• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.675-684
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• 2021

This paper aims to analyze factors influencing earnings of workers in Vietnam using provincial-level data from 2016 to 2018. We show the important determinants of earnings of workers of more than 15 years old including working hour, labor force, life expectancy, education, regulation measured by Provincial Competitiveness Index (PCI) and especially Industry 4.0, our major depart from literature proxies by government expenditure on science and technology, number of phone lines, and number of internet users. Working hours are a typical measurement of quantity of labor supplied. Labor force represents market size from the supply side. Life expectancy measures the health of laborers, a physical quality measure of workers. PCI stands for institutional status of the locality. Two most important factors of our interest are education, representing qualification of workers, and Industry 4.0, reflecting the new working environment of workers. By estimating a robust standard error fixed-effect model, we have evidence that all factors are significant in explaining earnings of Vietnamese workers. Education and IR4.0 play an important role in earnings of workers of Vietnam. Results also provide an estimation of Vietnam's labor supply in the context of Industry 4.0. In addition, findings contribute to explain the income discrepancy among Vietnamese provinces.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.214-223
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• 2019

Objectives: Equity in financial protection against healthcare expenditures is one the primary functions of health systems worldwide. This study aimed to quantify socioeconomic inequality in facing catastrophic healthcare expenditures (CHE) and to identify the main factors contributing to socioeconomic inequality in CHE in Iran. Methods: A total of 37 860 households were drawn from the Households Income and Expenditure Survey, conducted by the Statistical Center of Iran in 2017. The prevalence of CHE was measured using a cut-off of spending at least 40% of the capacity to pay on healthcare services. The concentration curve and concentration index (C) were used to illustrate and measure the extent of socioeconomic inequality in CHE among Iranian households. The C was decomposed to identify the main factors explaining the observed socioeconomic inequality in CHE in Iran. Results: The prevalence of CHE among Iranian households in 2017 was 5.26% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.04 to 5.49). The value of C was -0.17 (95% CI, -0.19 to -0.13), suggesting that CHE was mainly concentrated among socioeconomically disadvantaged households in Iran. The decomposition analysis highlighted the household wealth index as explaining 71.7% of the concentration of CHE among the poor in Iran. Conclusions: This study revealed that CHE is disproportionately concentrated among poor households in Iran. Health policies to reduce socioeconomic inequality in facing CHE in Iran should focus on socioeconomically disadvantaged households.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.217-230
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to the purchase of cash-value life insurance of households. Based on human capital and bequest motive theories of the demand for life insurance, this study developed a conceptual model of the demand for life insurance of households. In addition, in order to capture the beneficiaries' preference and expected lifetime utility, expected future financial needs were included in the conceptual model. Using Heckit analysis, the model was estimated by two stages. The results supported that human capital, bequest motives and expected future financial needs were significant factors on both decision to have insurance and the mont of insurance. Specifically, if the household's head expected to have a higher potential in the future, the household was more likely to have insurance. If a household had dependents, the household was more likely to have insurance. As income or monthly expenditure increased, the probability of haying insurance and the amount of the insurance increased However, savings or social insurance were positively related to the purchase of insurance.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2020

The paper aims to examine the association between information and communication technology (ICT), economic growth and population health based on health production model in Malaysia. This theoretical health production function is represented as follows: where the output is an individual health outcome, and the inputs are determinants of health, such as income, education, health care costs, medical facilities, the environment, and lifestyle. The development of information and communication technologies are represented as of mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100) and fixed telephone subscriptions (100) using time series data from 1993-2017 from the World Bank database. Using the bound testing technique of cointegration, this study finds that ICT affects population health significantly and positively in the long- and short-run. This is because ICT inclusion improves human health and longevity. Whereas, economic growth has no significant impact on the population's health both in the short- and long-run. The findings indicate that a weak global economy affects Malaysia's economic growth and reduces the health expenditure per capita. The results of this study suggest that policymakers must develop policies that improves public health by increasing health literacy, disseminating health information and facilitating medical facilities. This study also suggests that health care systems should to concentrate on digital inclusion.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to investigate whether labor unions are the main determinants of advertising expenditures and whether market competition has an impact on the relation between labor unions and advertising expenditures, focusing on distribution firms. Research design, data, and methodology: Using 914 observations of KOSPI market from 2001 to 2009 in distribution firms, this paper examines whether labor union is related to advertising expenditures, focusing on distribution firms. For this, this paper employs not only OLS regressions method but also 2SLS regressions method in which Female_Ratio(percentage of female employees) is used as instrumental. Results: This paper finds that in the distribution firms, labor union, as a major stakeholder of the company is, in terms of statistic, negatively associated with advertising expenditures. Also, market competition, in this paper, doesn't have real impact on the relation between labor unions and advertising expenditures. Conclusions: This paper presents the influence of labor unions, as a major factor in determining advertising expenditures. An executive who understands that as the amount of advertising expenditure increases, the total pie of wages to be attributed to the members of labor union will decrease.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.705-714
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate the main factors that affected the government health expenditures in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait), during the period from 2005 to 2019. The study employs a panel data technique in order to monitor the pooled determinant variables of healthcare expenditures in these countries. The study's results indicate, by using FMOLS approach for panel data, that the average healthcare expenditures per capita in GCC countries have a positive and a significant relationship with the government revenues, the size of the population, and the governments' public debt. The positive and the significant relationships of governments' public debt may be explained even if the governments of the GCC countries suffer from a budget deficit; the GCC countries continue to increase the healthcare expenditure. The study suggests that the policymakers of the GCC countries must take into consideration those variables when they develop their healthcare policies. Also, the GCC countries urgently need to have high levels of foreign exchange reserves to maintain the expected level of spending on the healthcare sector, because their public revenues depend mainly on the oil revenues, which are fluctuating continuously.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.758-771
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• 2010

우리나라는 GDP 대비 R&D투입율이 세계최고의 수준에 있으나 성과는 이에 비해 저조한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 국내 바이오산업에서 전략적 자원과 공동체 공학(community engineering) 이 R&D 성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 성과를 기술적 성과와 경제적 성과로 구분하였으며 조사 분석 결과 전략적 자원과 공동체 공학은 기술적 성과의 결정변수로 나타났으나 경제적 성과에 대해서는 전략적 자원만이 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 전략적 자원이 공동체 공학과 연구 성과 간의 관계에 대한 조절효과를 나타내지 못하는 것으로 나타났다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.258-265
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• 2003

In our study, we extracted the market, finance, and government factors determining R&D investment of individual firms in the IT industry in Korea. We collected the financial data of 515 individual firms belonging to IT and non-IT industries between 1980 and 1999 from the Korea Investors Service's database and investigated the empirical relationship between the factors using an ordinary regression model, a fixed effects model, and a random effects model. The main findings of our study are as follows: i) The Herfindahl Index variable representing the degree of market concentration is statistically insignificant in explaining R&D expenditures in the IT manufacturing industry. ii) Assets, which is used as a proxy variable for firm size, have a positive and statistically significant coefficient. These two results suggest that the Schumpeterian Hypothesis may be only partially applied to the IT manufacturing industry in Korea. iii) The dividend variable has a negative value and is statistically significant, indicating that a tendency of high dividends can restrict the internal cash flow for R&D investment. iv) The sales variable representing growth potential shows a positive coefficient. v) The subsidy as a proxy variable for governmental R&D promotion policies is positively correlated with R&D expenditure. This suggests that government policy has played a significant role in promoting R&D activities of IT firms in Korea since 1980. vi) Using a dummy variable, we verified that firms reduced their R&D investments to secure sufficient liquidity under the restructuring pressure during Korea's 1998 and 1999 economic crisis.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.791-812
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• 2011

본 연구는 과학기술계 정부출연연구기관인 한국과학기술연구원을 대상으로 연구개발성과를 높이는 요인이 무엇인지를 찾는 실증적 사례연구이다. 2004년부터 2008년까지의 연구과제 자료를 이용하여 로지스틱 회귀분석(logistic regression analysis)을 통해 성과의 결정요인을 탐색하고 이를 다시 연구원들의 인식조사와 비교 검토하였다. 회귀분석결과 논문 성과의 경우 총 연구비, 비정규직 인력비율, 훈련비 지출여부, 연구책임자의 전년도 논문실적이 주요 성과 요인이었으며 특허등록 및 기술이전 성과의 경우 총 연구비, 기자재(재료비)지출 비율, 위탁과제의 포함 여부가 주요 성과요인이었다. 이는 논문성과와 특허(기술이전)성과의 영향요인이 다르기 때문에 각 성과를 위한 연구개발 정책은 차별화 되어야 함을 보여준다. 또한 분석된 성과 요인들은 연구원들이 중요하다고 인식하는 요인과 적지 않은 차이를 보이고 있어 각 정부출연연구기관들이 연구를 수행하고 있는 연구원들과의 의사소통을 원활히 하고 이를 종합하여 연구개발 성과 제고를 위한 정책적 분석을 정교히 수행할 필요가 있다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.1019-1029
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• 1997

연구배경 : 폐암 환자에서 체중감소와 영양결핍은 흔히 동반되며 체중감소가 있는 폐암 환자는 체중감소가 없는 환자보다 항암제 치료에 대한 반응이 좋지 않으며 예후도 나쁘다. 폐암환자에서의 체중감소는 안정시 에너지 소비(resting energy expenditure : REE)와 관계가 있다. 저자들은 폐암 환자에서 안정시 에너지 소비자 증가된 빈도를 알아보고 안정시 에너지 소비에 영향을 주는 인자를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 처음 진단된 31명의 폐암 환자를 대상을 안정시 에너지 소비를 측정하여 대조군과 비교하였다. 안정시 에너지 소비량은 ventilated hood system을 사용하여 간접 칼로리측정법(indirect calorimetry)으로 측정하였다. 안정시 에너지 소비량은 칼로리측정기로 측정한 산소 소모량과 이산화탄소 생성량을 이용하여 Weir공식으로 계산하였으며 안정시 에너지 소비량의 예측치는 Harris-Benedict공식으로 구하여 비교하였다. 결 과 : 안정시 에너지 소비량은 폐암 환자와 대조군에서 각각 $1415.5{\pm}237.0$(Kcal/day), $1253.6{\pm}174.6$(Kcal/day)로 폐암 환자에서 유의하게 더 높았으며 REE 백분율도 각각 $116.8{\pm}15.8$(%), $100.7{\pm}13.8$(%)로 폐암 환자에서 유의하게 더 높았다. REE백분율은 흡연, 주 증상의 기간, 폐기능 장애 정도, 무기폐유무, 폐암의 위치 등에 의한 차이는 없었으나 원격전이 유무에 따라서는 원격전이가 있었던 군과 없었던 군에서 각각 $127.0{\pm}17.3$(%), $113.8{\pm}11.6$(%)로 원격전이가 있었던 군에서 유의하게 더 높았다. 폐암 환자중에서 과대사 상태와 정상대사 상태사이에 흡연, 주 증상의 기간, 원발암의 용적, 원발암의 기관지 내시경상의 위치, 무기폐나 기관폐색의 유무, 폐암의 병기, 원격적인 유무에 따른 차이는 없었다. 결 론 : 폐암 환자에서 안정시 에너지 소비가 비교적 높은 빈도로 증가되어 있었으며 증가된 안정시 에너지 소비는 폐암의 원격천이 유무와 관계가 있었다.