• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.10
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• pp.183-218
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• 2006

Colors change in time corresponding with the value system and aesthetic consciousness of the time. The roles that colors play in painting can be divided into the formative role based on the contrast and harmony of color planes and the aesthetic role expressed by colors to represent the objects. The aesthetic consciousness of the orient starts with the Civility(禮) and Pleasure(樂), which is closely related with restrained or tempered human feelings. In the art world of the orient including poem, painting, and music, what are seen and felt from the objects are not represented in all. Added by the sentiment laid background, the beauty of the orient emphasizes the beauty of restraint and temperance, which has long been the essential aesthetic emotion of the orient. From the very inception of oriental painting, colors had become a symbolic system in which the five colors associated with the philosophy of Yin and Yang and Five Forces were symbolically connected with the four sacred animals of Red Peacock, Black Turtle, Blue Dragon, and White Tiger. In this color system the use of colors was not free from ideological matters, and was further constrained by the limited color production and distribution. Therefore, development in color expression seemed to have been very much limited because of the unavailability and unreadiness of various colors. Studies into the flow in oriental painting show that color expression in oriental painting have changed from symbolic color expression to poetic expression, and then to emotional color expression as the mode of painting changes in time. As oriental painting transformed from the art of religious or ceremonial purpose to one of appreciation, the mast visible change in color expression is the one of realism(simulation). Rooted on the naturalistic color expression of the orient where the fundamental properties of objects were considered mast critical, this realistic color expression depicts the genuine color properties that the objects posses, with many examples in the Flower & Bird Painting prior to the North Sung dynasty. This realistic expression of colors changed as poetic sentiments were fused with painting in later years of the North Sung dynasty, in which a conversion to light ink and light coloring in the use of ink and colors was witnessed, and subjective emotion was intervened and represented. This mode of color expression had established as free and creative coloring with vivid expression of individuality. The fusion of coloring and lyricism was borrowed from the trend in painting after the North Sung dynasty which was mentioned earlier, and from the trend in which painting was fused with poetic sentiments to express the emotion of artists, accompanied with such features as light coloring and compositional change. Here, the lyricism refers to the artist's subjective perspective of the world and expression of it in refined words with certain rhythm, the essence of which is the integration of the artist's ego and the world. The poetic ego projects the emotion and sentiment toward the external objects or assimilates them in order to express the emotion and sentiment of one's own ego in depth and most efficiently. This is closely related with the rationale behind the long-standing tradition of continuous representation of same objects in oriental painting from ancient times to contemporary days. According to the thoughts of the orient, nature was not just an object of expression, but recognized as a personified body, to which the artist projects his or her emotions. The result is the rebirth of meaning in painting, completely different from what the same objects previously represented. This process helps achieve the integration and unity between the objects and the ego. Therefore, this paper discussed the lyrical expression of colors in the works of the author, drawing upon the poetic expression method reflected in the traditional Flower and Bird Painting, one of the painting modes mainly depending on color expression. Based on the related discussion and analysis, it was possible to identify the deep thoughts and the distinctive expression methods of the orient and to address the significance to prioritize the issue of transmission and development of these precious traditions, which will constitute the main identity of the author's future work.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2014

This study took existing invention intellectual property related textbooks being utilized in secondary vocational education, analyzed the formation status of 'key learning elements' reflection ratio and drew optimum key learning elements formation ratio by invention intellectual property education content required in secondary vocational education in the future. For this, the study task was set up as 'what kind and how much of invention intellectual property key learning elements are in the invention intellectual property textbook education content now and what is the desirable ratio of each key learning elements in the future'. To resolve this task, 3 specialists analyzed the invention intellectual property education content reflection status and optimum reflection ratio by invention intellectual property education content required in the future is suggested by Delphi survey. The results of this study are as following. First, the result of analysis on invention intellectual property key learning elements included in the invention patent recognition books being utilized in secondary vocational education was that the books included all key learning elements; however, some textbooks have the trend of concentrating in D area (problem-solving activities). Second, the result of analysis on the reflection ratio by invention intellectual property education content area in the invention patent recognition books being utilized in secondary vocational education was that there was the trend in most textbooks that they concentrate in intellectual property creation area; while some textbooks deal with intellectual property protection area and intellectual property utilization area. Regarding by achievement type, knowledge area was main in all textbooks. Meanwhile, function area is dealt in invention patent basic, invention and problem-solving and design textbooks. Attitude area is not dealt or is dealt insufficiently in most textbooks. Third, the optimum reflection ratio of invention intellectual property education key learning elements required in secondary vocational education in the future as obtained by specialists' delphi survey was that it is necessary to decrease D (problem-solving activities) 17.7% area, E(invention fusion knowledge) 2.9% area, K(patent application) 6.9% and L(patent information investigation) area 9.6%. Regarding the optimum reflection ratio of invention intellectual property education content, it is suggested that the invention literacy area 3.1%, intellectual property creation area 4.5% and intellectual property protection area 10.6% would be decreased; while intellectual property utilization area 17.7% would be increased. Regarding optimum reflection ratio of achievement type, it is suggested that knowledge area 52% would be decreased; while function area 32.3% and attitude area 19.6% would be increased.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.323-329
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• 2014

Purpose: To understand the pattern of prescribing contact lenses in Korea from 2010 to 2013. Methods: Four hundred survey questionnaires were randomly posted to Korean Optometric clinics for 4 years. The questionnaire was the same form as a form used for International Contact Lens Prescribing Trend. It was also designed to collect information about the contact lenses prescribed to the first 10 patients after its receipt. Results: 1937 fits were used for the analysis among the four hundred survey questionnaires. The average patient age was $26.2{\pm}7.0$ in 2010, $26.1{\pm}7.6$ in 2011, $24.7{\pm}6.6$ in 2012 and $24.8{\pm}7.2$ in 2013. The patients were mainly women (75%). Of all the soft contact lenses, silicon hydrogel lenses were 18% of fits (17% in 2010, 10% in 2011, 20% in 2012, 24% in 2013). By degine, the percentage of toric design lenses accounted for 17% of soft lenses fits and had increased during 4 years (10% in 2010, 18% in 2011, 16% in 2012, 22% in 2013), and cosmetic contact lens made up for 29% (15% in 2010, 20% in 2011, 40% in 2012, 41% in 2013). Conclusions: The contact lenses wearers were mostly women and the average patient age becomes slightly younger. In relation to the increase in the mumber of younger female contact lens wearers,the percentage of cosmetic lenses prescription was much higher (29%) than the global average (7%), and it has gradually increased for last 4 years. This trend could be related to the growth of beauty market in Korea. By emphasizing on toric lens marketing in manufactures, the prescription rate has been gradually increased.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.296-302
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• 1990

This study was conducted to investigate the interaction of aflatoxin B$_1$($AFB_1$) and vitamin D$_3$($VD_3$) in broiler chicks. The 336 broiler chicks(Hubbard line) of equally mixed sex were allocated to triplicate 8(2$\times$4 factorial) treatment groups. The 0 or 1ppm of AFB$_1$and 0, 500, 1,000 or 1,500IU/kg of VD$_3$ were supplemented to the basal diet Fourteen broilers of equally mixed sex were allocated to each replica and 24 groups were arranged in a randomized block design After 3 weeks of feeding the metatarsus were collected from the right and left legs of 4 chicks (2 for each sex) per group. The bone ash and minerals were measured. 1. In respect to the fresh weight of metatarsus bone no significant difference was found between 0 and 1ppm $AFB_1$ treatments, however, decreasing trend was recognized when fed increasing level of $VD_3$(P＜.01). 2. The ash content in non－fat dry metatarsus bone decreased when fed 1ppm $AFB_1$(P＜.01). However, that increased according to the increasing amount of $VD_3$(P＜.01). Although there was no interaction between $AFB_1$ and $VD_3$ it was shown that the 1500IU/kg of $VD_3$ was neccessary to cover the decrease in ash content of metatarsus. when fed 1ppm of $AFB_1$. 3. The Ca contents in metatarsus were not influenced by feeding $AFB_1$ but an increasing trend was verified by feeding increasing levels of $VD_3$(P＜.05). 4. The P content decreased as $AFB_1$ was fed(P＜.01), while no response was found when fed'different levels of $VD_3$ 5. The Cu content decreased when fed $AFB_1$(P＜.05). 6. The Na, Mg, K, Zn, Fe and Mn contents were not affected by feeding $AFB_1$ and /or $VD_3$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-52
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• 2001

1. establishment and development of China archives science: With the centuries-old history of archives and archives management, early China archives science came into being in 1930s, and the research pushed forward by archives enterprise has made great achievements since then. 1.1 Expanding research fields: Foundation

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.49-63
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• 2010

This study was intended to analyze and interpret the pattern of naming the domestic apartment brand from a semiologic viewpoint in a bid to review the meaning and value of apartment brand, while on the other hand, evaluating the characteristics of persuasive message pursued by current apartment brand in 2010, and consequently, the conclusion of the study is outlined as follows. 1. As a result of analyzing the coinage of branding naming, the words such as combination, joint and blending pattern tended to dominate, which seemed to attempt to represent the variety of values of the housing culture. Brand ideation tends to stress the character symbolism and polysemic message using syllepsis, and the experimental attempt to revive the traditional dwelling concept in a modern sense in a way of combining the archaic word with the Chinese character was found as well. 2. As a result of analyzing the frequency of verbal identity and lexeme of domestic apartments, those frequently used are in order of ville, nature, beauty(美), park, hi, green, palace(宮), nobility and center(tra), which are the lexemes representing the landscape, view, nature and dignity. 3. As a result of identifying the pattern of lexeme using analysis frame based on existing researches such as apartment brand positioning, the most important external core concepts controlling the direction and value of apartment brand are 'environment-orientated' and 'emotion-orientated', and internally, 'function-oriented'. Given the persuasive language expressing the 'environment-oriented' feature and the priority of brand lexeme are garden, park, view and the nature, a landscape-oriented persuasive message is seen to be surging in brand naming. 4. An emotion-oriented persuasive language such as dignity axis having major lexeme represented by palace, nobility, class and a pride axis having major semantic elements represented by human, I and you are used as major value concepts and persuasive language that lead domestic apartment brands to differentiation and upgradation. 5. Among the lexemes focusing on view from environment-oriented standpoint, hi, hill, tower, view, mark, heights are the trend pursued by high-rise apartment aiming at the view such as residential-commercial apartment, and thus the persuasive language focusing on high-rise concept is expected to become the element dominating the trend of apartment brand for the time being.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.55-66
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• 2016

This study was aimed to characterize the color of cotton fabric dyed with three different natural resources such as persimmon, citrus, and brown algae and to propose new trend color themes for fashion color planning for newborn and toddler wear. A variety of color shades by dyeing cotton fabric with persimmon, citrus, and brown algae respectively was obtained and each color was also determined if it could be matched with one of Pantone TPX considering authorized color trends for 2016 Spring/Summer. Finally a group of new trend color theme for 2016S/S newborn and toddler wear were proposed for naturally dyed cotton fabric. As results, the three natural dyeing resources gave color gamut with hue ranging from Purple Blue to Green Yellow and with tones including pale, light grayish, soft, grayish, and dull by their single and compound dyeing. A total of 23 colors matched to Pantone TPX were considered for the fashion color planning by natural dyeing. The selected natural colors were grouped as three different color ways and thereafter the color ways were differentiated in terms of representative color sensibility by using subjective evaluation. Finally three characterized color themes were proposed as 'Serenity', 'Juicy', and 'Fancy', each of which has tried to express differentiated feeling of each natural resources for dyeing, to follow up to global color trends, and to contribute to newborn and toddler wear's own requirements and marketability. These results suggest that natural dyeing colors could be applied into fashion color planning in current fashion industries in order to produce more sensible and emotional design of fashion goods using natural dyeing.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.46-58
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• 2022

This study analyzed the documentation trend of garden components such as plants, infrastructure, unit facilities, and structures, based on 188 measurement drawings of 94 old houses in a report on the documentation of the national folklore cultural heritage. The findings are as follows. First, it was found that plants and structures continuously appeared as the subject of measurement drawings, while infrastructure was often omitted. It was confirmed that unit facilities, which are smaller than other components, were frequently excluded from the documentation subject as well due to frequent changes such as movement, loss, and expansion. Second, the level of expression in measurement drawings showed different aspects for each component. The unit facilities showed a large change over time with respect to the level of documentation, and the level of documentation was somewhat polarized, particularly toward the latter stage. This suggests that the level of documenting the drawings limited to specific facilities improved, but the overall level of drawings did not improve, such as a lack of diversification of expression techniques suitable for various unit facilities. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the level of documenting the drawings for plants, infrastructure and structures did not change to a significant degree, implying that no improvements were made to the expression of components. Third, as for the technique of detailed expression, in the case of plants, vegetation status was prepared without distinction of old or protected trees that have historical value. Above all, there was no record of the vegetation structure that could help grasp the vegetation landscape of the outer area. As for the infrastructure, there was no consistent expression technique to systematically convey topographic changes such as the height and slope of the land. In addition, since there was no subtype classification defined for unit facilities and structures, there was no subject or method of documentation. This study is meaningful in that it expanded the category of documentation, which has been concentrated on buildings in old houses, to gardens, and called attention to the need for documenting the gardens for the preservation and management of old houses as an integration of the building and outer area.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5B
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• pp.603-614
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• 2008

End-uses of household water have been changed by a life style, housing type, weather, water rate and water supply facilities etc. and those variables can be considered as an internal and exogenous factors to estimate long-term demand forecasts. Analysis of influential factors on water consumption in households would give an explanation to cause on the change of trend and would help predicting the water demand of end-use in household. The purpose of this study is to analyze the demand trends and patterns of household water uses by metering and questionnaire such as occupation, revenue, numbers of family member, housing types, age, floor area and installation of water saving device, etc. The peak water uses were shown at Saturday among weekdays and July in a year based on the analysis results of water use pattern. A steep increase of total water volume can be found in the analysis of water demand trend according to temperature from $-14^{\circ}C$ to $0^{\circ}C$, while there are no significant variations in the phase of more than $0^{\circ}C$, with an almost stable demand. Washbowl water shows the highest and toilet water shows the lowest relation with temperature in correlation analysis results. In the results of ANOVA to find the significant difference in each unit water use by exogenous factors such as housing type, occupation, number of generation, residential area and income et al., difference was shown in bathtub water by housing type and shown in kitchen, toilet and miscellaneous water by numbers of resident. Especially, definite differences in components except washbowl and bathtub water, could be found by numbers of resident. Based on the result, average residents in a house should be carefully considered and the results can be applied as reference information, in decision making process for predicting water demand and establishing water conservation policy. It is expected that these can be used as design factors in planning stage for water and wastewater facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.100-110
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• 2015

With the trend for the construction of barrier-free living environments in accordance with the ever-increasing external activity of the aging population, multi-culture families and socially disadvantaged, there is also a demand for the facilities improvement at parks for their convenience of use. This study analyzed the possibility of Barrier-Free Certification of an existing open space and defined its prototype renovation plan. This study is intended to help develop Borame Park into a barrier-free park by securing a barrier-free line of movement linking the major facilities sites within the park, improving park facilities lest there should be inconvenience in the use of the major facilities, and a guidance system convenient for use by physically and mentally impaired people. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it diagnosed the possibility of the BF Certification of existing urban parks and established a barrier-free park, which is easy for anyone to use. In the course of doing research on this, this study was able to discover the limitations of the BF Certification system, and its related tasks to be solved in the future as follows: The first thing this study shows is that there is a lack of understanding and awareness of the BF Certification system. Basically, there is a need for giving consideration to the development of a barrier-free living environment from the planning and design phase of a park, but in actuality, an examination of the certification is undertaken at the time of the completion of design and construction, which causes a large loss both time-wise and economically. Second, as evaluative items for the BF Certification of a park, applied are detailed evaluation items that fail to reflect the characteristics of an outdoor space whose natural constraints are large, such as geographical highs and lows and existing trees, plants, etc. Third, guidelines for establishment of a barrier-free park must be created in the light of the locational conditions of the park, followed by improvements of its BF Certification evaluation items.