• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.5-15
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• 2013

Purpose - With the increase in fervor to purchase luxury brands, new social problems have arisen, such as excessive preoccupation with luxury brands and high preference for forged luxury goods. Therefore, the issues related to luxury brands, termed "Luxury Syndrome," have emerged as an area of great interest for researchers and practitioners. However, previous studies neglect to categorize this preference for luxury brands. Therefore, this study aims to identify the different purchasing behaviors of consumers using the types of luxury brands preferences as parameters. Research design, data, and methodology - This study arranges a causal relationship model assuming that purchase behaviors positively (+) affect typified preference for luxury brands and purchase intentions. We administered a questionnaire survey to the purchasers who bought luxury brands from department stores to secure additional data necessary to verify the hypotheses in this study. We then processed the data using SPSS 19.0. We further analyzed the basic data using frequency and descriptive statistical analysis, and verified the measurement tools through feasibility and reliability analyses. Moreover, this study uses multiple regression analysis to verify the hypotheses. Further, this study tests the path effect between luxury brand purchase attitude and purchase behavior, with non-intrinsic preference and intrinsic preference as the mediating variables. Results - Based on the results, the impact of tendencies of conspicuous consumption and self-monitoring on non-intrinsic preference was significantly positive (+), while the impact of tendencies of pursuit of a reference group, conspicuous consumption, and self-monitoring on intrinsic preference and purchase intentions was significantly positive (+). Further, non-intrinsic and intrinsic preferences positively (+) influence purchase intentions and the impact of non-intrinsic preference took an absolute portion. However, the tendency of dependence on brands negatively (-) impacts purchase intentions. The results showed that self-monitoring and conspicuous consumption tendencies have greater effect on purchase intention, which is mediated by non-intrinsic preference. In contrast, reference group following tendency has a greater effect on purchase intention, which is mediated by intrinsic preference. Conclusions - Based on the results, the study verifies that the consumption of luxury brands in Korea has not yet entered the settling period. The tendency for conspicuous consumption and the tendency for pursuit of the reference group were relatively important aspects for the consumers who prefer luxury brands non-intrinsically and intrinsically, respectively. Especially, it was found that the purchase intentions for forged brands originate from the tendency to depend on brands. Based on these findings, this study suggests the measures to develop and mature the luxury brands market, and reinforce marketing performance at the three levels, that is, government, distributors, and manufacturers. The luxury brands manufacturers should devote themselves to the production and design of products to catch the attention of mature consumers of luxury brands. The luxury brands distributors should then raise the level of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) for opinion leaders. Finally, the Government should prepare effective policies for the development of luxury brands and provide a variety of economic support.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.39 no.3 s.164
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• pp.241-252
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• 2006

Numerical models for seepage analysis are useful tools to analyze problems and design protection techniques that are related to seepage through a levee. Though every model may have its own limitations and shortcomings, there were no generalized verifications or calibrations for the commercial models. It means that users can run the model and get the result without understanding nor taking any enough training. This paper Investigates applicability and suitability of some seepage numerical models by comparing analytical solutions with experiments in the user's viewpoint. The results showed that it is more desirable to use analyses with unsaturated-unsteady condition rather than those with saturated-steady conditions, since seepage phenomenon of real levees are changed according to water level and soil property. This study also compared the calculated unsteady solutions with the calculated steady solutions for the levee at Koa of the Nakdong River The comparison revealed that as the result, the safety factor of $2.0{\sim}3.5$ has the same effects for seepage protection techniques when they are designed on the basis of steady-state analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.12-27
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• 2004

Thanks to spectacular advances in the techniques for identifying proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and in methods for large-scale analysis of proteome variations, proteomics is becoming an essential methodology in various fields of plant sciences. Plant proteomics would be most useful when combined with other functional genomics tools and approaches. A combination of microarray and proteomics analysis will indicate whether gene regulation is controlled at the level of transcription or translation and protein accumulation. In this review, we described the catalogues of the rice proteome which were constructed in our program, and functional characterization of some of these proteins was discussed. Mass-spectrometry is a most prevalent technique to identify rapidly a large of proteins in proteome analysis. However, the conventional Western blotting/sequencing technique us still used in many laboratories. As a first step to efficiently construct protein data-file in proteome analysis of major cereals, we have analyzed the N-terminal sequences of 100 rice embryo proteins and 70 wheat spike proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Edman degradation revealed the N-terminal peptide sequences of only 31 rice proteins and 47 wheat proteins, suggesting that the rest of separated protein spots are N-terminally blocked. To efficiently determine the internal sequence of blocked proteins, we have developed a modified Cleveland peptide mapping method. Using this above method, the internal sequences of all blocked rice proteins (i. e., 69 proteins) were determined. Among these 100 rice proteins, thirty were proteins for which homologous sequence in the rice genome database could be identified. However, the rest of the proteins lacked homologous proteins. This appears to be consistent with the fact that about 30% of total rice cDNA have been deposited in the database. Also, the major proteins involved in the growth and development of rice can be identified using the proteome approach. Some of these proteins, including a calcium-binding protein that fumed out to be calreticulin, gibberellin-binding protein, which is ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activate in rice, and leginsulin-binding protein in soybean have functions in the signal transduction pathway. Proteomics is well suited not only to determine interaction between pairs of proteins, but also to identify multisubunit complexes. Currently, a protein-protein interaction database for plant proteins (http://genome .c .kanazawa-u.ac.jp/Y2H)could be a very useful tool for the plant research community. Recently, we are separated proteins from grain filling and seed maturation in rice to perform ESI-Q-TOF/MS and MALDI-TOF/MS. This experiment shows a possibility to easily and rapidly identify a number of 2-DE separated proteins of rice by ESI-Q-TOF/MS and MALDI-TOF/MS. Therefore, the Information thus obtained from the plant proteome would be helpful in predicting the function of the unknown proteins and would be useful in the plant molecular breeding. Also, information from our study could provide a venue to plant breeder and molecular biologist to design their research strategies precisely.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2015

Purpose - The objective of this study is to verify whether there are differences between Korean and Chinese consumers in the importance of the attributes such as shopping value and loyalty in social commerce. With the purpose of finding out these differences, the following questions are set up as research questions. First, will there be a difference between Korea and China in the importance of attributes of social commerce? Second, will there be a difference between Korean and Chinese consumers in shopping value? Third, will there be a difference between Korean and Chinese consumers in their loyalty? Research design, data, and methodology - The researchers collected data through self-administered questionnaires from Korean and Chinese consumers who had used social commerce within the past six months before answering the questionnaire. First, for social commerce users in Korea, comprising male and female university students in Chungcheong, a questionnaire was circulated. For social commerce users in China, university students within Beijing were surveyed. Responses to 336 questionnaires were used, excluding those with no answers or unreliable answers. Data coding and data cleaning were used. SPSS 18.0 was used. First, exploratory factor analysis is done to verify the validity of testing tools, and Cronbach's α coefficient is used to verify credibility. For factor analysis, the Varimax method is used. To verify the internal consistency reliability of each factor, the Cronbach's α coefficient is used to verify the credibility. Second, a T-test is done to verify differences between Korean and Chinese consumers for the importance of attributes. Third, ANOVA (Analysis of variance) is done to verify differences between Korean and Chinese consumers in shopping value and loyalty. Results - When Korean and Chinese consumers use social commerce, first, the importance of the attributes of social commerce is affected by four factors; playfulness and economic factors are more important to Korean consumers than Chinese consumers. As for informativeness factors, including product information and quality, and buyer comments, there was no confirmed difference between Korean and Chinese consumers. The convenience factor is more important to Chinese consumers than Korean consumers. Second, the factors affecting shopping value for Korean and Chinese consumers were hedonic shopping value and rational shopping value. To see the difference between Korean and Chinese consumers in shopping value factors, a t-test is conducted. As a result, in the rational shopping value factors of social commerce, Korean consumers scored higher than did Chinese consumers. These results were verified to be meaningful through statistics. In the hedonic shopping value factor of social commerce, Korean consumers scored higher than Chinese consumers. These results showed a significant difference. Third, loyalty in social commerce is higher for Chinese consumers than for Korean consumers. However, there is no difference in loyalty depending on sex. Conclusion - These results will hopefully be valuable and used in the future by Korean companies that wish to enter the Chinese social commerce market.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.105-118
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• 2015

Purpose - The objective of this study is to verify whether there are differences between Korean and Chinese consumers in the importance of the attributes such as shopping value and loyalty in social commerce. With the purpose of finding out these differences, the following questions are set up as research questions. First, will there be a difference between Korea and China in the importance of attributes of social commerce? Second, will there be a difference between Korean and Chinese consumers in shopping value? Third, will there be a difference between Korean and Chinese consumers in their loyalty? Research design, data, and methodology - The researchers collected data through self-administered questionnaires from Korean and Chinese consumers who had used social commerce within the past six months before answering the questionnaire. First, for social commerce users in Korea, comprising male and female university students in Chungcheong, a questionnaire was circulated. For social commerce users in China, university students within Beijing were surveyed. Responses to 336 questionnaires were used, excluding those with no answers or unreliable answers. Data coding and data cleaning were used. SPSS 18.0 was used. First, exploratory factor analysis is done to verify the validity of testing tools, and Cronbach's α coefficient is used to verify credibility. For factor analysis, the Varimax method is used. To verify the internal consistency reliability of each factor, the Cronbach's α coefficient is used to verify the credibility. Second, a T-test is done to verify differences between Korean and Chinese consumers for the importance of attributes. Third, ANOVA (Analysis of variance) is done to verify differences between Korean and Chinese consumers in shopping value and loyalty. Results - When Korean and Chinese consumers use social commerce, first, the importance of the attributes of social commerce is affected by four factors; playfulness and economic factors are more important to Korean consumers than Chinese consumers. As for informativeness factors, including product information and quality, and buyer comments, there was no confirmed difference between Korean and Chinese consumers. The convenience factor is more important to Chinese consumers than Korean consumers. Second, the factors affecting shopping value for Korean and Chinese consumers were hedonic shopping value and rational shopping value. To see the difference between Korean and Chinese consumers in shopping value factors, a t-test is conducted. As a result, in the rational shopping value factors of social commerce, Korean consumers scored higher than did Chinese consumers. These results were verified to be meaningful through statistics. In the hedonic shopping value factor of social commerce, Korean consumers scored higher than Chinese consumers. These results showed a significant difference. Third, loyalty in social commerce is higher for Chinese consumers than for Korean consumers. However, there is no difference in loyalty depending on sex. Conclusions - These results will hopefully be valuable and used in the future by Korean companies that wish to enter the Chinese social commerce market.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.441-450
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of cancer prevention and early detection education on cancer-related knowledge, attitudes, and preventive health behavior of middle-aged women in Korea. The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this study were 38 middle-aged women from a church in Taegu. An Experimental group of 19 and a control group of 19 women were studied. The study was conducted from September 21, 2000 to October 27, 2000. The cancer prevention and early detection education had been provided to the experimental group for 2 weeks. The contents of the education program for the third most prevalent cancer of Korean women were : 'the risk factors of cancer', 'the early symptoms of cancer', 'the diagnostic test for cancer detection', and 'the cancer prevention methods'. The instruments used for this study were modified, cancer-related knowledge, and attitude, preventive health behavior tools of Suh et al.(1998). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, $\chi^2$-test, t-test, ANCOVA with SPSS WIN 9.0/PC. The results were as follows : 1) Hypothesis 1 that the women who get cancer prevention and early detection education will have higher scores of the cancer-related knowledge than the women do not get cancer prevention and early detection education was accepted(F=4.732, p=.037). 2) Hypothesis 2 that the women who get cancer prevention and early detection education will have higher scores of cancer-related attitudes than the women do not get cancer prevention and early detection education was rejected(F=.118, p=.733). 3) Hypothesis 3 that the women who get cancer prevention and early detection education will have higher scores of cancer-related preventive health behavior than the women who do not get cancer prevention and early detection education was rejected(F=2.250, p=.143). On the basis of the above findings, the following recommendations are suggested : 1) It is necessary to identify the variables affected on cancer-related knowledge, attitudes and preventive health behavior. 2) It is necessary to develop a well organized cancer prevention and early detection education program to change cancer-related attitude and preventive health behavior.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.511-518
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• 2004

Providing marine signal lanterns with advantages of little weight as well as large aperture, a Fresnel lens has been adopted to transfer the beam from the lanterns up to 10 nautical miles (18.53 km). A Fresnel lens with the diameter of 250 mm and 300 mm was designed by a lens design program and optimized by adjusting the groove parameters of the lens. The angular luminous intensity distribution (ALID) of this lens was calculated by using an illumination analysis program considering the ALID of a light bulb. At the best alignment of the bulb, the maximum luminous intensities (MLI) of the lantern were 1000 cd (in the case of 250 mm diameter) and 1300 cd (in the case of 300 mm diameter). These are more than the critical value of 720 cd that is the Korean Standard of MLI for the marine lantern. The ALID was investigated as a function of misalignment from the lens focus to determine the tolerance of the alignment ranges.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2008

Hospice should help a patient maintain spiritual well-being and its attitudes toward death can have great effects on treatment and nursing of patients on terminal patient. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in spiritual well-being and attitudes toward death due to taking a Hospice Subject in Nursing Students This is a comparative study design in which 31 senior nursing students of taking a hospice care subject and 27 senior nursing students of not taking a hospice care subject in college of nursing K university, that is located B metropolitan city in Korea. The instruments for spiritual well-being measuring tools was Kim's (2006) revision and complement of the translation by Choe (1990) on the basis of the spiritual well-being scale developed by Paloutzian and Ellison (1983). The instruments for attitudes toward death was researches revision and complement of the translation by Kim(1992) on the basis of the attitudes toward death Measuring Tool developed by Thorson and Powell (1988). Data were collected from June 1 through June 30, 2006; the researcher got permission from the subjcts, explained objectives of the research to subjects personally and got their permission, and distributed structured questionnaires to make a response in a self-administered basis. For data analysis, an SPSS WINDOWS 12.0 program was used for frequency, percentage, the mean, standard deviation, the minimum, the maximum, x2-test, ANCOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients. The main results of this research are as follows: 1. There were no differecnces the degree of spiritual well-being and the degree of attitudes toward death between nursing students who took a hospice subject and nursing students who did not take a hospice Subject, except several items of attitudes toward death. There was significant positive correlation (r= .508, p= .000) between subjects spiritual well-being and attitudes toward death. That is, the higher spiritual well-being, the more positive attitudes toward death. In conclusion, although there were no differecnces spiritual well-being and attitudes toward death between nursing students who took a hospice care subject and nursing students who did not take a hospice care subject, in nursing students, spiritual well-being was relatively high and their attitudes toward death was relatively positive. To help a nursing students make a positive change in attitudes toward death, a nursing intervention program is necessary to improve spiritual well-being.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.1 s.63
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• pp.293-302
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• 2006

clay cups with handles made in studios in Korea and the United States were selected and analyzed. The shape of cup were fixed to ensure proper comparison between handle size of the cup and position. The variable factors were the thickness of the handle, the number of fingers required to hold the cup, the relationship between the handle's shape and the position of its attachment to the cup, the effect of the handle's setter, the change in shape of the handle's thickness, and the relationship between the cup's weight center and handle. Preference test were designed and tested to the users, and the results were analyzed. The results showed that to make a comfortable handle, it is important to incorporate the shape of the resting hand in the design of the handle. Specifically, the design should be such that the cup can be held comfortably. This is possible if the weight of the cup is spread evenly when several fingers are inside the handle's curve and if such factors as the hand size, the curve of the fingers, and the position that best controls the cup's weight center are carefully considered. At this time, if there is a setter for the thumb, a cup of the same weight can be lifted more lightly. In the design of such a cup, the oval line is drawn by extending the cup's handle toward the direction of the cup's body. If the cup's weight center is located on the oval line, the cup's handle may be said to be effective. In such a case, the nearer the handle is to the cup's body weight center, the less power is needed to lift the cup efficiently. Our test results can be applied as a powerful tools in design and manufacturing cups with handle in terms of artistry and functionality.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.246-254
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• 2007

As for comics and animation, the specific gravity came to become still larger in all the art fields together with the importance in various image media now which is useful and goes the time of the 21st century new media. Especially the demand of users to the vision culture which develops day by day, Sensitivity Engineering Department is trying to realize the necessity for a sensitivity design acutely together. The influence of the comics which have toxicity most also in Japanese culture in a geographical position like South Korea on it, and animation is the actual condition in the reason which has reached from youth universally to the layer for years, to be inquired systematic to a Korean comics language. This research was conducted as we thought sufficient study on various situations are required, and among them for the research of expressions of cartoons's characters, we've divided the expressions of characters that comes out in Japanese cartoons into categories of 'happiness, anger, sadness, pleasure' and 'fear, astonishment and dislike' and based on these categories, we've drawn out the minimum elements to express emotions in cartoon and prepared image-map by relating them with languages that express emotions of people and based on this, we've made a calculating tools on how our readers would recognize the expression languages. Samples of Japanese cartoons of which we've chosen for the purpose of drawing out the elements of expressions were limited to only published cartoons and we've made a foot steps for expression analysis of animation characters in the future.