• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.3
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• pp.78-98
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• 1997

Health education, as the most fundamental concept for national health promotion, alms for developing the self-care ability of the general public. High school days are regarded as the period when most important physical, mental and social developments occur, and most health-related behaviors are formed. School health education is one of the major learning resources influencing health potential in the home and community as well as for the individual student. High school health education in Korea has a fundamental systemic flaw in that health-related subjects are divided and taught under various subjects areas at school. In order to achieve the goal of school health education, it is essential to make a systematic assessment of the learner's concerns connected with his health and life, and the factors affecting them. So far, most of the research projects that had been carried out for improving high school health education were limited in their concerns to a particular aspect of health. Even though some had been done in view of comprehensive school health education, they failed to Include a health assessment of the learner. Therefore, in this study the high school students' concerns related to health and life were investigated in the first place on the basis of the PRECEDE model, developed by Green and others for the purpose of a comprehensive diagnostic research on high school health education. This study was done in two steps : one was the basic study for developing research instrument and the other was the main one. The former was conducted at five high schools in Seoul and Cheongju for 2 months-beginning in March, 1996. The students were asked to respond to questions related to their health and lives in unstructured open-ended question forms. On the basis of analysis of the basic study, the diagnostic instruments for the quality of life, health problems, health behavior and educational factors were constructed to be used for the collection of data for main study. An expert panel and the pilot study were used to improve content validity and reliability of the instruments. The reliability of the instruments was measured at between .7697 and .9611 by the Cronbach $\alpha$. The data for this study were collected from the sample consisted of the junior and senior classes of twenty general and vocational high schools in Seoul and Cheongju for two months period beginning in July, 1996. In analyzing the data, both t-test and $X^2$-test were done by using SAS-$PC^+$ Program to compare data between the sexes of the high school students and the types of high school. A canonical correlation analysis was carried out to determine the relationships among the diagnostic variables, and a multivariate multiple regression analysis was conducted by using LISREL 8.03 to ascertain the influences of variables on the high school students' health and quality of life. The results were as follows : 1) The findings of the hypothesis tests (1) The canonical correlation between the educational diagnosis variables and behavioral, epidemiological, social diagnosis variables was .7221, which was significant at the level of p<.001. (2) The canonical correlation between the educational diagnosis variables and the behavior variables was .6851, which also was significant (p<.001). (3) The canonical correlation between the behavioral diagnosis variables and the epidemiological variables was 4295, which was significant (p<.001). (4) The canonical correlation between the epidemiological diagnosis variables and the social variables was .6005, which was also significant (p<.001). Therefore, the relationship between each diagnosis variable suggested by the PRECEDE model had been experimentally proven to be valid, supporting the conceptual framework of the study as appropriate for assessing the multi-dimensional factors affecting high school students' health and quality of life. Health behavior self-efficacy, the level of parents' interest and knowledge of health, and the level of the perception of school health education, all of which are the educational diagnostic variables, are the most influential variables in students' health and quality of life. In particular, health behavior self-efficacy, a causative factor, was one of the main influential variables in their health and quality of life. Other diagnostic variables suggested in the steps of the PRECEDE model were found to have reciprocal relations rather than a unidirectional causative relationship. The significance of this research is that it has diagnosed the needs of high school health education by the learner-centered assessment of variety of factors related to the health and the life of the students. This research findings suggest an integrated system of school health education to be contrived to enhance the effectiveness of the education by strengthening the influential factors such as self-efficacy to improve the health and quality of the lives of high school students.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.6
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• pp.471-475
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• 2008

Background: In order to achieve a maintenance level and to prevent hemorrhagic complications, regular monitoring of the INR is mandatory for patients on oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT). A point-of-care instrument for INR monitoring is convenient for users, but the accuracy of the results has been controversial, and so this calls for exact evaluation of the point-of-care instrument that is used for INR monitoring. Methods: From Aug 2007 through Feb 2008, 85 patients on OAT among the all the patients who were admitted to Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital were involved in this study. Parallel measurements of the PT INR were performed using a CoaguChek-XS and, a CA-7000 laboratory reference instrument and the results were analyzed. In addition, the patients' clinical data, including the diagnosis and the frequency and interval of the INR measurements, were also analyzed. Results: Of the 85 patients, 25 were admitted more than once to undergo INR testing and the mean interval between testing was 8.6 weeks with 39% and 38% of the tests being less than INR 2 units with using the CoaguChek-XS and the reference method, respectively. The coefficients of variation of CoaguChek-XS were 4.50 and 2.45 for the high and low INR patients, respectively. An excellent correlation was found between the two methods with a $R^2$ of 0.966 (p<0.001). Through Bland-Altman analysis, the mean INR difference between the two methods was 0.13 with the limit of agreement being -0.47~+0.72 with a 95% confidence interval. CoaguChek-XS was shown to overestimate the INR value for patients with an increasing INR, as compared to the reference method. Conclusion: CoaguChek-XS demonstrated great precision and accuracy for patients on OAT when compared to the laboratory INR results. Accordingly, the instrument should help to monitor the INR in the patients on OAT.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 2023

Background: Extrusion of debris is a major factor that results in postoperative pain during root canal treatment with various instruments and instrumentation techniques. Therefore, instrumentation techniques that extrude minimal debris into the periapical area while reducing pain are desirable. This study aimed to compare the incidence of postoperative pain and intake of analgesic medication (frequency and quantity) after endodontic treatment of mandibular posterior teeth using two single files and full-sequence continuous rotary systems with different kinematic motions. Methods: Thirty-five of 105 patients were assigned equally to three groups according to the instrumentation system used: ProTaper Next (PN) X2, 25/06 (Dentsply, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), One Shape (OS), #0.25/06 (Micro Mega, Besancon, France), and Wave One Gold (WG), Red - #0.25, 0.07 (Dentsply, Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Five specialists were included in this study design; each professional prepared 21 teeth, and randomly selected 7 per instrument system. The VAS sheet ranging from 0 to 10 was used to record the initial and postoperative pains at 24, 48, and 72 h, and 7^th day after single visit endodontic treatment in mandibular premolars and molars with a diagnosis of asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis with or without apical periodontitis. Postoperatively, an analgesic, ibuprofen 400 mg was administered for intolerable pain at a dose of 1 tablet for 6 h. The patients were asked over the telephone regarding postoperative pain at intervals of 24, 48, and 72 h, and 7^th day using a visual analogue scale. Result: There were no statistically significant differences among the PN, OS, and WG systems (P > 0.05) with regard to the incidence of postoperative pain at any of the four time points assessed. Conclusion: The intensity of postoperative pain, frequency, and analgesic intake were similar across all three types of instrument systems; however, the reciprocating single file (WG) was associated with less postoperative pain than the full sequence continuous rotary file.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.22.1-22.8
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• 2023

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the tip and taper compatibility of accessory gutta-percha points (AGPs) with various rotary and reciprocating instruments. Materials and Methods: Using a profile analyzer, tip and taper measurements were taken of 10 AGPs of each of the 14 models available from Odous de Deus and the 4 models available from Dentsply-Maillefer. Diameter measurements were taken at 1-mm intervals, from 3 mm from the tip (D3) to 16 mm. Results: Based on the mean values obtained, 3-dimensional (3D) models of the AGPs were drawn in Autodesk Fusion 360 and superimposed on 3D models of each instrument selected (Mtwo, Reciproc, RaCe, K3, and ProDesign Logic) to determine the compatibility between the instrument and the AGP. Data corresponding to the tips and tapers of the various AGPs, as well as the tip and taper differences between the AGPs and the instruments, were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The tapers of the AGPs were subject to the American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association No. 57 standard. The Odous de Deus extra-long medium and extra-long extra-medium AGPs were shown to be compatible with Mtwo, K3, and ProDesign Logic instruments with taper 0.06 and tip sizes 25 and 30, while the Dentsply fine and fine medium cones were compatible with Mtwo, RaCe, and K3 instruments with conicity of 0.04 and tip sizes 35 and 40. Conclusions: Both the Odous de Deus and Dentsply commercial brands included 2 AGP models with tip (D3) and taper compatibility with Mtwo, RaCe, K3, and/or Prodesign Logic instruments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.36-53
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• 2024

As the number of spinal surgeries being performed expands, the number of medical imaging procedures such as radiography, CT, and MRI is also increasing, and the importance of their interpretation is becoming more significant. Herein, we present the radiological findings of a variety of complications that can occur after spinal surgery and discuss how effectively and accurately they can be diagnosed through imaging. In particular, this study details the characteristic imaging findings specific to the early and long-term postoperative periods. Early complications of spinal surgery include improper placement of surgical instruments (instrument malpositioning), seromas, hematomas, pseudomeningoceles, and infections in the region surrounding the surgical site. Conversely, long-term complications may include osteolysis around surgical instruments, failure of fusion, adjacent segment disease, and the formation of epidural fibrosis or scar tissue. A precise understanding of the imaging assessments related to complications arising after spinal surgery is crucial to ensure timely and accurate diagnosis, which is necessary to achieve effective treatment.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-95
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• 2002

1. As a point at issue of occidental medicine examination, followings have been indicated, 1) Occidental medical examination is performed by mainly test and instrument and therefore, role of doctors could be excluded and it could be diagnosed only for target disease and 2) in Korea, it could not be conducted in public medical system and therefore improvement effect of public health promotion could not be made due to increase of total medical expenses and infirmity of post management. These points are substantial limit of paradigm resided in occidental medicine and also problem caused by unique characteristics of medical system of Korea. In Korea, result of occidental medical examination show increased health risk from aged thirties and major diagnosed diseases are circulatory disease or chronic disease such as hepatic, hyperlipemic, hypertensional disease and diabetes, etc. Accounting that those chronic disease make a role as major public health risk, it is difficult that medical examination by only occidental medicine make effect on public health promotion. 2. Characteristics of oriental medicine examination could be summarized as diagnosis (information acquisition based on the facts) and demonstration (speculation based on acquired information) and in addition, quadruple diagnosis, as a medical examination method, include test as well as basic examination. Accounting on oriental medical examination, principally it is performed by independent herbalist and therefore, herbalist could acquire systemic result during first medical examination. Based on the theory of inner-outer examination, oriental medical examination has a principle of universe theory, systemic analysis of quadruple diagnosis, demonstration & reasoning. In addition, root of oriental medical examination could be found in pre-disease theory, a principal theory of oriental medicine. Pre-disease service could prove the advantage of oriental medicine in medical examination activities and therefore, it is needed that content of oriental medical examination should be actualized in current medical system. 3. In this study, oriental medical examination program, comprised of pulse-diagnosis, contrast muscular taking and medical consultation of herbalist is progressed communally with occidental medical examination. As pre-examination, questionary was given of general characteristics, health promoting life style, physical constitution and subjective symptom of musculoskeletal system. In addition, post-examination notification was given to subjects about health promoting control, physical constitution regimen and management of musculoskeletal system. During this study program, verification was conducted for input of acquired information and difference of each information after analysis and in addition, performed was analysis of factor influencing health promoting life style and musculoskeletal subjective symptom and evaluation of relationship of physical constitution and health promoting life study. In addition, it was verified of difference between musculoskeletal subjective symptom and result of muscle contrast picture evaluation. 4. Evaluation of oriental medical examination model is divided into 2 categories of oriental medical examination-consultation and result evaluation -post management. Oriental medical examination-consultation demands establishment of examination system, standardization of examination and establishment of examination form and in addition, it should be admitted as enlarged examination assists systemic quadruple diagnosis of herbalist not a key of oriental medical examination. In addition, information acquisition for research purpose should be performed according to the systemic research plan based on the separation of questionary for examination purpose and research purpose. For evaluation of the result, it was concluded that needed are result evaluation meets oriental medical system and post-notification system, informing health management information, based on examination result. 5. Accounting on satisfaction for oriental medical examination model, affirmative reply was much higher (66%) than negative (8.64%). Satisfaction of each area was in order of consultation of herbalist, systemic muscle contrast taking, pulse examination, post-notification and questionary fill-up and dissatisfaction was in order of post-notification, questionary fill-up, consultation of herbalist, systemic muscle contrast taking and pulse measurement. Satisfaction for collaborative examination of occidental and oriental medicine was over 60% and over 75% hope oriental examination would be included in later medical examination program. Based on this result, collaborative examination including occidental and oriental medicine could increase satisfaction of subjects for medical examination program.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.6863-6870
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer accounted for almost 25% of all cancers in women globally in 2012. Although breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in India, there is no organised national breast cancer screening programme. Local studies on the burden of breast cancer are essential to develop effective context-specific strategies for an early detection breast cancer programme, considering the cultural and ethnic heterogeneity in India. This study examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices about breast cancer in rural women in Central India. Materials and Methods: This community-based cross sectional study was conducted in Wardha district, located in Maharashtra state in Central India in 2013. The sample included 1000 women (609 rural, 391 urban) aged 13-50 years, selected as representative from each of the eight development blocks in the district, using stratified cluster sampling. Trained social workers interviewed women and collected demographic and socio-economic data. The instrument also assessed respondents' knowledge about breast cancer and its symptoms, risks, methods of screening, diagnosis and treatment, as well as their attitudes towards breast cancer and selfreported practices of breast cancer screening. Chi-square and t-test were applied to assess differences in the levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice (the outcome variables) between urban and rural respondents. Multivariable linear regression was conducted to analyse the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the outcome variables. Results: While about two-thirds of rural and urban women were aware of breast cancer, less than 7% in rural and urban areas had heard about breast self-examination. Knowledge about breast cancer, its symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic modalities, and treatment was similarly poor in both rural and urban women. Urban women demonstrated more positive attitudes towards breast cancer screening practices than their rural counterparts. Better knowledge of breast cancer symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment correlated significantly with older age, higher levels of education, and being office workers or in business. Conclusions: Women in rural Central India have poor knowledge about breast cancer, its symptoms and risk factors. Breast self-examination is hardly practiced, though the willingness to learn is high. Positive attitudes towards screening provide an opportunity to promote breast self-examination.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.274-278
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• 2016

In order to analyze the pathomechanisms of dysmenorrhea and efficiency of DSOM(diagnosis system of oriental medicine), clinical test was performed for 541 childbearing women having menstrual pain in P metropolitan city. The experimental group was composed of subjects who experience discomfort in daily life or interpersonal activities caused by menstrual pain with scores of 4 or above on the measurement of menstrual pain (MMP). The control group was composed of subjects reporting little or no discomfort with scores of 3 or below on the MMP. The menstrual period measurements were taken within 2-3 days following the first day of menstruation, when menstrual pain is at its peak. While non-menstrual period measurement were within 7-10 days after the last day of menstruation. The dampness pathomechanism was yielded most frequently in both groups, and then heart、heat、blood deficiency、cold、qi deficiency、phlegm、qi congestion、blood stasis in order. And the significant differences were in the pathomechanisms of blood deficiency、blood stasis、qi congestion、five viscera、phlegm and cold between the two groups. This means that general pathomechanisms of childbearing women in twenties mainly are dampness and heat, especially the experimental group has mostly disharmony of six qi and/but then move to insufficiency and stagnation of qi and blood and then to visceral disease pattern having statistically significant difference. Moreover in the two times of investigation, the output of pathomechanisms in each group has similar pattern in the same group. Therefore it can be concluded that the results of pathomechanisms by DSOM were in accordance with existing pattern classifications of dysmenorrhea in general and the DSOM showed reproducibility and stability in the data processing of questionnaires.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.103-113
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was conducted to explore the relationship among health belief. health locus of control and patients sick-role behavior compliance of diabetic mellitus patients visiting public health center. Method: The subjects of this study were 193 of the diabetic patients who were visiting 4 Public Health Center in B city. The instrument used for measuring health belief was Park's(1985). for health locus of control was Wallston. et al's(1978) and for sick-role behavior compliance was Park's(1984). The data were collected with structured questionnaires; total 58 items contained about health belief. health locus of control and sick-role behavior compliance from 1st to 31st July. 2001. The data was analyzed by the SPSS/PC programs using t-test. Pearson's correlation coefficient. ANOVA and Scheffe-test. Result: The average score of the health belief was $57.99\pm9.45$ health locus of control was $66.83\pm9.48$ and sick-role behavior compliance was $42.81\pm7.00$. Statistically significant factors influencing the health belief among social demographic characteristics were family number(F=3.818. p=0.024), monthly income(F=5.153, p=0.002), time of diagnosis(F=3.937. p=0.002) and difficult to control disease(F=5.803. p=0.000). The significant factors influencing the health locus of control were marital status(F=4.669. p=0.010). Also significant factors influencing the sick-role behavior compliance were monthly incomes(F=5.245, p=0.000). the time of diagnosis(F=4.424. p=0.001) and admission to hospital with diabetes(F=9.031. p=0.000). There was negative mild correlation comparatively between health belief and sickrole behavior compliance(r=-0.142, p<0.05) but no correlation in sensitiveness/severity, barrier, benefit(p<0.05). There was no correlation between internal. external. chance health locus of control and sick-role behavior compliance (P>0.05). Conclusion: There was a negative weak relationship between health locus of control and patient's sick role behavior compliance. Therefore further study to investigate the relating factor of the sick role behavior compliance among above of middle aged diabetes mellitus patients is necessary.

• Journal of Korean Academic Society of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 2001

The purpose of this study were to analyze the home care services and to evaluate the client's satisfaction with the home care services provided by home care service center in the C hospital. The data were collected by reviewing charts of 128 home care clients who were receiving home care services at C hospital from October 1997 to September 2000. The subjects for satisfaction of home care service were 20 clients from July 10 to September 30, 2000. The tool for measurement of present condition of home care service was developed by the researchers. The satisfactions of the home care services were measured by using the instrument developed by Im(997). The data were analyzed by using the SPSS/PC+. The results of this study were as followings : 1. Majority of the subjects was female(61.7%). The average of age was 63.5 years. The service has been used mostly by the elderly 60 years of age or older(71.1%). The economic level of most of subjects was in middle class(94.5%). 2. Majority of the subject had a cancer(55.4%), following stroke(25.0%). The average duration of disease for the subjects was 31 months. The average time of hospitalization for the subjects was 3.3 times. The duration of hospitalization was 10$\sim$30 days(26.6%), 30$\sim$60 days(23.4%) and above of the 210 days(9.4%). 3. Most of the subjects used his/her doctor (47.7%), as a consultant, following his/her nurse (28.1%), other patients or their family (21.9%). Most of reasons for a consultation were supportive management(Infusion or medication, 60.94%), following tube management(L-tube or T-tube, 25%), Foley catheter management (15.63%) etc. 4. 28 types of nursing diagnoses were used by the home care service. The nursing diagnosis altered nutrition: less than body requirement were used mostly by the home care service, following risk for infection, impaired skin integrity, impaired swallowing, ineffective airway clearance altered comfort: pain, impaired physical mobility. By the human-response pattern, exchanging(63.2%), moving(7.5%), feeling(10.4%), knowing(5.2%), communicating (2.6%), relating(0.5%) perceiving(0.4%) and choosing(0.3%). There were 42 nursing intervention types were performed by the home care service. By the NIC(nursing intervention classification. McCloskey. Bulech. 1996). physiologic: complex (30.3%) was the most, safety(28.3%), behavioral(20.0%), physiologic: basic(10.8%) and health system(1.7%). Observation or assessment was the most nursing intervention performed by the home care service. following IV infusion. vital sign observation. infusion management and fluid-electrolyte balance management. 5. The level of client's satisfaction with provided home care services showed considerably high(2.67/ 3).