEC were also found in 10 isolates. EPEC, STEC, and ETEC were detected in 13, 11, and 6 respectively. EAEC, and EIEC was not detected. Antimicrobial resistance test was carried out by agar disc diffusion method with 14 antimicrobials. Among 108 pathogenic E. coli isolates, 107 isolates were resistant to at least one of 14 antibiotics used in this study, 99 (91.7%) were resistant to two or more antimicrobials, and a single remarkable isolate was resistant to 14 antimicrobials. The isolates were primarily resistant to penicillins, streptomycin, tetracycline, ceftiofur, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Kanamycin, and Ciprofloxacin. The high rate of resistance in pathogenic E. coli, sometimes to multiple drugs, may complicate future options for treating human infections. These results may bu used for diagnosis and therpeitic purposes in calves with diarrhea.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.55.1-55.12
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• 2024

Importance: Neonatal calf diarrhea is a major cause of mortality in newborn calves worldwide, posing a significant challenge in bovine herds. Group A Bovine Rotaviruses (BRVA) are the primary contributors to severe gastroenteritis in calves under two months old. Objectives: This study examined the prevalence and molecular characterization of BRVA in neonatal calves in Gujarat, India. Methods: Sixty-nine diarrheic fecal samples were collected and subjected to various molecular methods of BRVA detection, isolation, and characterization. Results: The latex agglutination test (LAT), electropherotyping (RNA-PAGE), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed positivity rates of 39.13%, 20.30%, and 37.70%, respectively. RNA-PAGE identified 11 bands with a 4:2:3:2 migration pattern, indicative of the segmented genome of BRVA. BRVA was successfully isolated from LATpositive samples, with 26 samples exhibiting clear cytopathic effects upon passage in MA-104 cell lines. Genotyping identified G10 as the predominant G genotype, with P[11] genotypes comprising 76.92% of the isolates. The most common G/P combination was G10P[11], highlighting its zoonotic potential. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings underscore the importance of molecular detection and genotyping for effective vaccine development. This study provides crucial insights into the prevalent G and P genotypes of BRVA in Gujarat, India, aiding in the development of targeted control measures.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.423-429
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• 2008

Throughout the world, rotavirus infections cause extensive morbidity in human infants and diarrhea in animals such as white scour caused by bovine rotavirus in calves. We isolated three rotavirus strains designated KV0407, KV0418, and KV0426 from 103 fecal samples of diarrheic calves. The genes coding for proteins VP4, VP6, VP7, and NSP4 from strain KV0407 were sequenced and compared with the nucleotide sequences of other known strains of rotavirus. The KV0407 VP4 gene was highly homologous to the OSU (99.4%) and JL94 (99.4%), but not the B223 (62.4%) and K33 (62.4%) VP4 genes. The KV0407 and KV0418 VP7 genes were most similar to the OSU and super-short type VMRI VP7 genes. Based on nucleotide sequence analysis, the KV0407 strain was tentatively assigned to A serogroup (SG I), G5P[7], NSP4 genotype B and the KV0418 and KV0426 strains were assigned to A serogroup (SG I), G6P[5], NSP4 genotype A. The genetic characterization of these bovine rotavirus isolates could be useful for the diagnosis and prevention of diarrhea in calves.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2021

This study was performed to identify the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in diarrhea feces of Korean native calves raised in Gimje, Jeollabuk-do, with a rapid diagnostic kit. The prevalence of both diseases were classified according to the age of calf, season of sampling period, and sampled farm where diarrheic calf is commonly observed. In diarrhea feces of 431 calves, cryptosporidiosis had a high incidence rate between 1 and 3 weeks of age, whereas giardiasis showed a high incidence between 4 and 6 weeks of age. It is thought that the incidence of protozoan diseases is markedly influenced by the calf's postnatal age. Regarding with the sampling season, the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in calves was significantly higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter (P<0.05). Among the sampled farms where both diseases are commonly observed, cryptosporidiosis was more frequently detected than giardiasis in calves. Particularly, in farms where cryptosporidiosis is common, it tends to be a disease that is difficult to eradicate as it occurs continuously throughout the year. Hygiene management such as regular cleaning and disinfection of the livestock and the surrounding environments is considered necessary to reduce and prevent damage from these protozoal diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 1998

Characterizations of the VP4 (P type) and VP7 (G type) genes of Korean isolates of bovine rotavirus were performed using RT-PCR/RFLP and nucleotide sequencing analysis. After RT-PCR amplification of partial length (1094bp) of the VP4 and full length (1062bp) of the VP7 genes, amplified PCR products were digested with restriction endonucleases and digestion patterns were compared with those of reference rotaviruses. With the VP4 genes, four RFLP (A-D) profiles were observed; three (A, Band C) were the same as those of bovine rotavirus NCDV (P[1]), IND (P[5]) and B223 (P[11]), respectively. Profile D was the same as that of porcine rotavirus OSU (P[7]). With the VP7 genes, five RFLP profiles (I-V) were observed; three of them (I, II and III) were the same as those of bovine rotavirus NCDV (G6), Cody 1-801 (G8), and B223 (G10), respectively. Profile IV and V were atypical to those of reference bovine rotaviruses used in this study. These two profiles were identified as G6 and G5, respectively, after analyzing and comparing the nucleotide sequences. The G typing analysis revealed that 61.9% (26/42) were G6, which included G6 subtype; 28.6% (12/42) were G5; 7.1% (3/42) were G10; 2.4% (1/42) were G8. The P typing analysis revealed that 54.8% (23/42) were P[5]; 28.6% (12/42) were P[7]; 11.8% (5/42) were [11]; 4.8% (2/42) were P[1]. Our results showed that G6/P[5] were the most prevalent rotaviruses in diarrheic calves in Korea. Also, this is the first report that G5/P[7] rotaviruses were identified from cattle with diarrhea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.93-112
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• 2019

Calf diarrhea is a common disease in young claves and is still a major cause of productivity and economic loss in livestock farms. Fecal samples from Korean native cattle (n=100) with diarrhea from 64 farms in Gwangju area, Korea from september 2017 to December 2018 were examined for shedding of important protozoan parasitic, viral and bacterial pathogens using culture, rapid test kit and PCR methods. Of 57 (89.1%) of the 64 Korean native cattle farms examined had samples infected with at least one of the investigated pathogens. Among 100 fecal samples, 88 samples were positive for at least one the twelve pathogens and 51 samples were simultaneously positive for two or more pathogens by culture and PCR assay. Bovine group A rotavirus (BRV) was the most common pathogen, found in 43/100 (43.0%) samples on 32/64 (50.0%) farms. Subsequently, kobuvirus (30.0%), pathogenic E. coli (29.0%), bovine parvovirus (17.0%), Giardia spp. (13.0%), Eimeria spp. (10.0%), Clostridium perfringens type A (8.0%), bovine torovirus (8.0%), bovine viral diarrhea virus (6.0%), bovine coronavirus (5.0%), bovine norovirus (2.0%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (2.0%) were detected. Nebovirus, kırklareli virus, bovine adenovirus, Salmonella spp. and intestinal parasites were not detected. Of the 72 calves sampled in this age group, 64 (88.9%) samples were positive for at least one enteropathogen. BRV was identified in 34/72 (47.2%) samples from 27/48 (56.3%) farms. Subsequently, pathogenic E. coli (30.6%), kobuvirus (29.2%), BPaV (22.2%), Giardia spp. (15.3%), Eimeria spp. (9.7%), BVDV (6.9%), Cl. perfringens type A (6.9%), BCoV (4.6%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (2.8%) were detected in fecal samples. A total of ninety-six strains of E. coli were isolated from one hundred fecal samples collected from Korean native cattle with diarrhea. The presence of stx1, stx2, eaeA, LT, STa, STb, ehxA, saa, F4, F5(K99), F6, F17, F18 and F41 genes in the isolates was investigated by PCR. Out of ninety-six E. coli isolates screened for specific genes, 30 strains E. coli were identified to harbor shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) 7 (7.3%), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) 8 (8.3%), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) 6 (6.3%), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) 2 (2.1%) and STEC/ETEC hybrid 7 (7.3%). This study provides epidemiological estimates of the prevalence of Korean native cattle's enteropathogens in Gwangju area, Korea, which would be used for cattle farmers and veterinarians to select appropriate therapeutic method.