• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.221-230
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was done to examine incidence of diarrhea and explore factors influencing occurrence of diarrhea in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). Methods: For this retrospective research, data based on inclusion criteria were collected from the electronic medical records for 142 patients admitted to a university hospital ICU from September 2014 to August 2015. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS/WIN 22.0 program. Results: Incidence of diarrhea was 53.5% during the 12-month study period. Diarrhea occurred at 4.54 days and continued for 1.79 days on average. Average total frequency of diarrhea was 5.56 times. Increased ICU stay, enteral nutrition, and infection state were significant predictors of the occurrence of diarrhea. Infection increased risk of diarrhea 3.4 times and enteral nutrition increased risk of diarrhea to 2.2 times greater than patients not receivng enteral nutrition. Conclusion: Diarrhea in ICU patients is associated with multiple factors that should be considered to implement preventive strategies. Infection control should be emphasized, and close monitoring of diarrhea should be provided for those with enteral nutrition. Further studies are warranted to determine standardized clinical definition of diarrhea and diarrhea risk factors in ICU patients with different levels of severity and comorbidity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 1996

This study was perfomed to examine the distribution of causative agent of piglets diarrhea in eastern Chonnam province from February 1994 to March 1995. The causative agents of diarrhea were examined by bacterial culture test, parasitological test and serological test against PED, TGE and Rota. The 35 isolated E. coli were tested for antibiotic sensitivity. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The incidence of 81 piglets with diarrhea was most prevalent as 39.5% in the age of 2 to 4 weeks, compare to 34.6% in the age of 5 to 8 weeks and 16.0% under 1 weeks and 9.9 % in the age of 9 to 11 weeks after birth. 2. The incidence of 81 piglets diarrhea showed bacterial diarrhea(75.3%), viral diarrhea (35.8%) and parasitological diarrhea(18.5%). When compared the isolation frequency of each etiological agent, enteropathogenic E. coli was most prevalent as 55.5% in bacterial diarrhea, rotavlrus enteritis as 18.5% in viral diarrhea and trichuriasis as 13.6% in parasitological diarrhea. 3. The complicated infection of piglets was most prevalent as 41.7% in rotavirus enteritis with enteropathogenic E coli in 24 complicated piglets diarrhea. 4. In antibiotic sensitivity test, isolates showed moderatly resistance to Tobramycin, Amikacin, Imipenem, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, Gentamicin, Ampicillin but sensitivty to Ticarcillin/K. The 30 E. coli isolate showed multiple drug resistances in 3 different antibiotics.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the meaning of the Soeumin's Watery diarrhea with little residue(下利淸水). Methods We examined the Watery diarrhea with little residue and Daeseunggi-tang(大承氣湯) in 『Sanghanlun(傷寒論)』, and considered the quotation and the treatment of the Watery diarrhea with little residue in 『Donguisusebowon(東醫壽世保元)』. Afterward, we considered the meaning of the Soeumin's Watery diarrhea with little residue by comparing the view of Junggyeong Jang and Jema Lee. Results and Conclusion 1. Jaricheongsu Saeksuncheong(自利淸水 色純靑) is an expression about the aspect of the Watery diarrhea in 『Sanghanlun』. Especially, Saeksuncheong(色純靑) means there is no residue in Watery diarrhea, and is an expression to distinguish from Haricheonggok(下利淸穀). 2. Haricheongsu(下利淸水) is the Watery diarrhea with little residue in 『Donguisusebowon』. It is caused by the coldness of the Soeumin and should be understood separately from Harihwangsu(下利黃水). 3. Considering the characteristics of the Soeumin, Jema Lee divided the aspects of the Watery diarrhea according to turbidity. Then, he suggested Gwangyebujaijung-tang(官桂附子理中湯) in the warm method(溫法), Seed of Crotonis Fructus(巴豆) in the diarrhea method(下法), and Gangchulgwanjung-tang(薑朮寬中湯) in the warm method after using the diarrhea method as the treatment of the Watery diarrhea with little residue, and aimed to treat the coldness of the Soeumin.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.115-115
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• 2002

The anti-diarrhea and spasmolytic activities of Soonkijangquebo (SKJQB), a Korean herbal anti-diarrhea formulation, were subjected to pharmacological evaluation. SKJQB, at a dose of 50\ulcorner200 mg/kg, inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. The median effective dose (ED50) of the anti-diarrhea effect was 93 mg/kg.(omitted)

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.517-522
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to report the clinical application of Korean and Western medicine on chronic diarrhea and Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea is usually triggered by using antibiotics. This patient also took some antibiotics and she started to suffer diarrhea diagnosed as chronic and Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. She had suffered from diarrhea over 10 times per day. We checked changes of numbers, total volume of defecations and stool form. We treated the patient with acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine and metronidazole. After treatment, diarrhea was stopped and the patient defecated normal form stool. According to this study, acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal medicine and metronidazole was effective for 1 case of stroke patient with chronic and Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.277-288
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• 2013

Objectives This study was aimed to propose the guideline of the diarrhea in Sasang Constitutional Medicine. Methods 1) Literature search It was investigated that the prescriptions stated the diarrhea as a main and accessory symptoms to be treated in "Donguisasangshinpyun", "Donguisusebowon Sasang Chobongwon", "Donguisusebowon Gabobon", "Donguisusebowon Sinchukbon", "Dongmuyugo" 2) Clinial paper search (1) The foreign papers were searched by using the search word with 'Sasang AND Diarrhea' in pubmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) and The Cochrane Library(http://www.thecochranelibrary.com) (2) The domestic papers were searched by using the search word with 'Soeumin AND Diarrhea', 'Soyangin AND Diarrhea', 'Taeeumin AND Diarrhea', 'Taeyangin AND Diarrhea', 'Sasang AND Diarrhea' in NDSL (http://www.ndsl.kr), KISS(http://kiss.kstudy.com), Oasis(http://oasis.kiom.re.kr), RISS(http://www.riss.kr) (3) The extracted factors were the evaluations on the mainly complained symptom, adopted four constitutional therapy and efficacy. Results & Conclusions The guidelines for treating the diarrhea in the Four Constitutional Medicine are as follows. 1) It is to categorize the constitution. 2) The diarrhea of taeeumin is prescribed with 'A Series of Taeeumjowi-tang, Galgeunhaegi-tang, Cheongsimyeonja-tang, Sahyang-san, etc'. by classifying into cold, fever, consumption and addiction. 3) The diarrhea of soyangin is regarded as an internal disease and it is prescribed with 'Baekhaobuja-tang, Baekhaobujaijung-tang, etc'. by classifying taeeum symptom and so-yin symptom. 4) The diarrhea of soeumin is Mangeum-disease and 'Jeoryeongchajeonja-tang, Hyeongbangsabaek-san, Hwalseokgosam-tang, Hyeongbanggihwang-tang, etc'. is prescribed depending on the complication.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.235-250
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• 2005

Acute diarrhea is one of the most common diseases that are seen in pediatric patients. In the management of acute diarrhea, several differential diagnostic criteria should be considered based on clinical and/or laboratory findings. These criteria include : (1) normal variant stool versus diarrhea (2) infectious versus non-infectious condition and (3) bacterial versus non-bacterial etiology. The use of antibiotics should be considered to manage diarrhea caused by bacteria accompanying fever and bloody diarrhea in the following cases : (1) patients with serious clinical course, (2) under three months, (3) immunocompromised patients, (4) patients with nutritional deficiency and (5) patients presenting with moderate-to-severe dehydration. In patients presenting with the symptoms suspected to be bacterial origin, whose clinical course is not serious, antibiotic therapy is not necessary. These patients are easily manageable at OPD level. Moreover, except for some cases in which the use of antibiotics is inevitable, pediatric diarrhea can be managed by providing the suitable foods alone with no necessity of other specific drugs. Accordingly, it is crucial not so much to depend on the drugs as to provide appropriate foods including oral rehydration solution(ORS) with no further episodes of diarrhea. Special attention should be paid to the fact that younger pediatric patients will undergo nutritional deficiency unless acute diarrhea is properly managed.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.889-896
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• 2005

Objective : Diarrhea is defined as an increased frequency of stools(more than three per day), increased liquidity(loose or watery) and decreased consistency or stools. This study was done to examine the efficacy of Gwakhyang-junggisan for two patients who had suffered from chronic diarrhea of unknown origin on examination. At the time of admission, patients complained of diarrhea 4 or 5 times per day accompanied with epigastric discomfort, quadri pain. As of the fourth day of Gwakhyang-junggisan administration, the frequency and liquidity of diarrhea decreased and accompanying symptoms also improved. Method : Gwakhyang-junggisan was used for these patients suffering from chronic diarrhea of origin unknown to western medicine. patients were diagnosed as daejang-sul as bihu disease. Result : Results were taken as two cases of effective treatment of chronic diarrhea with Gwakhyang-junggisan. Conclusion : Result of this study suggest that Gwakhyang-junggisan is all effective treatment for such symptoms of chronic diarrhea as epigastric discomfort, quadri pain.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.155-166
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• 2006

Objectives : This research examined about dietary therapy on the diarrhea based on the literary findings, for clinical treatment and prevention of the diarrhea. Methods : This Research examined on histories, compositions, applications, and effects of the diarrhea on about 100 cases of dietary therapy of the diarrhea from recent Chinese literatures Results : 1. Various vegetables, animals and mineral materials including herbs, grains, vegetables, fruits, food and drink were used for the dietary therapy. 2. Methods of the preparation for use as therapeutics were decoction, pulvis, gruel, medicinal wine, cake, tea, paste and gelatin and etc. 3. Frequently used materials were sesame oil, honey, ear mushroom, shiitake mushroom, kelp, walnut seed, hemp seed, groundnut, glutinous rice, apricot stone, yellow bean peel, radish, potato, spinage, and spring onion. Conclusion : Though dietary therapy for the diarrhea is not based on clinical or experimental data, but through experience. It is mostly based on Yin-Yang and five elements, visceral manifestation, channels and their collateral channels and chinese herbal medicine theories. If we use them properly according to oriental medicine method, it will be effective on treating and preventing the diarrhea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1228-1235
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• 2014

The swine leukocyte antigen (SLA)-DRA locus is noteworthy among other SLA class II loci for its limited variation and has not been investigated in depth. This study was investigated to detect polymorphisms of four exons of SLA-DRA gene and its association with piglet diarrhea in Landrace, Large White and Duroc pigs. No polymorphisms were detected in exon 3, while 2 SNPs (c.178G>A and c.211T>C), 2 SNPs (c.3093A>C and c.3104C>T) and 5 SNPs (c.4167A>G, c.4184A>G, c.4194A>G, c.4246A>G and c.4293G>A) were detected in exon 1, exon 2 and exon 4 respectively, and 1 SNP (c.4081T>C) in intron 3. Statistical results showed that genotype had significant effect on piglet diarrhea, individuals with genotype BC had a higher diarrhea score when compared with the genotypes AA, AB, AC and CC. Futhermore, genotype AC had a higher diarrhea score than the genotype CC in exon 1 (p<0.05); diarrhea scores of genotype AA and BB were higher than those of genotypes AC and CC in exon 2 (p<0.05); individuals with genotype AA had a higher diarrhea score than individuals with genotype AB and BB in exon 4 (p<0.05). Fourteen common haplotypes were founded by haplotype constructing of all SNPs in the three exons, its association with piglet diarrhea appeared that Hap2, 5, 8, 10, and 14 may be the susceptible haplotypes and Hap9 may be the resistant haplotype to piglet diarrhea. The genetic variations identified of the SLA-DRA gene may potentially be functional mutations related to piglet diarrhea.