• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.513-518
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• 2010

In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of Dianthus chinensis L extract were examined in ICR mice. Dianthus chinensis L extract administered orally (200 mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. In addition, Dianthus chinensis L extract attenuated the writhing numbers in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal (i.t.) injection of substance P ($0.7\;{\mu}g$) was diminished by Dianthus chinensis L extract. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with yohimbine ($\alpha_2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by Dianthus chinensis L extract in the writhing test. However, naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) or methysergide (5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by Dianthus chinensis L extract in the writhing test. Our results suggest that Dianthus chinensis L extract shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect of Dianthus chinensis L extract may be mediated by $\alpha_2$-adrenergic receptor, but not opioidergic and serotonergic receptors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.123-132
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• 2016

The study was to introduce the revegetation measures for the improvement of the landscape in October, 2012 on the slope; two and four years after the introduction, the slope was examined to see the status of the revegetation. The result is as follows. The result from examining the soil on the slope, the soil was Loamy sand; which infers that the soil is in a poor condition for improving the scenery. Examining the characteristics of the vegetation-base materials, the soil acidity was pH 6.4 to 6.7; and the soil hardness was 21 to 24mm (hardness quotient of soil), this can be considered a favourable condition, which has no effect on the growth and development of plants. When it comes to the discovery of the species in the area, Lotus corniculatus var., Silene armeria L., Papaver rhoeas, Trifolium pratense L. developed and grew in spring after two years. And in the summer, Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Cosmos bipinnatus, Coreopsis drummondii L., Trifolium pratense were founded. And there were Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Aster yomena, Coreopsis tinctoria, Trifolium pratense L. in the autumn. According to the examination conducting after four years, Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Silene armeria, Cosmos bipinnatus, Coreopsis drummondii L., Papaver rhoeas, Trifolium pratense L. were founded in the spring, and Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Cosmos bipinnatus, Coreopsis drummondii L., Trifolium pratense grew in the summer. Lotus corniculatus var., Dianthus chinensis L., Astragalus sinicus, Aster yomena, Coreopsis tinctoria, Trifolium pratense L. were discovered in the autumn. Among the exotic species founded in the area, were Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Festuca rubra. When it comes to the protection of vegetation and dominance, Lotus corniculatus var., Metaplexis japonica, Coreopsis drummondii L. are the dominant species among the spring plants; and Lotus corniculatus var., Trifolium repens L., Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. were the dominant plants in the summer. In the autumn, Lotus corniculatus var., Coreopsis drummondii L., Poa pratensis appear to be the dominant plants. The colonies of Pinus densiflora and Castanea crenata var. were formed around the South Sejong IC. Part of the area is occupied by the colony of Alnus hirsuta Turcz. ex Rupr. In terms of shrub, there were Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Rosa polyantha var. genuina NAKA. As ground cover plants, Sasa borealis, Rubus crataegifolius Bunge were founded.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2003

Useful Dianthus species were collected and selected from two native and seven foreign species distributed in Gangwon province. For in vitro breeding,. callus was induced from the explants of apical meristem, leaf, stem and the in vitro adventitious shoots on MS basal medium with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L BA at 27$^{\circ}C$ under continuous light. After 3 weeks of culture, calli initiated the most highly from the leaf explants of D. chinensis Organogenic calli were able to be selected from the adventitious shoot-derived calli. For shoot regeneration, these organogenic calli were cultured on MS medium with the combination of 0.1 mg/L NAA＋1.0 mg/L BA under continuous light. Multiple shoots were proliferated with low frequency (about 30%) from those adventitious shootderived calli. Also, shoots initiated directly from the adventitious shoot explants without callus formation at high frequency of 52% when cultured on N6 medium containing 0.1 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L BA in D. gratianopol. Multiple shoots and plantlets grew well and rooted on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L NAA. Regenerants with well-developed roots were transferred to 8-cm pots containing vermiculite at 85% relative humidity and 27$^{\circ}C$ These plantlets were acclimatized in artificial soil mixture and transferred to the greenhouse for flowering with normal phenotypes. M28 Mutant line was selected with white flowers from 0.03M EMS-treated organogenic calli derived from in vitro adventitious shoot explants of D. chinensis and set seeds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.12-22
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to select suitable planting base for the mat-type rooftop greening in order to popularize rooftop greening system easily. The experiment was conducted from 2004 June to 2005 May under several conditions; 4 soil depths under mats(2cm, 5cm, 10cm, 15cm), two soil mixtures(natural soil 80%+leaf mold 20%, artificial soil) and two light conditions(full sun place, 20% shaded place). In this experiment, 3 types of mats were used ; the herbaceous plants mat(11 plants inclusive of Lotus corniculatus L., Silene armeria L.), the lawn mat with Festica arundinacea and Sedum mat with Sedum kamtschaticum, Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum oryzifolium, Sedum middendorffianum. The result is as follows; in the mat-type rooftop greening, the herbaceous plants mat, lawn mat and sedum mat are the similar number of plant and effect of greening on soil depth 2cm, 5cm and 10cm, 15cm. So suitable soil depth of rooftop greening is 10cm for the load and economical factor. Thus the mat-type rooftop greening possible planting base depth of all 13cm as soil depth 10cm and mat depth 3cm. As soil mixtures, the number and growth of plants were better mat and 'natural soil 80% +leaf mold 20%' than mat and artificial soil. In herbaceous plants mat, Silene armeria L., Dianthus chinensis, Centaurea cyanus L., Lotus corniculatus L. are survival in full sun place and Silene armeria L., Dianthus chinensis, Centaurea cyanus L. are survival in 20% shaded place. In conclusion, selection of suitable soil mixtures and plants is possible extensive management rooftop greening with effect of continuous greening. The mat-type rooftop greening are lightweight and simple preparation without management and can popularize readily.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 2016

The aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant content and activities of ethanol extract of the edible flower Dianthus chinensis L. (DCE) as well as its inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages and growth and adhesion of human cancer cells. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and carotenoid levels of DCE were 19.0 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, 65.7 mg quercetin equivalent/g, and $95.0{\mu}g/g$, respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of DCE at a concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 44% and 51%, respectively. In lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, treatment with DCE at concentrations of 500 and $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ resulted in significantly reduced NO levels (to 7~23% of the control). In H1299 human lung carcinoma cells and HCT116 human colorectal carcinoma cells, treatment with DCE at concentrations of 250, 500, and $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ resulted in dose-dependent growth inhibition. DCE was also effective in inhibiting adhesion of both H1299 cells (to 55% of the control at concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$) and HCT116 (to 26~40% of the control at concentrations of 250, 500, and $1,000{\mu}g/mL$). These results suggest that DCE exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities in vitro.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.173-182
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compared the early growth pattern, stem, leaf and root weight, DM yield, flowering characteristics and preference for selection of turf type grasses and wild flower species in mixtures combination for wildflower pasture. The experimental design included five species of turf grasses and 11 species of wildflower : turf type grass species{Kentucky bluegrass(Midnight), tall fescue(Millennium), perennial ryegrass(Palmer III), redtop(Barricuda) and creeping bentgrass(Crenshaw)}, wildflower species {Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Coreopsis lanceolata L., Rudbeckia bicolor Nutt.., Dianthus chinensis L., Chrysanthemum lindicum L., Lotus corniculatus var. Japonicus Regel, Veronica linariaefolia Pallas, Aster koraiensis Nakai., Chrysanthemum zanadskii var. latilobum (Maxim.) Kitamura, Lythrum anceps Makino and Iris pallassi var. chinensis Lodd}. The field trials were carried out on the experimental pasture plots of Chungnam National University from January 2005 to December 2006. The appropriate species of turf grass which have a mixture possibility with wildflower are thought to be Kentucky bluegrass. Compared with Kentucky bluegrass, on the other hand, species such as Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., Lotus corniculatus var. Japonicus Regel, Chrysanthemum zanadskii var. latilobum Maxim.) Kitamura and Lythrum anceps Makino have shown advantageous aspects of fast early growth pattern and highly weights of stem, leaf and root. Futhermore, these wild flowers were in harmony and no overlap on flower color, flowering periods and flowering longevity, and highly preference by Korean native goats. For the establishment of wildflower pasture in Korea, therefore, it is important to select the appropriate species of turf glasses, which have a weak competition against wild flowers, and then to make mixture combination of those turf glasses with the various wild flowers which have a strong competition against turf glasses but have a different anthesis characteristics among themselves.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.233-246
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to suggest the possibility of utilizing the wildflower pasture for promoting public interest. Growth characteristics, botanical composition, fauna distribution on wildflower pastures were observed. The experimental design included two treatments: native wildflower pasture(NWP, turf grasses 6 species + native wildflower 11 species) and introduced wildflower pasture(lWP, turf grasses 6 species + introduced wildflower 9 species). The field trials were carried out on the experimental pasture plots at Chungnam National University from 1997 to 2000. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The flowering of wildflower was maintained continuously from May to September, and the colors of wildflowers; varied seasonally during this period. With native flowers, however, Hemerocallis fulva, Belamcanda chinenis and Aster koraiensisi showed problems in lately germination and early establishment. Meanwhile, Introduced wildflower showed not only excellent germination and early establishment compared to native flowers species but also maintained brighter colors. But Coreopsis tinctoria, Achillea mi/lefolium and Rudbeckia bicolor had colonized at a higher height or possessed stronger rhizome. 2. The appropriate species of turf grass which maintained continuous seasonal distribution are thought to be tall fescue, perennial ryegrass. Kentucky bluegrass in NWP and IWP. 3. Botanical composition of wild flower in NWP was arranged in the order of Achillea sibirica > Lotus corniculatus var. Japonicus > Dianthus chinensis > Plantago asiatica > Taraxacum pla~ycarpum > Viola mandshurica > Aster koraiensis > Vicia tetasperma > Lespedeza stipulacea > Hemerocallis fulva, respectively. The highest seasonal distribution of native wildflower, Achillea sibirica was in spring and summer, Lotus corniculatus var. Japonicus was in autumn. Botanical composition of wild flower in IWP was arranged in the order of Achillea millefolium Coreopsis tinctoria > Silene armeria > Coreopsis lanceolata > Rudbeckia bicolor > Sanguisorba oficinalis > Centaurea cyanus > Chrysanthemum leucanthemum > Dianthus petraeus, respectively. The highest seasonal distribution of introduced wildflower, Silene armeria was in spring, Achillea millefolium was in summer, and Coreopsis tinctoria was in autumn.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.75-83
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• 2004

Focusing on native plants that have high possibility of being introduced as rooftop material, this study was conducted to investigate extensive and easy-to-manage rooftop garden and to raise the utilization of native plants by verifying their growing response to artificial substrate soil depth and irrigation period. The study was conducted from March to September in 2002. Plants tested included Chrysanthemum zawadskii, Sedium middendorffianum, Thymus quinquecostatus, Allium senescens, and Dianthus superbus. Regarding soil depth, it was 5 cm and 10 cm. Irrigation period was non-irrigation, 1-week, 2-weeks, and 3- weeks, Its result is as follows; 1. In case of Sedum middendorffianum Maxim, mortality rate was 0% regardless of soil depth and irrigation period making it very suitable material for rooftop garden. 2. In case of Allium senescens L., mortality rate was 0% regardless of soil depth and irrigation period making it very suitable material for rooftop garden. Therefore, Provided that fertilizing is managed well, it is a plant that can be highly utilized.3. In case of Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herb. Subsp. (Nakai) Y. Lee Stat., the growth of top was lower in 10cm than in 5cm and it grew well in 10cm. When utilizing for rooftop garden, it would be desirable to keep minimum viable soil depth at over 10cm. If there is enough rainfall, soil and soil depth seem to have greater effect on growth than irrigation period does. 4. In case of Diauthus superbus L. var. longicalycinus (Maxim) Williams, rooting rate and growth were better in 10cm than in 5cm. Therefore, it is desirable to keep minimum soil depth at over 10cm. 5. In case of Thymus quinquecostatus Celak, the growth of top and flowering were better in 10cm than in 5cm. Therefore, it seems desirable to have minimum viable soil depth to be over 10cm. In conclusion, the most suitable species for rooftop garden are Sedium middendorffianum and Allium senescens in this experiment. However, Chrysanthemum zwadskii, Thymus quinquecostatus, and Dianthus chinensis also can be utilized greatly when irrigation is managed regularly in artificial mixed soil over 10cm.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1990

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, Pseudomonas viridiflava and Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis were tested for their pathogenicity to 35 kinds of domestic flowering plants. Among them, the following domestic flowering plants showed clear symptoms. 1. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora : (Needle inoculation). Carnation(Dianthus catgophylius L.), madagascar periwinkle(Vinca rosea L.), flower gentle(Amaranthus tricolor L.), snapdragon(Antirrhinum majus L.), chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram.), mexiacan ageratum(Ageratum houstonianum Mill), china aster(Callistephus chinensis), youth and old age(Zinnia elegans Jacq.), common nasturtium(Tropaeorum majus L.), scarlet sage(Salvia splendens F.), dahlia(Dahia hybrida), pot marigold(Calendula officinalis L.), begonia treevine(Cissus dicolor Blume), cosmos(Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.), globe amaranth(Gomphrena globosa L.), black eyed susan(Thumbergia alata Bojer), common gypsophila(Gypsophila elegans Bieb.), ghent gladiolus(Gladiolus gandavensis Van.), indian shot(Canna orchiodes Bailey), iris(Iris nertschinskia Lodd), cyclamen primula(Dodecatheon meadia L.), scarlet kafir lily(Clivia miniata Regel.), flowering cabbage(Brassica oleracea L.). (Spray inoculation). Carnation, madagascar periwinkle, flower gentle, snapdragon, common nasturtium, ghent gladiolus, indian shot, cyclamen primula. 2. Pseudomonas viridiflava : (Needle inoculation). Carnation, madagascar periwinkle, snapdragon, chrysanthemum, cockscomb, mexican ageratum, china aster, common nasturtium, common petunia(Petunia hybrida Vilm), pot marigold, begonia treevine, cosmos, black eyed susan, common gypsophila, ghent gladiolus, indian shot, cyclamen primula, scarlet kafir-lily, flowering cabbage. (Spray inoculation). Common nasturtium, ghent gladiolus, indian shot, cyclamen primula. 3. Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis : (Needle inoculation). Carnation, madagascar periwinkle, flower gentle, snapdragon, cockscomb, mexican ageratum, youth and old age, common nasturitium, common petunia, sweet william(Dianthus barbatus L.), pot marigold, begonia treevine, cosmos, common gypsophila, ghent gladiolus, indian shot, iris, cyclamen primula, scarlet kafir-Lily, flowering cabbage. (Spray inoculation). Common nasturtium, ghent gladiolus, indian shot, cyclamen primula.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 2016

In LID facilities treating stormwater runoff, various kinds of plants are applied for water circulation recovery and pollutant reduction. However, rapid changes of soil moisture due to the use of porous media and spread of deicing material during winter season cause slow plant growth that detrimentally leads to many problems including death of plants. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the salt resistance of plants, its effects on pollutants removal, and water circulation recovery. Eight different kinds of plants applicable to an LID facility were selected for the experiment, which were Bridal wreath (Spiraea japonica, S.J), Azalea (Rhododendron indicum, R.I), Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides, M.G), Sweet flag (Acorus calamus A.C), Dwarf fan-shape columbine(Aquilegia flabellata, A.F), Pink (Dianthus chinensis, D.C), Pratia pedunculata (Pratia pedunculata, P.B) and Marigold (Tagetes patula, T.P). Woody plants such as S.P, R.I, and M.G appear to have less salt resistance compared to the other herbaceous plants. Specifically, M.G achieved the highest salt resistance among the other woody plants being followed by S.P, and R.I, respectively. For herbaceous plants, T.L and D.C have the higher salt resistances than that of A.C, P.B, and A.F, respectively. Regardless of the influence of salt to most of the plants, TN and TP were reduced more than 60% and the study suggests the M.G showed high pollutant removal efficiency and provided better water circulation by means of active photosynthesis and respiration due to higher growth.