• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.174-177
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• 2016

Purpose: There are no specific tests for diagnosing Kawasaki disease (KD). Additional diagnostic criteria are needed to prevent the delayed diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease (IKD). This study compared the frequency of coronary artery lesions (CALs) in IKD patients with and without anterior uveitis (AU) and elucidated whether the finding of AU supported the diagnosis of IKD. Methods: This study enrolled patients diagnosed with IKD at The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital from January 2010 to December 2014. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 included patients with IKD having AU; and group 2 included patients with IKD without AU. We analyzed the demographic and clinical data (age, gender, duration of fever, and the number of diagnostic criteria), laboratory results, and echocardiographic findings. Results: Of 111 patients with IKD, 41 had uveitis (36.98%, group 1) and 70 did not (63.02%, group 2). Patients in group 1 had received a diagnosis and treatment earlier, and had fewer CALs (3 of 41, 1.7%) than those in group 2 (20 of 70, 28.5%) (P=0.008). All 3 patients with CALs in group 1 had coronary dilatation, while patients with CALs in group 2 had CALs ranging from coronary dilatation to giant aneurysm. Conclusion: The diagnosis of IKD is challenging but can be supported by the presence of features such as AU. Group 1 had a lower risk of coronary artery disease than group 2. Therefore, the presence of AU is helpful in the early diagnosis and treatment of IKD and can be used as an additional diagnostic tool.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권10호
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• pp.374-379
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• 2015

Purpose: Incomplete Kawasaki disease (KD) is frequently associated with delayed diagnosis and treatment. Delayed diagnosis leads to increasing risk of coronary artery aneurysm. Anterior uveitis is an important ocular signs of KD. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in laboratory findings, including echocardiographic measurements, clinical characteristics such as fever duration and treatment responses between KD patients with and those without uveitis. Methods: We conducted a prospective study with 110 KD patients from January 2008 to June 2013. The study group (n=32, KD with uveitis) was compared with the control group (n=78, KD without uveitis). Laboratory data were obtained from each patient including complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), platelet count, and level of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum total protein, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP). Echocardiographic measurements and intravenous immunoglobulin responses were compared between the two groups. Results: The incidence of uveitis was 29.0%. Neutrophil counts and patient age were higher in the uveitis group than in the control group. ESR and CRP level were slightly increased in the uveitis group compared with the control group, but the difference between the two groups was not significant. No significant differences in coronary arterial complication and treatment responses were observed between the two groups. Conclusion: Uveitis is an important ocular sign in the diagnosis of incomplete KD. It is significantly associated with patient age and neutrophil count.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권9호
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• pp.855-858
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• 2010

Kawasaki disease (KD) causes multisystemic vasculitis but infrequently manifests with deep neck infections, such as a peritonsillar abscess, peritonsillar or deep neck cellulitis, suppurative parapharyngeal infection, or retropharyngeal abscess. As its etiology is still unknown, the diagnosis is usually made based on typical symptoms. The differential diagnosis between KD and deep neck infections is important, considering the variable head and neck manifestations of KD. There are several reports on KD patients who were initially diagnosed with retropharyngeal abscess on on computed tomography scans (CT). However, the previously reported cases did not have abscess or fluid collection on retropharyngeal aspiration. Therefore, false-positive neck CT scans have been obtained, until recently. In this case, suspected neck abscess in patients with KD unresponsive to intravenous immunoglobulin could signal the possible coexistence of suppurative cervical lymphadenitis.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제61권5호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to analyse laboratory values according to fever duration, and evaluate the relationship across these values during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease (KD) to aid in the early diagnosis for early-presenting KD and incomplete KD patients. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data of patients with KD (n=615) were evaluated according to duration of fever at presentation, and were compared between patients with and without coronary artery lesions (CALs). For evaluation of the relationships across laboratory indices, patients with a fever duration of 5 days or 6 days were used (n=204). Results: The mean fever duration was $6.6{\pm}2.3days$, and the proportions of patients with CALs was 19.3% (n=114). C-reactive proteins (CRPs) and neutrophil differential values were highest and hemoglobin, albumin, and lymphocyte differential values were lowest in the 6-day group. Patients with CALs had longer total fever duration, higher CRP and neutrophil differential values and lower hemoglobin and albumin values compared to patients without CALs. CRP, albumin, neutrophil differential, and hemoglobin values at the peak inflammation stage of KD showed positive or negative correlations each other. Conclusion: The severity of systemic inflammation in KD was reflected in the laboratory values including CRP, neutrophil differential, albumin, and hemoglobin. Observing changes in these laboratory parameters by repeated examinations prior to the peak of inflammation in acute KD may aid in diagnosis of early-presenting KD patients.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.188-193
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• 2016

목적: 경부 림프절 종대를 먼저 보인 가와사키병(node-first presented Kawasaki disease [NFKD])에 대한 임상 연구를 통해 세균 경부 림프절염(bacterial cervical lymphadenitis [BCL]), 전형적인 가와사키병(Kawasaki disease [KD])과 구별되는 특징을 찾고자 하였다. 방법: 2007년부터 2015년까지 BCL, NFKD, 전형적인 KD로 입원한 환자들의 의무기록을 검토하여 인구학적 특성, 임상 양상, 혈액검사 및 영상의학적 검사 결과를 후향적으로 비교 분석하였다. 결과: 22명의 BCL, 37명의 NFKD, 132명의 전형적인 KD 환자가 연구에 포함되었다. BCL과 NFKD의 비교에서 BCL군의 입원 기간이 더 길었고 NFKD군은 양측, 다발형 림프절 비대를 보이면서 혈소판 수가 적고 호중구 백분율과 CRP 수치가 높았다. NFKD와 전형적인 KD의 비교에서 NFKD군의 나이가 더 많았고 백혈구 수, 호중구 백분율, 호중구 수, CRP 수치가 높고 혈소판 수와 ALT 수치가 낮았다. 결론: 발열과 경부 림프절 종대가 있는 환자에서 호중구 백분율과 CRP 수치가 높고 혈소판 수치가 높지 않으면서 양측, 다발형 경부 림프절 비대를 보인다면, KD의 진단 및 치료가 지연되지 않도록 NFKD 진단을 신속하게 고려하여야 한다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2012

라이 증후군은 간부전을 동반하며 급속히 진행하는 뇌증으로, 인플루엔자와 수두 바이러스 등에 감염된 어린이에게 발병한다. 아스피린이 주된 원인 인자로 알려진 이후 소아에서 아스피린의 사용을 줄이면서 현재는 매우 드물게 보고 되고 있다. 저자들은 가와사키병 치료를 위해 정맥내 면역글로불린을 투여받고 아스피린을 복용하던 중 보챔, 강직, 활동량 저하, 식욕 저하, 처짐, 구토, 간수치 상승, 혈액 응고 장애와 고암모니아혈증으로 치료받은 5개월 여아를 보고하는 바이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2021

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been spreading worldwide since December 2019. Hundreds of cases of children and adolescents with Kawasaki disease (KD)-like hyperinflammatory illness have been reported in Europe and the United States during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic with or without shock and cardiac dysfunction. These patients tested positive for the polymerase chain reaction or antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 or had a history of recent exposure to COVID-19. Clinicians managing such patients coined new terms for this new illness, such as COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory response syndrome, pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19, or COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). The pathogenesis of MIS-C is unclear; however, it appears similar to that of cytokine storm syndrome. MIS-C shows clinical features similar to KD, but differences between them exist with respect to age, sex, and racial distributions and proportions of patients with shock or cardiac dysfunction. Recommended treatments for MIS-C include intravenous immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, and inotropic or vasopressor support. For refractory patients, monoclonal antibody to interleukin-6 receptor (tocilizumab), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra), or monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor (infliximab) may be recommended. Patients with coronary aneurysms require aspirin or anticoagulant therapy. The prognosis of MIS-C seemed favorable without sequelae in most patients despite a reported mortality rate of approximately 1.5%.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.615-618
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• 2009

가와사끼병은 전신성 혈관염을 일으키며 드물게 폐렴 등 호흡기 질환의 임상 양상으로 발현될 수 있다. 가와사끼병은 아직 원인이 밝혀지지 않아 진단을 위한 검사 소견이 없고 전형적인 임상 양상에 의해 진단되어지므로 비전형적 임상 양상으로 나타날 경우 그 진단이 늦어질 수 있다. 항생제 치료에도 불구하고 폐렴이 악화되며 염증 반응이 증가되는 경우 가와사끼병을 의심하는 것이 중요하다. 저자들은 폐렴으로 발현된 가와사끼병 2예를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2023

농뇨는 가와사키병 환아의 약 30-60%에 동반되는 소견으로, 임상적 증후가 다 나타나지 않은 초기의 가와사키병 또는 불완전 가와사키병에서 요로감염으로 오인할 수 있으나, 불완전 가와사키병 진단에 중요한 검사실 소견 중 하나일 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 한국의 5세 미만 영유아에서 가와사키병 진단 전 요로감염으로 선행 진단 사례의 유병률과 역학적 위험인자를 평가하고자 한다. 건강보험심사평가원에서 제공하고 있는 보건의료 빅데이터 개방시스템 자료를 바탕으로 2007년 11월부터 2019년 10월까지 가와사키병과 요로감염으로 진료, 청구된 대상자에 대해 후향적 단면연구를 시행 하였다. 가와사키병 확정 진단 전 1주일 이내의 요로감염 선행 진단된 환아의 발생률을 계산하였고, 카이제곱 (χ² test) 검정을 실시하였다. 연령, 성별, 지역, 계절별 발생률에 대한 요로감염 선행 진단 여부에 대해 로지스틱 분석 (logistic regression)을 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 총 53,822명의 가와사키병 환자가 포함되었으며 그 중 304명 (0.56%)이 선행 요로감염 진단이 있었다. 12개월 미만에서의 요로감염 선행 진단률이 가장 높았으며 (0.95%), 4세와 비교했을 때 요로 감염 선행진단의 오즈비는 3.12 (2.05-4.77) 였다. 발열을 동반한 농뇨가 있는 영아의 일부에서는 불완전 가와사키병의 감별진단이 필요할 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.308-321
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• 2022

Transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) is useful in all aspects of lesion screening, monitoring activity, or treating/diagnosing any related complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Its ability to screen or diagnose complications is almost the same as that of other methods, such as CT or MRI. Moreover, its noninvasiveness makes it a first-line examination method. A TAUS image depicting ulcerative colitis will show large intestinal wall thickening that is continuous from the rectum, which is mainly due to mucosal layer thickening, while for Crohn's disease, a TAUS image is characterized by a diversity in the areas affected, distribution, and layer structure. Indicators of activity monitoring include wall thickness, wall structure, and vascular tests that use Doppler ultrasound or contrast agents. While all of these have been reported to be useful, at this time, no single parameter has been established as superior to others; therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of these parameters is justified. In addition, evaluating the elasticity of lesions using elastography is particularly useful for distinguishing between fibrous and inflammatory stenoses. However, the lack of objectivity is the biggest drawback of using ultrasound. Standardizing and popularizing the ultrasound process will be necessary, including scanning methods, equipment settings, and image analysis.