• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.26-30
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• 2013

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the apical foramen morphology and the length of merged canal at the apex in type II root canal system. Materials and Methods: This study included intact extracted maxillary and mandibular human premolars (n = 20) with fully formed roots without any visible signs of external resorption. The root segments were obtained by removing the crown 1 mm beneath the cementum-enamel junction (CEJ) using a rotary diamond disk. The distance between the file tip and merged point of joining two canals was defined as Lj. The roots were carefully sectioned at 1 mm from the apex by a slow-speed water-cooled diamond saw. All cross sections were examined under the microscope at ${\times}50$ magnification and photographed to estimate the shape of the apical foramen. The longest and the shortest diameter of apical foramen was measured using ImageJ program (1.44p, National Institutes of Health). Correlation coefficient was calculated to identify the link between Lj and the apical foramen shape by Pearson's correlation. Results: The average value of Lj was 3.74 mm. The average of proportion (P), estimated by dividing the longest diameter into the shortest diameter of the apical foramen, was 3.64. This study showed a significant negative correlation between P and Lj (p < 0.05). Conclusions: As Lj gets longer, the apical foramen becomes more ovally shaped. Likewise, as it gets shorter, the apical foramen becomes more flat shaped.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2004

본 연구는 치수강 상아질 부위 및 상아질 접착제 종류에 따른 결합 강도를 측정하고 이들 사이의 상관관계를 구명하고자 시행되었다 45개의 대구치를 포매 후, 대조군에서는 교합면 법랑질 제거 후 ＃600 SiC paper까지 순차연마하여 상아질을 노출시켰고, 실험군에서는 치수강 개방 후 1시간동안 NaOCl에 보관 후 axial wall과 pulpal floor를 노출시켰다. 노출된 상아질 면에 상아질 접착제를 적용한 후 Z-100을 충전한 다음 40초간 광중합하였다. 사용된 상아질 접착제는 Scotchbond Multi-Purpose와 Single Bond, Clearfil SE Bond였다. $37^{\circ}C$ 증류수에 24시간 보관 후, 저속 diamond saw를 이용하여 0.7mm 두께로 수직절단하고 고속 diamond point(#104)로 단면적 $1{mm}^2$가 되도록 시편을 제작하고, Universal testing machine에서 미세인장 결합강도를 측정하였다. 1. 모든 상아질 접착제의 미세인장강도는 대조군, axial wall군, pulpal floor군 순으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 2. 대조군에서 SM과 BB는 SE에 비해 유의성 있게 높은 결합강도를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 3. SM과 SB는 대조군에 비해 axial wall군과 pulpal floor군에서 유의성있게 낮은 결합강도를 보였으나, SE에서는 pulpal floor군만이 유의성 있게 낮은 결합강도를 보였다(p<0.05). 4. Axial wall군과 pulpal floor군에서는 상아질 접착제의 종류에 따른 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 5. 전자현미경 소견에서는 대조군에 비해 axial wall군과 pulpal floor군이 더 부드러운 접착 계면을 나타내었다. 혼성층의 두께는 결합강도의 감소와는 관련이 없었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of salivary contamination of teeth on bonding efficacy of self-priming and self-etching DBSs. The materials used were Single Bond(SB, self-priming system, 3M), Unifil Bond(UB, self-etching system, GC), and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus(SM, 3M) as control. Forty five human molars randomly allocated to three groups as dentin bonding systems tested and embedded in epoxy resin. Then the specimens were wet-ground to expose flat buccal enamel surface or flat occlusal dentin surface and cut bucco-lingually to form two halves with slow speed diamond saw. One of them was used under non-contamination, other under contamination with saliva. The bonding procedure was according to the manufacturer's directions and resin composite(Z-100, 3M Dental Products, St. Paul, MN) was built-up on the bonded surface 5mm high. The specimens were ground carefully at the enamel-composite interface with fine finishing round diamond bur to create an hour-glass shape yielding bonded surface areas of $1.5{\pm}0.1\textrm{mm}^2$. The specimens were bonded to the modified microtensile testing apparatus with cyanoacrylate, attached to the universal testing machine and stressed in tension at a CHS of 1mm/min. The tensile force at failure was recorded and converted to a tensile stress(MPa). Mean values and standard deviations of the bond strength are listed in table. One-way ANOVA was used to determine significant difference at the 95% level. The bond strength of SBMP and SB were not affected by salivary contamination, but that of UB was significantly affected by salivary contamination. These results indicate that DBSs with total etch technique seems less likely affected by salivary contamination in bonding procedure.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권9호
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• pp.2085-2091
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• 2020

The license for Kori-1, the first commercial reactor in Busan, Korea, was terminated in June 2017; therefore, preparations are being made for its decommissioning. Because the radioactivity of Bio-shield varies greatly throughout the structure, the doses received by the workers depend on the location, order, and duration of dismantling operations. Thus, a model for evaluating the worker external dose during the dismantling of the Kori-1 bio-shield was developed, and work scenarios for dose assessment were designed. The Dose evaluation code VISIPLAN was used for dose assessment. The dose rate around the bio-shield was evaluated and the level of exposure to the operator was evaluated according to the work scenario. The maximum annual external dose was calculated as 746.86 mSv for a diamond wire saw operator under dry cutting conditions, indicating that appropriate protective measures, such as changing dismantling sequence, remote monitoring, shield installation, and adjustment of work team are necessary for the safe dismantling of the bio-shield. Through these protective measures, it was found that the worker's dose could be below the dose limit.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.423-429
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of multiple application of all-in-one dentin adhesive system on microtensile bond strength using confocal laser scanning microscope and microtensile bond strength test. Flat occlusal dentin surfaces were prepared using low-speed diamond saw. In group I, Scotchbond Multipurpose (SM) was applied by manufacturer's recommendation. In group II, after Adper Prompt L-Pop was applied for 15s and light cured for 10s. the second coat was re-applied and light-cured. In group III, after light-curing the second layer. the third coat was re-applied and light-cured. Specimens bonded with a resin-composite were sectioned into resin-dentin stick for measuring the adhesive layer thickness by confocal laser scanning microscope and evaluating micro-tensile bond strength. The adhesive layers of three-step dentin adhesive system. 3 coats of Adper Prompt L-Pop had significantly thicker than SM. 2 coats of Adper Prompt L-Pop (p < 0.05). However. there was no significant differences in bond strengths between SM and 3 coats of Adper Prompt L-Pop (p > 0.05). And SM. 3 coats of Adper Prompt L-Pop had significantly higher than 2 coats of Adper Prompt L-Pop in bond strengths (p < 0.05).

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2005

The elastic modulus and the apparent density of the trabecular bone were evaluated from spherical indentation tests and Computed Tomography (CT) and their relationship was quantified. The femurs were prepared for trabecular bone analysis. Embedded with respect to their anatomical orientation, the transverse planes of the trabecular bone specimens were scanned at 1㎜ intervals using a CT scanner. The metaphyseal regions of femurs were sectioned with a diamond-blade saw, producing 8㎜ cubes. Using a specially made spherical indentation tester, the cubes were mechanically tested in the anterior-posterior (AP), medial-lateral (ML), and inferior-superior (IS) directions. After determination of modulus from the mechanical testing, the apparent densities of the specimens were measured. The results showed that the IS modulus was significantly greater than both the AP and ML moduli with the AP modulus greater than the ML modulus. This demonstrated that orthogonality was a structural characteristic of the trabecular bone. The power relationship between the modulus and the apparent density was also found to be statistically significant.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.181-194
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to compare the retention and fitness of crown treated with various desensitizing agents on natural teeth. Varnish, dentin primer, bonding agent and potassium oxalate treated groups and control group with no treatment were used. The retention test was executed with the Instron test machine(Instron Co.,U.S.A.) on 24 hours after cementation with zinc phosphate cement. After retention test, the teeth and crowns were washed and recemented. The cemented crowns were embedded in clear resin and sectioned with a diamond saw. The occlusal and marginal fitnesses, were measured indirectly with a stereomicroscopic photographs. The result of this study were obtained as follows : 1. The retention of control group was higher than any other desensitizing agent treated group. 2. The differences of retention among varnish, dentin primer, bonding agent and potassium oxalate treated groups were not statistically significant. 3. There were no statistically significant difference in fitness at occlusal surface and margin among control, varnish, dentin primer, bonding agent and potassium oxalate treated groups. According to these results, desensitizing agents used to protect the pulp from irritation of luting agents may adversely affect the retention of castings. Therefore, desensitizing agents should be used in limited areas carefully.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2014

For a nanoscale Cu/low-k wafer, inter-layer dielectric (ILD) and metal layers peelings, cracks, chipping, and delamination are the most common dicing defects by traditional diamond blade saw process. Sidewall void in sawing street is one of the key factors to bring about cracks and chipping. The aim of this research is to evaluate laser grooving & mechanical sawing parameters to eliminate sidewall void and avoid top-side chipping as well as peeling. An ultra-fast pico-second (ps) laser is applied to groove/singulate the 28-nanometer node wafer with Cu/low-k dielectric. A series of comprehensive parametric study on the recipes of input laser power, repetition rate, grooving speed, defocus amount and street index has been conducted to improve the quality of dicing process. The effects of the laser kerf geometry, grooving edge quality and defects are evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focused ion beam (FIB). Experimental results have shown that the laser grooving technique is capable to improve the quality and yield issues on Cu/low-k wafer dicing process.

• Laser Solutions
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2004

This study was performed to clarification of the formation of weld discontinuities in the dissimilar laser fusion zone. Welding parameters were beam power of 1300, 1430, 1560, and 1700 W and travel speed of 1, 1.3, and 1.7 m/min. Most cavities in the fusion zone were observed near the tip. Cavities in the fusion zone observed to be formed and grown from pores in the tip. More cavities were formed as the beam position moves to the tip side. Small cavities were decreased but large cavities were increased when the energy input increased. W content in the fusion zone was increased with heat input and as the beam position close to the tip. In the fusion zone, W content in the dendrite boundary was increased with heat input. Considering the propagation path and fracture morphology, cracks were solidification cracking, and were initiated and propagated along the dendrite boundaries. The formation of cracks might be related with the W rich ${\mu}$ phase which was formed in the grain boundaries and dendrite boundaries.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.974-985
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• 1999

Osteoporosis is defined as a decrease in bone mass that leads to an increased risk of fracture. The therapeutic effect of $1{\alpha}$,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, the hormonal form of vitamin $D_3$ that mediates calcium translation in intestine and bone, on the healing process of fracture has still been controversial. These studies were designed to understand the healing process of normal fibular fracture, the osteoporotic changes after ovariectomy, and the therapeutic effects of $1{\alpha}$,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol on the osteoporotic fracture in rats. The simple transverse fractures of rat fibulae were produced with a rotating diamond saw. The changes of the biochemical and mechanical indices of rats were investigated. The mechanical study based on bending test revealed the healing of the fibular fracture in the 5th week after simple transverse fracture. The osteoporosis impaired more the healing of osteoporotic fibular fracture than normal non-osteoporotic fibular fracture. The healing process of osteoporotic fracture was facilitated by the treatment with $1{\alpha}$,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, however, was delayed more than the healing process of normal fracture. The bone strength based on the bending test also confirmed this tendency. The bone strengths in the 5th week after fracture of normal bone, osteoporotic bone, and $1{\alpha}$,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol-treated osteoporotic bone were 75%, 41%, and 67%, respectively, in comparison with those of intact bone. In conclusion, $1{\alpha}$,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol was effective in promoting the osteoporotic fracture healing.