• Title/Summary/Keyword: Dewatering

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Dewatering Filtrate Treatment with Center Well Depth of Secondary Clarifier in Small Sewage Treatment Plant (소규모하수처리시설의 이차침전조 내통길이 변화를 통한 탈수여액의 처리)

  • Choi, Jung-Su;Kim, Hyun-Gu;Lee, Dong-Ho;Joo, Hyun-Jong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.35 no.10
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    • pp.694-702
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of this study is to evaluate a de-watering filtrate treatment and the possibility of securing biological treatment capacity by changing the structure of the secondary clarifier. Accordingly, the column test was conducted to determine the effect of polymer in the de-watering filtrate on sludge sedimentation. Also, the characteristics of de-watering filtrate processing was evaluated through batch test and continuous processing operation. The results showed that sludge settling velocity increased with higher polymer concentration, and that effluent SS concentration was found to decrease. Regarding processing characteristics of de-watering filtrate, the removal efficiency of TSS and TBOD5 increased as the length of secondary clarifier was longer. Also, comparing injections into anoxic tank and secondary clarifier, de-watering filtrate by continuous infusion treatment process showed stability in both conditions. Therefore, by modifying the structure of secondary clarifier, efficient processing of de-watering filtrate is expected to be possible and processing capacity of small sewage treatment plants is considered to be improved.

Estimation of GHGs Emission to Improvement of Facility Efficiency in the Food wastewater Treatment Process (식품폐수처리시설의 설비효율 개선에 따른 온실가스 배출량 평가)

  • An, Sang-Hyung;Song, Jang-Heon;Kim, San;Chung, Jin-Do
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.378-384
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    • 2019
  • In the food wastewater treatment facilities, the water quality improvement effect and the greenhouse gas emission amount followed by the change in electricity usage through a change of the aeration tank ventilation system were evaluated. also, the amount of greenhouse gas emission followed by the change in electricity usage through the change of the sludge dewatering, storage, transporting method was also evaluated. The total GHG emission from food wastewater treatment facility improvement were divided into direct emissions from the treatment processes and indirect ones from electricity usage. The water quality improvement effect of wastewater treatment plant was found to be 63.3% for BOD removal rate, 42.0% for COD removal rate, 71.0% for SS removal rate and 39.6% for T-N removal rate. and according to the results of calculating output by applying both direct emissions of greenhouse gas (Scope 1) and the indirect emission (Scope 2) of greenhouse gas followed by changes in power consumption. It was estimated that there was a total of 276.0tCO2eq./yr(7.5%) greenhouse gas reduction effect from 3,668.8tCO2eq./yr before improvement to 3,392.8tCO2eq./yr after improvement. In this result is not due to the effects of water quality improvement of emission source, but because the reduction in electricity use has reduced the amount of greenhouse gas emissions.

Origin of limestone conglomerates in the Choson Supergroup(Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea

  • Kwon Y.K.;Chough S.K.;Choi D.K.;Lee D.J.
    • 한국석유지질학회:학술대회논문집
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    • autumn
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    • pp.63-65
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    • 2001
  • The Chosen Supergroup (Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea consists mainly of shallow marine carbonates and contains a variety of limestone conglomerates. These conglomerates largely comprise oligomictic, rounded lime-mudstone clasts of various size and shape (equant, oval, discoidal, tabular, and irregular) and dolomitic shale matrices. Most clasts are characterized by jigsaw-fit (mosaic), disorganized, or edgewise fabric and autoclastic lithology. Each conglomerate layer is commonly interbedded with limestone-dolomitic shale couplets and occasionally underlain by fractured limestone layer, capped by calcareous shale. According to composition, characteristic sedimentary structures, and fabric, limestone conglomerates in the Hwajol, Tumugol, Makkol, and Mungok formations of Chosen Supergroup can be classified into 4 types: (1) disorganized polymictic conglomerate (Cd), (2) horizontally stratified polymictic conglomerate (Cs), (3) mosaic conglomerate (Cm), and (4) disorganized/edgewise oligomictic conglomerate (Cd/e). These conglomerates are either depositional (Cd and Cs) or diagenetic (Cm and Cd/e) in origin. Depositional conglomerates are interpreted as storm deposits, tidal channel fills, or transgressive lag deposits. On the other hand, diagenetic conglomerates are not deposited by normal sedimentary processes, but formed by post-depositional diagenetic processes. Diagenetic conglomerates in the Chosen Supergroup are characterized by autoclastic and oligomictic lithology of lime-mudstone clasts, jigsaw-fit (mosaic) fabric, edgewise fabric, and a gradual transition from the underlying bed (Table 1). Autoclastic and oligomictic lithologies may be indicative of subsurface brecciation (fragmentation). Consolidation of lime-mudstone clasts pre-requisite for brecciation may result from dissolution and reprecipitation of CaCO3 by degradation of organic matter during burial. Jigsaw-fit fabric has been considered as evidence for in situ fragmentation. The edgewise fabric is most likely formed by expulsion of pore fluid during compaction. The lower boundary of intraformational conglomerates of depositional origin is commonly sharp and erosional. In contrast, diagenetic conglomerate layers mostly show a gradual transition from the underlying unit, which is indicative of progressive fragmentation upward (Fig. 1). The underlying fractured limestone layer also shows evidence for in situ fragmentation such as jigsaw-fit fabric and the same lithology as the overlying conglomerate layer (Fig, 1). Evidence from the conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that diagenetic conglomerates are formed by in situ subsurface fragmentation of limestone layers and rounding of the fragments. In situ subsurface fragmentation may be primarily due to compaction, dewatering (upward-moving pore fluids), and dissolution, accompanying volume reduction. This process commonly occurs under the conditions of (1) alternating layers of carbonate-rich and carbonate-poor sediments and (B) early differential cementation of carbonate-rich layers. Differential cementation commonly takes place between alternating beds of carbonate-rich and clay-rich layers, because high carbonate content promotes cementation, whereas clay inhibits cementation. After deposition of alternating beds and differential cementation, with progressive burial, upward-moving pore fluid may raise pore-pressure in the upper part of limestone layers, due to commonly overlying impermeable shale layers (or beds). The high pore-pressure may reinforce propagation of fragmentation and cause upward-expulsion of pore fluid which probably produces edgewise fabric of tabular clasts. The fluidized flow then extends laterally, causing reorientation and further rounding of clasts. This process is analogous to that of autobrecciation, which can be analogously termed autoconglomeration. This is a fragmentation and rounding process whereby earlier semiconsolidated portions of limestone are incorporated into still fluid portions. The rounding may be due mainly to immiscibility and surface tension of lime-mud. The progressive rounding of the fragmented clasts probably results from grain attrition by fluidized flow. A synthetic study of limestone conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that very small percent of the conglomerate layers are of depositional origin, whereas the rest, more than $80\%$, are of diagenetic origin. The common occurrence of diagenetic conglomerates warrants further study on limestone conglomerates elsewhere in the world.

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Sandstone Diagenesis of the Lower Permian Jangseong Formation, Jangseong Area, Samcheog Coalfield (삼척탄전 장성일대에 분포하는 하부페름기 장성층 사암의 속성작용)

  • 박현미;유인창;김형식
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.132-145
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    • 1998
  • The coal-bearing siliciclastic rocks of the Lower Permian Jangseong Formation, Samcheog coalfield, represent a megacyclothem which shows cyclic repetitions of sandstone, shale, coaly shale, and coals. Petrographic, geochemical, and SEM studies for sandstone samples, and XRD analysis for clay minerals were carried out to understand diagenesis in the sandstones of the Jangseong Formation. The Jangseong sandstones are composed of 60% quartz (mainly monocrystalline quartz) and 36% clay matrix and cement with minor amounts of feldspar, lithic fragments and accessory minerals (less than 4%). Jangseong sandstones are classified mostly as quartzwackes and partly as lithic graywackes according to the scheme of Dott(1964). The textural relationships between authigenic minerals and cements in thin sections and SEM photomicrographs suggest the paragenetic sequence as follows; (1) mechanical compaction, (2) cementation by quartz overgrowth, (3) formation of authigenic clay minerals (illite, kaolinite), (4) dissolution of framework grains and development of secondary porosity, and (5) later-stage pore-filling by pyrophyllite. We propose that these diagenetic processes might be due to organic-inorganic interaction between the dominant framework grains and the formation water. The Al, Si ions and organic acid, derived from dewatering of interbedded organic-rich shale and coals, were transported into the Jangseong sandstones. This caused changes in the chemistry of the formation water of the sandstones, and resulted in overgrowth of quartz and precipitation of authigenic clay minerals of kaolinite and illite. The secondary pores, produced during dissolution of clay and framework grains by organic acid and $CO_2$ gas, were conduit for silica-rich solution into the Jangseong sandstones and the influx of silica-rich solution produced the late-stage pyrophyllite after the expanse of kaolinite. The origin of the solution that formed pyrophyllite is not likely to be the organic-rich formation water based on the observation of fracture-filling pyrophyllite in the Jangseong sandstones, but the process of pyrophyllite pore-filling was indirectly related to organic-inorganic interaction.

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Stability of Chlorophyll during Processing and Storage of Salted Undaria Pinnatifida (염장(鹽藏)미역의 가공(加工) 및 저장조건(貯藏條件)과 Chlrophyll의 안정성(安定性))

  • Han, Bong-Ho;Bae, Tae-Jin;Kim, Byeong-Sam
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.71-77
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    • 1984
  • A study on the stability of chlorophyll a in Undaria pinnatifida during blanching, salting and storage was carried out. Raw Undaria pinnatifida was blanched for 25 seconds in the temperature range of 70 to $100^{\circ}C$. To stabilize the chlorophyll a some chemicals such as 1% solutions of $Ca(CH_3CO_2)_2,{\;}Ca(OH)_2,{\;}MgCO_3,{\;}0.5%{\;}Ca(CH_3CO_2)_2$ with $0.5%{\;}MgCO_3$, and reed ash solution were used during/after blanching. The blanched product was salted with table salt after centrifuging for 2 minutes at 1500 rpm, and then again centrifuged after 48 hours for dewatering. The product which was mixed with 8% of table salt was sealed in a polyethylene film bag and stored at 10, 20, 30 and $40^{\circ}C$. The most effective blanching temperature for maximal residual amount of chlorophyll a was $85^{\circ}C$. The quantities of total organic and volatile acids were not significantly changed by the blanching temperature. Blanching in 1% chemical solutions showed bitter results than soaking in 1% chemical solutions for 20 minutes after blanching without chemicals. Reed ash and 0.5% $Ca(CH_3CO_2)_2$ with 0.5% $MgCO_3$ solutions were more effective than the 1% solutions of other chemicals, but the effect was not significant, compared with the group not treated with chemicals. The most reasonable ratio of added salt to dewater the product for 48 hours was 30% in w/w. The amount of total organic and volatile acids revealed no correlation with the amount of added salt. Color and odor of salted product was not severely changed during the storage of 77 days at $10^{\circ}C$. But the changes were accelerated with increasing storage temperatures. The degradation of chlorophyll a in salted product during storage could be interpreted as a first order reaction, and the rate constants at 10, 20, 30 and $40^{\circ}C$ were 0.1289, 0.1028, 0.0770 and 0.0550, respectively. $Q_{10}$ and the activation energy were 1.33 and 5.01 Kcal/g mole.

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Development of A Material Flow Model for Predicting Nano-TiO2 Particles Removal Efficiency in a WWTP (하수처리장 내 나노 TiO2 입자 제거효율 예측을 위한 물질흐름모델 개발)

  • Ban, Min Jeong;Lee, Dong Hoon;Shin, Sangwook;Lee, Byung-Tae;Hwang, Yu Sik;Kim, Keugtae;Kang, Joo-Hyon
    • Journal of Wetlands Research
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.345-353
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    • 2022
  • A wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a major gateway for the engineered nano-particles (ENPs) entering the water bodies. However existing studies have reported that many WWTPs exceed the No Observed Effective Concentration (NOEC) for ENPs in the effluent and thus they need to be designed or operated to more effectively control ENPs. Understanding and predicting ENPs behaviors in the unit and \the whole process of a WWTP should be the key first step to develop strategies for controlling ENPs using a WWTP. This study aims to provide a modeling tool for predicting behaviors and removal efficiencies of ENPs in a WWTP associated with process characteristics and major operating conditions. In the developed model, four unit processes for water treatment (primary clarifier, bioreactor, secondary clarifier, and tertiary treatment unit) were considered. Additionally the model simulates the sludge treatment system as a single process that integrates multiple unit processes including thickeners, digesters, and dewatering units. The simulated ENP was nano-sized TiO2, (nano-TiO2) assuming that its behavior in a WWTP is dominated by the attachment with suspendid solids (SS), while dissolution and transformation are insignificant. The attachment mechanism of nano-TiO2 to SS was incorporated into the model equations using the apparent solid-liquid partition coefficient (Kd) under the equilibrium assumption between solid and liquid phase, and a steady state condition of nano-TiO2 was assumed. Furthermore, an MS Excel-based user interface was developed to provide user-friendly environment for the nano-TiO2 removal efficiency calculations. Using the developed model, a preliminary simulation was conducted to examine how the solid retention time (SRT), a major operating variable affects the removal efficiency of nano-TiO2 particles in a WWTP.