• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.249-268
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• 2001

This study was carried out to identify the effects of an art therapy program based on reality therapy on the weight control, body image, and self-esteem of college students. The program was developed by the authors. The design was a pretest-post test control group design. The subjects were college students attending M college : 8 in experimental group A, 6 in experimental group 2, who wanted to control their body weight and 16 in the control group who didn't attend the program those in the experimental group attended the program once (group A) or twice (group B) per week meeting a total of six times. The data were analyzed by quantity method (SPSS 10.0 program) and quality method(process analysis). The results were as follows : 1. The average obesity index of pre-test, post-test, and a follow-up test decreased from 8.9% to 6.1%, 3.7%. And the rate of decrease both pre-post and post-follow up were statistically significant 2. The average obesity index of group A decreased from 9.6% to 6.3%, 4.1% and the rate of decrease between pre and post were statistically significant. But the rate of decrease between post and follow-up were statistically not significant 3. The average obesity index of group B decreased from 7.8% to 5.8%, 3.1% and the rate of decrease between pre and post were not significant statistically. But the rate of decrease between post and follow-up were statistically significant 4. The average scores of pre and post body image increased and were statistically significant : group A from 129.0 to 153.5, group B from 127.7 to 155.2. 5. The average scores of pre and post semantic differential method increased and were statistically significant: group A from 38.1 to 44.1, group B from 38.0 to 45.0. 6. The average scores of pre and post self-esteem increased: group A increased from 37.3 to 40.3 and were statistically significant, group B increased from 36.5 to 39.5 but was statistically insignificant 7. The average scores of pre and post obesity rate, body image, semantic differential method and self-esteem in the control group were not statistically significant 8. The pre and post scores of body image(p=.001), semantic differential method(p=.001) and self-esteem(p=.039) between experimental and control group were statistically significant. 9. In Duncan multiple comparison, it was not statistically significant between group A and B, but statistically significant between group A and the control group, group B and the control group in obesity index, body image, semantic differential method. There was no statistically significance among the three groups in self esteem 10. In Duncan multiple comparison, group A gained higher scores than group B in obesity index(-1.2%), and self esteem(0. 3). Group B gained higher scores than group A in body image(3. 0), and semantic differential method(1. 0). So it is difficult to conclude whether group A or B is more effective. In conclusion, the art therapy program based on reality therapy was effective in weight the control program of college students: obesity was decreased, the scores of body image and semantic differential method and self-esteem were increased. The scores of group A were increased more than group Band were statistically significant, The time interval was a very important factor in this program. The recommendation is : the validity of this program has to be tested through various subjects and in various areas. And also this program has to be tested in other topics.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 1982

Staphyylococci are responsible for over 80 per cents of the suppurative diseases encountered in medical practice. They cause most suppurative infections of the skin but may also invade and produce severe infections in any other parts of the body. In order to know the carrier rate of staphylococci between the parahospital workers and in the hospital workers, the author undertook isolation of S aureus from nasal cavity on 68 cases of freshmen, 31 cases of sophomores, and 37 cases of juniors in Busan National University, and 30 cases of nursing students, 30 cases of nurses, 30 cases of nurses in charge of operating room and 30 cases of doctors in Busan National University Hospital. The tested total cases were 256 cases which were 136 Cases in parahospital workers and which were 120 cases in hospital workers. The biochemical characters of S aureus strains isolated were studied on coagulase test, mannitol test, hemolysis test and sensitivity test to antimicrobial agents. The results obtained were as follows: 1. S aureus were isolated 49 cases(29.7%) from nasal cavity parahospital workers and were isolated 67 cases(55.8%) from nasal cavity on hospital workers. 2. Among 40 strains of S aureus isolated from parahospital worker's nasal cavity coagulase positive were 29 cases(72.1%), and coagulase negative were 11 cases(27.5%). And mannitol positive were 29 cases(72.5%), and mannitol negative were 11 cases(27.5%). 3. Among 67 strains of S aureus isolated from hospital worker's nasal cavity coagulase positive were 59 cases(88.1%), and coagulase negative were 8 cases(11.9%). And mannitol positive were 49 cases(73.1%), and mannitol negative were 18 cases(26.9%). 4. The hemolysis test of each erythocytes on coagulase and mannitol positive S aureus isolated were sensitive to rabbit(40 cases: 81.6%), guinea pig(26 cases: 53.6%), sheep(13 case: 26.5%), and were not sensitive to chicken and human erythrocytes, respectively. 5. The hemolysis test of each erythocytes on 10 strains of coagulase and mannitol negative S aureus isolated were not sensitive to all of, erythrocytes. 6. The sensitivity test to the various chemotherapeutic agents was almost sensitive to the strains isolated from parahospital workers, but was almost resistant to the strains isolated from hospital workers.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.155-169
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to provide data for the improvement of hypertension management of community health practitioner posts through the study on hypertension management in community health practitioner posts. Methods: A questionnaire was mailed to 700 community health practitioners and 205 of them responded during the period from March 13, 2003 to May 13. The survey results were analyzed using SPSS program, version 11. Results: The results are as follows; 1. There are two major activities in a hypertension prevention project for community: health education and early detection. About 57% of community health care practitioners perform a health education for community people four times a year. The 64.5% of them used the materials for health education provided from a community health center and 22.1% of them performed a post-evaluation. The main method of early detection of hypertension was measurement of blood pressure of person to visit, which was 96.1%. Other methods included home visiting(89.3%), a referral from community hospitals and other resources(49.1%), health promotion events(39.5%), and a review of medical records(35.7%). 2. For the registration and management of patients with hypertension, about 36% of community health centers used a special form and more than 50% of them have registered patients who were managed by other health care institutions in the community. A computerized program was used for the management of patients with hypertension in 68.5% of them. More than 60% of them responded that it was used for report, treatment, and follow-up of patients with hypertension.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

This study is to reveal the overall level of loneliness, depression and social supports of the elderly in rural area of Korea. The interview survey was performed in February 2001 with structured questionnaires to 486 respondents of 65 years or more of age who lived in Muan-gun area. The questionnaire was the revised translation of Japanese Elderly Study Which was composed of general characteristics, Japanese Loneliness Scale, abridged General Depression Scale(GDS) and Duke University social support Inventory. The following analyses adopted the analysis of covariate, t-test, and Chi- squire were used for some of the cross- sectional analyses. Average age of 486 respondents was 73.9 years old. 58.0% of the respondents noticed their partner or son as the primary consultant for the stressful situation. 56.2% of the respondents experienced the loss of their marital partner, health and/or friends. Average score of loneliness, GDS and social supports of the respondents that was each $35.54{\pm}8.38$, $7.23{\pm}2.21$ and $26.01{\pm}.90$. The overall level of depression seemed to be low as the 'pleasure to be alive' and 'happiness' scored high while the 'state of anger' and 'ominous presentiment' scored low. The level of loneliness and depression was positively correlated while the relationships were negative between loneliness and support and between depression and social support. These results suggested that social and health promotional programmes be necessary for the elderly of rural area. Further research would be required to specify the necessities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.265-273
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• 2018

Estrogen (E2) is involved in the development and progression of breast cancer and is mediated by estrogen receptor (ER). ER plays important roles in cellular proliferation, migration, invasion and causing drug resistance through diverse cross-talks with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling pathways in breast cancer cells. Breast cancer is caused mainly by break-down of homeostasis of endocrine signaling pathways especially by the uncontrolled expression and increased activities of E2/IGF-1/EGF, ER/G-protein estrogen receptor (GPER)/IGF-1R/EGFR and their intracellular signaling mediators. These changes influence the complex cross-talk between E2 and growth factors' signaling, eventually resulting in the progression of cancer and resistance against endocrine regulators. Thus, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms in stepwise of the cross-talk between E2 and growth factors will contribute to the customized treatment according to the diverse types of breast cancer. In particular, as strategies for the treatment of breast cancer with diverse genotypes and phenotypes, there can be use of aromatase inhibitors and blockers of E2 action for the ER+ hormone-dependent breast cancer cells and use of IGF-1R/EGFR activity blockers for suppression of cancer cell proliferation from the cross-talk between E2 and growth factors. Furthermore, changes in the expression of the ECM molecules regulated by the cross-talk between ER and EGFR/IGF-1R can be used for the targeted therapeutics against the migration of breast cancer cells. Therefore, it is required for the cross-talk among the signaling pathways of ER, GPER, IGF-1R and EGFR concerning cancer progression to be elucidated in more detail at the molecular level.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.610-616
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the timing of sexual maturation and secular trends of menarchial age in Korean adolescents. Methods : Nine hundred eighty two school students and 119 university female students were included. Tanner's pubertal assessment method was applied using a self-assessment sheet with pictures for their developmental stages. A medical checkup database from 1,156,022 women was also used to analyze the age of menarche from the year 1900 to 1980. Results : Onset of puberty was at $11.3{\pm}1.3$ years(y) in girls and $12.1{\pm}1.5$ y in boys and total pubertal duration was 3.6 y in girls and 3.3 y in boys. Height at the onset of puberty was $146.1{\pm}7.9cm$ in girls and $152.7{\pm}9.8cm$ in boys. Weight at the onset of puberty was $39.3{\pm}6.9kg$ in girls and $47.7{\pm}14.4kg$ in boys. The mean age of menarche was $12.0{\pm}1.0y$ and mean age at nocturnal emission was $12.3{\pm}1.8y$. By age ten, 3.0 percent of girls experienced menarche, which increased to 41.1 percent by age 12, and 98.0 percent by age over 15. By SMR 2 breast stage, 18.2 percent of girls experienced menarche, which increased to 66.1 percent and 91.7 percent by SMR stages 3 and 4, respectively. By SMR 2 pubic hair stage, 52.0 percent and by SMR 3, 93.8 percent of girls experienced menarche. While the menarchial age of women born around 1980 was $12.4{\pm}1.1y$, the menarchial age of women born around 1990 was $12.0{\pm}1.1y$. Age at menarche has been advanced approximately by 2 years between 1900 and 1980 birth cohorts. Conclusion : There was a downward secular trend in pubertal timing. Age at menarche has been advanced by 2 years during the last 80 years. Further large scale, prospective studies, including inspection by specialists, are needed to provide reference data for pubertal timing in Korean adolescents.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2000

Purpose : The purpose of the study is to disclose the spiritual needs of hospice patients. Method : The questionaire survey was carried out on 49 hospice patients and 40 caregivers who were in the 9 hospice institutions from lune to August in 1999. Results : In the patients, mean scores of the spiritual needs were significantly higher in the group with stomach cancer, college education, christians, $8{\sim}14$ days of hospice care and the group thinking that religion was important, and in the caregivers in the group of religions besides christianity and lives under $3{\sim}5$ years of medical treatment. In the total average of the spiritual needs, the patients's average was significantly lower than the caregiver's. Among the different categories, the patient's needs were highest in the area of meaning of life and the hope, the caregiver's needs in the love and the concern. However, both groups were low in the religion area. In the items of the love and the concern, the patient was highly responding to the 'wanting someone to give warm concern in conversation' and the caregiver was highly responding to the 'giving a warm response to questions on the sad and hard time'. And also, the patient was lowly responding to the 'wanting more concerns to him than other patients', and the caregiver was low responding to the 'patients wanting warm response in conversation'. In the categories of religious area both group were highly responding to the 'wanting to be helped to relax out of all'. And they gave lowest response to the 'wanting to introduce a book to know God'. In the area of meaning of life and hope, the both groups gave highest response to the 'wanting to be guided to have the hope' and lowest to the 'wanting to have opportunity to reconcile the person with bad relationship'. Conclusion : Summing up the above results, personal in-depth conversation is necessary to understand more deeply the spiritual needs of hospice patient. Moreover the hospice team needs to have more systematic approach to find out the spiritual needs of hospice patients.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.145-151
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation of oral health behavior, oral health state and PHP in an effort to facilitate the promotion of oral health and improve oral health care. The subjects in this study were patients who got a scaling at the oral hygiene practice lab in the department of dental hygiene in S college dental clinic from September 5 to December 1, 2007. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS WIN 12.0 program. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. The younger patients had a smaller number of FT index, and the older patients excelled the younger ones in oral health behavior involving the use of oral hygiene supplies, regular visit to dental clinics and dietary control. 2. The patients got 2.62 out of possible five points on oral health behavior, which indicated that their oral health behavior wasn't good enough. Those whose oral health behavior was better had a smaller number of DT index and a larger number of FT index. A better oral health behavior led to a lower PHP index. 3. There was a negative(-) interrelationship between oral health behavior and DT index, and oral health behavior had a positive(+) correlation with FT index. The oral health behavior had a negative(-) correlation to PHP index, which showed that a better oral health behavior led to a lower PHP index. The above-mentioned findings seem to suggest that oral health behavior is one of integral factors to affect oral health status and PHP index, and the kind of oral health education that could change oral health care attitude should be provided during scaling practice after grasping the actual oral health behavior of patients.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.233-243
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the level of the Perceived Social Support and Instrument Activities of Daily Living(IADL) of the elderly. The subjects were 239 individuals of 65 years of age and over, living in Taegu city and Kyungpook Province. The data were collected through interviews with questionnaires from July 20 to August 30, 1998, and analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, Pearson Correlation, t-test and ANOVA using the SAS program. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The mean score of the Perceived Social Support of elderly was 2.37/5. The instrumental support(M=2.52) out of type of the Perceived Social Support was the highest and the self-esteem support(M=2.18) was the lowest. 2. The shopping(M=2.89) out of IADL was the highest and the laundry(M=1.24) was the lowest. 3. The Social Support was significantly related to the IADL. The self-esteem support(r=.58) out of type of the Perceived Social Support was the highest correlation and the instrumental support(r=.32) was the lowest correlation. 4. Of the demographic characteristics of the subjects, age(F=4.61), educational level(F=4.04), living with a spouse(t=3.37), pocket money(F=3.51), satisfaction of pocket money(F=5.21) were significantly resated to the Social Support scores.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.25-39
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• 1985

This study was conducted to assess the morbidity and medical facilities utilization patterns of the residents in urban low income area. Study population included 2,002 family members of 468 households in the low income area (LA) of Nam-san 4 Dong, Jung Gu of Taegu city and 1,709 family members of 374 households in surrounding neighbourhood control area (CA). Well trained nursing school students interviewed mainly with housewives according to the pretested questionaire between July 1 and July 30, 1984. Age-sex distribution of the study population in LA was similar to that in CA. The average monthly income of a household in LA was 236,000 won and 356,000 won in CA. Educational level of the residents in LA was lower than that in CA; average years of school education of the 20 years old or above in LA was 6.9 years compared with 8.5 years in CA. The average family members per room in LA was 2.6 and 2.2 in CA, and proportion of Medicaid program beneficiary was 29.4% in LA and 1.9% in CA. Prevalence rate of illness during 15-day period was 131 per 1,000 population in LA and 71 in CA(p<0.01) and that of the chronic illness for 1 year was 134 per 1,000 population in LA and 89 in CA(p<0.01). The most common illness experienced during 15 days was respiratory disease(24.0% in LA ana 29.8% in CA) and followed by gastro-intestinal disorders(21.0% in LA, 20.6% in CA). Injury or poisoning was 10.3% in LA and 3.3% in CA. Castro-intestinal disorder was the most common chronic illness in both LA (22.7%) and CA (21.7%), and followed by musculoskeletal disease in LA and neuralgia in CA. Mean activity restricted days among the persons with illness during 15-day period was 4.0 days in LA and 2.2 days in CA. Among persons with illness during 15 days, 17.9% in LA and 11.6% in CA did not seek any medical treatment and the most frequently utilized medical facility was pharmacy in LA (35.5%) and local clinic or hospital OPD in CA (42.1%). Among persons with chronic illness, 15.2% in LA and 9.2% in CA did not seek for medical treatment, and residents in LA as well as residents in CA utilized local clinic or hospital OPD more frequently than pharmacy or drugstores, especially those who have medical insurance. The most common reason for not treating illness experienced during 15-day period and chronic illness was economical constraint in both LA and CA. The higher prevalence rate of illness during 15-day period and chronic illness in LA than that in CA seems to be highly correlated with their lower economic status and educational level and crowded living condition. The utilization pattern of medical facilities was associated with the medical security status. A program to improve the economic status and living condition should be integrated with the health program to promote the health of the population in low income area.