• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.19-29
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• 2023

The accident rate in South Korea is simply classified according to the road type and the number of lanes, but other countries apply various factors affect accidents. In this study, national highways where accidents occurred were divided into urban, rural, older, and modern roads using TAAS(Traffic Accident Analysis System) data, and a model of accident costs savings is suggested. As a result of analyzing 1,416.2 km, the fatality rate(person/100mil-vehicle·km) was 4.21 for urban-older, 1.37 for urban-modern, 2.18 for rural-older, and 0.99 for rural-modern roads. The rates of urban roads had a higher result than rural. The injury rate(person/100mil-vehicle·km) for urban-older was 182.63, that for urban-modern was 103.42, that for rural-older was 67.44, and that for rural-modern road was 42.96, which showed a similar pattern to fatality rates. Accident rates of a modern road were much lower than the KDI Guideline. The benefit of applying the result of this study was calculated and the valuation of accident costs savings is increased from 0.6% to 14.1%, while B/C is improved from 0.626 to 0.724.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.373-393
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• 2024

This study aims to propose the considerations for developing the guidelines for recording a preferred title in musical works by analyzing the RDA rules and guidelines of several national libraries. First, RDA rules were analyzed, and the primary rules for consideration were examined by reviewing RDA application guidelines from eight national libraries that have developed their own guidelines for alternatives and options of RDA rules. Then, by analyzing the contents of each guideline, including MLA, LC-PCC, and DACH, practical considerations was to provide. First, the original language title should be adopted in the selection of preferred title, but if the title in the original language is not suitable for domestic users, the title in other languages should be used. Second, the preferred title was examined in aspects of works with one part, works with more than one part, the complete works of one author, the compilation of a specific type of composition, the incomplete compilation, and the compilation of several composers. Third, medium of performance, numeric numbers, key, and other identifying characteristics were presented as additional factors for consideration in the recording. Fourth, it is necessary to designate or present a control vocabularies for the types of compositions and the medium of performance. This study suggests considerations in developing guidelines for recording the preferred title for RDA musical works, and it will be possible to contribute to the development of rules related to preferred titles for musical works and guidelines for recording the preferred title for musical works in libraries.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 2024

RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) is a technique used for providing global patterns of transcriptomes in samples. However, it can only provide the average gene expression across cells and does not address the heterogeneity within the samples. The advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology have revolutionized our understanding of heterogeneity and the dynamics of gene expression at the single-cell level. For example, scRNA-seq allows us to identify the cell types in complex tissues, which can provide information regarding the alteration of the cell population by perturbations, such as genetic modification. Since its initial introduction, scRNA-seq has rapidly become popular, leading to the development of a huge number of bioinformatic tools. However, the analysis of the big dataset generated from scRNA-seq requires a general understanding of the preprocessing of the dataset and a variety of analytical techniques. Here, we present an overview of the workflow involved in analyzing the scRNA-seq dataset. First, we describe the preprocessing of the dataset, including quality control, normalization, and dimensionality reduction. Then, we introduce the downstream analysis provided with the most commonly used computational packages. This review aims to provide a workflow guideline for new researchers interested in this field.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.401-413
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• 1996

Facial vertical dyscrepancies is decided on the relationship between the anterior vertical facial height and posterior vertical facial height. Thus this study was conducted to determine the factors that affect the FHI, and classify the Class II div.1, malocclusion, which success is dependent on the vertical control according to the FHI, which is the ratio of antero-inferior facial height, posterio-inferior facial height ratio, and to use this as a guideline for treatment. Angle between palatal plane and Mandibular plane were in the order of RH, ID. Thus showing that interrelated angle was more inportant than the independent angle of both, palatal plane and Mandibular plane. The tendency of Cl II div.1. Malocclusion according to FHI, showed the Low group to have Mx. protrusion, prominent development of Mn. ramus, and the Mn. body length and ant. post. position was normal. The Normo group showed slight protrusion of the Maxilla,. The development of the ramus was less than normal and the Mn. was in a slight retruded position. The High group showed the Mx. in a normal position, the development of the Mn. ramus and body was the lowest, and the Mn. was in a posterior position. In observation of the factors affecting the FHI between each groups of Cl II div.l, malocclusion; In the Low group the MP- PP angle was very small, the ID was smililar to the normal group, but the RH was very large thus the FHI was increased. In the Normo group, the PP-MP angle was normal, ID was slightly smaller than the normal group and the RH was slightly smaller than the normal group, thus maintaining a normal FHI ratio. In the High group the PP-MP angle was very large, the ID was similar to the normal group, but the RH was smaller than the normal group thus the FHI was small.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.411-422
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is twofold : (i) to investigate how much effort the married couples are making for the good health of both the pregnant woman and her unborn child from the time of their marriage to and during the period of conception : and (ii) to comprehensive investigate socio-cultural back-grounds which affect prenatal effort. Result of this study provide a basis for the prenatal care program which will be appropriate to our culture. This study has been done by the ethnographic research method. The subjects of this study are 53 people in all consisting of 33 pregnant women and 20 husbands. In order to investigate socio-cultural factors which influence Taegyo, producers of Taegyo music were interviewed. In addition the researcher surveyed the markets of Taegyo music, participated in special courses of prenatal education, analyzed the content of the books and periodicals dealing with Taegyo, and collected the concept of Taegyo distributed by the mass media. The full-fledged study continued for eight months from February to August.1996. The data were analyzed as soon as they were collected. Spradly's(1979, 1980) developmental, sequential method of domain analysis. taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and theme analysis in this order was adopted as the procedure of analyzing the data. To obtain the exactness of study, Sandelowski's (1986) four criteria, that is, Credibility, Fittingness, Auditability, and Confirmability were applied to all stages of data collection, data analysis, the interpretation of the result, and the description of the result. The following are the result : 1. The couples' Taegyo at the stage of preconception was related to their physical, psychological, spiritual conditions under which a healthy baby will be born. Specific methods they prefer are : "the choice of one's spouse." "physical check-up," "physical good health, " "praying, " and so on. 2. When the marriod couple have sex in order to conceive, their Taegyo was related to the imposition of their physical, psychological, and environmental conditions. Specific methods they prefer are : "having sex at specific time, " "having sex in nice place." "to purify their minds while having sex," and so on. 3. The married couples' Taegyo while they are in pregnancy was related to the imposition of their physical. psychological, emotionmental. environmental, social and spiritual conditions. Specific methods they prefer are : "listening to music. " "reading," "looking at beautiful things only," "to avoid looking at or listening to bad things." "to eat food in good shape, " "to avoid drugs," "eating Korean herbal medicine." "sexual abstinence," "to avoid dangerous places," "to keep emotional tranquility," "moderate exercises and rest." "leading a pure life." "praying." "being aware of their words and behavior." "for the couple to keep a good relationship." "interaction with their unborn child," "to support Taegyo for pregnant women," and so on. 4. The married couple put Taegyo into practice on the basis of the following principles : the principle of respecting an unborn child, the principle of forming a good disposition. the principle of top-down parental love, the principle of synergy between a pregnant woman and her unborn child, the principle of expecting a good child, the principle of forming a good habit, and the principle of acquiring a parental role. 5. The practice of Taegyo is influenced by such factors as the married couple, the supporting system, and the mass media. As the husband -and-wife factor, their information of Taegyo, the degree of importance is assigned to their characters, their time to spare, their healthiness, the age of pregnant woman, their conception plan, their religion, their belief of the Taegyo effects, and the birth of a baby in this order. The factor of the supporting system consists of her husband's support, her family support, and her neighbor's support. The mass media factors include the broadcasting media, books specialized in Taegyo, periodicals for pregnant women, booklets for advertizing powdered milk, Taegyo music of record manufacturing companies, and the teaching materials for gifted children. Among these the mass media is especially taking advantage of Taegyo as its main source of economic profits are leading the public behavior pattern to a prodigal one. Taegyo is a self-control behavior which requires practice for the following : the physical and psychological good health of the pregnant woman and her unborn child, the development of the unborn child's good character, the development of the unborn child's intelligence and talents, the expectation of the unborn child's good features. shape a good habit, the expectation of the unborn child's bright future, and the learning of a parental role, the expectation of male birth. Above all it is a type of our good cultural tradition which pursues a value higher than the one that the prenatal care does. The principles of pregnancy care inherent in the habit of Taegyo will provide us a guideline for the development of the prenatal care.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.328-335
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• 2012

In order to use in the classification of minor crop for the mutual application of safe use guideline, it was investigated the residue property of fungicide dimethomorph and pyraclostrobin in green onion, a stem-crop. After pesticides were applied 2 times with 1 week interval in that day of harvest, 3 days, 7 days, 10 days and 14 days before harvest, a green onion was harvested. The residue of dimethomorph in a green onion was 26.31 and 39.08 mg/kg in that day of harvest, however, in according to elapse time, it was reduced to 6.86 and 9.34 mg/kg in 14 days before harvest. In case of pyraclostrobin, it was also reduced from 13.46 and 39.08 mg/kg to 3.57 and 5.21 mg/kg. Based on the residue in that day of harvest, the deposit of spray solution in a green onion was calculated. The deposit of spray solution of dimethomorph was 274.35~345.84 mL/kg, in case of pyraclostrobin, it was calculated 213.65~343.33 mL/kg. When the amount of the deposit of both pesticides was compared in a green onion, it was so similar. On the other hand, it was estimated the predicted dissipation curve of pesticides in the green onion during cultivation. The half-life of dimethomorph was 6.95~7.45 days, in case of pyraclostrobin, 7.15~7.45 days. When both pesticides were compared with the residue property, the deposit of spray solution and half-life of dissipation were so similar.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.98-108
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• 2012

In order to use in the classification of minor crop for the mutual application of safe use guideline, it was investigated the residue property of fungicide boscalid and fludioxonil at the same time harvest leafy-vegetables, such as spinach, ulgaribaechu, vitaminchae and cheongkyungchae. After pesticides were applied 2 times with 1 week interval in that day of harvest, 2 days, 5 days and 7 days before harvest, vegetables were harvested, and the residue of pesticides was investigated. Base on the residue in that day of harvest, the deposit of spray solution in vegetables was calculated. The deposit of spray solution of boscalid was 253.9 mL/kg in spinach, 83.0 mL/kg in ulgaribaechu, 97.8 mL/kg in vitaminchae, and 88.3 mL/kg in cheongkyungchae, respectively. In case of fludioxonil, it was calculated 157.6 mL/kg in spinach, 67.6 mL/kg in ulgaribaechu, 64.8 mL/kg in vitaminchae, and 66.6 mL/kg in cheongkyungchae, respectively. When the amount of the deposit of both pesticides was compared in leafy-vegetables, it was the highest in the spinach. On the other hand, it was estimated the predicted dissipation curve of pesticides in leafy-vegetables during cultivation. The half-life of boscalid was 5.9 days in spinach, 7.4 days in ulgaribaechu, 4.6 days in vitaminchae, and 4.3 days in cheongkyungchae, respectively. Also, it was estimated half-life in fludioxonil, it was 3.0 days in spinach, 4.0 days in ulgaribaechu, 3.2 days in vitaminchae, and 3.5 days in cheongkyungchae, respectively. The half-life was the longest in the ulgaribaechu. When both pesticides were compared with the residue property, the deposit of spray solution and half-life of dissipation of boscalid were more than those of fludioxonil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.44-63
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• 2000

Situated close to Heathrow Airport, and adjacent to the M4 and M25 Motorways, the site at Axis Park is considered a prime location for business in the UK. In consequnce two of the UK's major property development companies, MEPC and Redrew Homes sought the expertise of Intergeo to remediate the contaminated former industrial site prior to its development. Industrial use of the twenty-six hectare site, started in 1936, when Hawker Aircraft commence aircraft manufacture. In 1963 the Firestone Tyre and Rubber Company purchased part of the site. Ford commenced vehicle production at the site in the mid-1970's and production was continued by Iveco Ford from 1986 to the plant's decommissioning in 1997. Geologically the site is underlain by sand and gravel, deposited in prehistory by the River Thames, with London Clay at around 6m depth. The level of groundwater fluctuates seasonally at around 2.5m depth, moving slowly southwest towards local streams and watercourses. A phased investigation of the site was undertaken, which culminated in the extensive site investigation undertaken by Intergeo in 1998. In total 50 boreholes, 90 probeholes and 60 trial pits were used to investigate the site and around 4000 solid and 1300 liquid samples were tested in the laboratory for chemical substances. The investigations identified total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil up to 25, 000mg/kg. Diesel oil, with some lubricating oil were the main components. Volatile organic compounds were identified in the groundwater in excess of 10mg/l. Specific substances included trichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloroethene. Both the oil and volatile compounds were widely spread across the site, The specific substances identified could be traced back to industrial processes used at one or other dates in the sites history Slightly elevated levels of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also identified locally. Prior to remediation of the site and throughout its progress, extensive liaison with the regulatory authorities and the client's professional representatives was required. In addition to meetings, numerous technical documents detailing methods and health and safety issues were required in order to comply with UK environmental and safety legislation. After initially considering a range of options to undertake remediation, the following three main techniques were selected: ex-situ bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils, skimming of free floating hydrocarbon product from the water surface at wells and excavations and air stripping of volatile organic compounds from groundwater recovered from wells. The achievements were as follows: 1) 350, 000m3 of soil was excavated and 112, 000m3 of sand and gravel was processed to remove gravel and cobble sized particles; 2) 53, 000m3 of hydrocarbon contaminated soil was bioremediated in windrows ; 3) 7000m3 of groundwater was processed by skimming to remove free floating Product; 4) 196, 000m3 of groundwater was Processed by air stripping to remove volatile organic compounds. Only 1000m3 of soil left the site for disposal in licensed waste facilities Given the costs of disposal in the UK, the selected methods represented a considerable cost saving to the Clients. All other soil was engineered back into the ground to a precise geotechnical specification. The following objective levels were achieved across the site 1) By a Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) methodology it was demonstrated that soil with less that 1000mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons did not pose a hazard to health or water resources and therefore, could remain insitu; 2) Soils destined for the residential areas of the site were remediated to 250mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons; in the industrial areas 500mg/kg was proven acceptable. 3) Hydrocarbons in groundwater were remediated to below the Dutch Intervegtion Level of 0.6mg/1; 4) Volatile organic compounds/BTEX group substances were reduced to below the Dutch Intervention Levels; 5) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals were below Inter-departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land guideline levels for intended enduse. In order to verify the qualify of the work 1500 chemical test results were submitted for the purpose of validation. Quality assurance checks were undertaken by independent consultants and at an independent laboratory selected by Intergeo. Long term monitoring of water quality was undertaken for a period of one year after remediation work had been completed. Both the regulatory authorities and Clients representatives endorsed the quality of remediation now completed at the site. Subsequent to completion of the remediation work Redrew Homes constructed a prestige housing development. The properties at "Belvedere Place" retailed at premium prices. On the MEPC site the Post Office, amongst others, has located a major sorting office for the London area. Exceptionally high standards of remediation, control and documentation were a requirement for the work undertaken here.aken here.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.199-230
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• 2021

Innovative new products and services are being launched through the convergence between heterogeneous industries, and social interest and investment in convergence industries such as AI, big data-based future cars, and robots are continuously increasing. However, in the process of commercialization of convergence new products and services, there are many cases where they do not conform to the existing regulatory and legal system, which causes many difficulties in companies launching their products and services into the market. In response to these industrial changes, the current government is promoting the improvement of existing regulatory mechanisms applied to the relevant industry along with the expansion of investment in new industries. This study, in these convergence industry trends, aimed to analysis the existing regulatory system that is an obstacle to market entry of innovative new products and services in order to preemptively predict regulatory issues that will arise in emerging industries. In addition, it was intended to establish a regulatory impact analysis system to evaluate adequacy and prepare improvement measures. The flow of this study is divided into three parts. In the first part, previous studies on regulatory impact analysis and evaluation systems are investigated. This was used as basic data for the development direction of the regulatory impact framework, indicators and items. In the second regulatory impact analysis framework development part, indicators and items are developed based on the previously investigated data, and these are applied to each stage of the framework. In the last part, a case study was presented to solve the regulatory issues faced by actual companies by applying the developed regulatory impact analysis framework. The case study included the autonomous/electric vehicle industry and the Internet of Things (IoT) industry, because it is one of the emerging industries that the Korean government is most interested in recently, and is judged to be most relevant to the realization of an intelligent information society. Specifically, the regulatory impact analysis framework proposed in this study consists of a total of five steps. The first step is to identify the industrial size of the target products and services, related policies, and regulatory issues. In the second stage, regulatory issues are discovered through review of regulatory improvement items for each stage of commercialization (planning, production, commercialization). In the next step, factors related to regulatory compliance costs are derived and costs incurred for existing regulatory compliance are calculated. In the fourth stage, an alternative is prepared by gathering opinions of the relevant industry and experts in the field, and the necessity, validity, and adequacy of the alternative are reviewed. Finally, in the final stage, the adopted alternatives are formulated so that they can be applied to the legislation, and the alternatives are reviewed by legal experts. The implications of this study are summarized as follows. From a theoretical point of view, it is meaningful in that it clearly presents a series of procedures for regulatory impact analysis as a framework. Although previous studies mainly discussed the importance and necessity of regulatory impact analysis, this study presented a systematic framework in consideration of the various factors required for regulatory impact analysis suggested by prior studies. From a practical point of view, this study has significance in that it was applied to actual regulatory issues based on the regulatory impact analysis framework proposed above. The results of this study show that proposals related to regulatory issues were submitted to government departments and finally the current law was revised, suggesting that the framework proposed in this study can be an effective way to resolve regulatory issues. It is expected that the regulatory impact analysis framework proposed in this study will be a meaningful guideline for technology policy researchers and policy makers in the future.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.23
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• pp.111-122
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• 2016

The purpose of this multi-disciplinary convergent study is to establish Image Copyright Archive Model for Museums to protect image copyright and vitalize the use of images out of necessity of research and development on copyright services over the life cycle of art contents created by the museums and out of the necessity to vitalize distribution market of image copyright contents in creative industry and to formulate management system of copyright services. This study made various suggestions for enhancement of transparency and efficiency of art contents ecosystem through vitalization of use and recycling of image copyright materials by proposing standard system for calculation, distribution, settlement and monitoring of copyright royalty of 1,000 domestic museums, galleries and exhibit halls. First, this study proposed contents and structure design of image copyright archive model and, by proposing art contents distribution service platform for prototype simulation, execution simulation and model operation simulation, established art contents copyright royalty process model. As billing system and technological development for image contents are still in incipient stage, this study used the existing contents billing framework as basic model for the development of billing technology for distribution of museum collections and artworks and automatic division and calculation engine for copyright royalty. Ultimately, study suggested image copyright archive model which can be used by artists, curators and distributors. In business strategy, study suggested niche market penetration of museum image copyright archive model. In sales expansion strategy, study established a business model in which effective process of image transaction can be conducted in the form of B2B, B2G, B2C and C2B through flexible connection of museum archive system and controllable management of image copyright materials can be possible. This study is expected to minimize disputes between copyright holder of artwork images and their owners and enhance manageability of copyrighted artworks through prevention of such disputes and provision of information on distribution and utilization of art contents (of collections and new creations) owned by the museums. In addition, by providing a guideline for archives of collections of museums and new creations, this study is expected to increase registration of image copyright and to make various convergent businesses possible such as billing, division and settlement of copyright royalty for image copyright distribution service.