• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.215-229
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• 2020

In response to the recent 4th industrial revolution, the demand for 3D object models in the latest fields of digital twin, autonomous driving, and VR/AR, as well as the existing fields such as city, construction, transportation, and energy has increased significantly. It is expected that the demand for 3D object models with various precision from LOD1 to LOD4 will increase more and more in various industry fields. However, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, and the local government and the private sector have partially built 3D object models of different precisions for some specific regions because of the huge cost. Therefore, this study proposes a feasible plan that can solve the cost problem in generating 3D object models for the whole territory. For our purpose, we first analyzed usage, demand, generation technology and generation cost for 3D object models. Afterwards, we proposed LOD3 model generation plan for all territory using automatic 3D object model generation technology based on image matching. Additionally, we supplemented the proposed plan by using LOD4 generation plan for landmarks and LOD2 generation plan non-urban area. In the near future, we expect this would be a great help in establishing a feasible and effective 3D object model generation plan for the whole country.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.1756-1762
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• 2011

The aim of the present investigation was to investigate the relationship of repeated racehorse simulator exercise on plasma ghrelin and hormons in fasted jockeys. The fasted jockeys and apprentice jockeys performed $1^{st}$ short distance 1000m, $2^{nd}$ middle distance 1700m and $3^{rd}$ long distance 2300m racehorse simulator exercises, and venous blood samples were obtained before, immediately after. In addition to ghrelin concentration, leptin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and cortisol values were measured. Pearson correlation coefficients revealed plasma ghrelin and insulin concentration in apprentice jockeys r=.55 after the $3^{rd}$ exercise. There were relationships between significant relationships (p<.05) between plasma ghrelin and leption concentration in jockeys r=.73, and between plasma ghrelin and cortisol concentration in apprentice jockeys r=.64 before exercise. There was no difference in the ghrelin, leptin, insulin and IGF-1 concentration responses to the consecutive exercise. The IGF-1 and cortisol level showed significant (p<.05)difference between groups. In conclusion, these results suggest that negative energy balance induced by of repeated racehorse simulator exercise elicits a metabolic response with positive relationship in plasma ghrelin and insulin in apprentice jockeys after the $3^{rd}$ exercise.

• Composites Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.441-447
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• 2023

Recently, as demand for high-strength, lightweight materials has increased, there has been great interest in joining with metals. In the case of mechanical bonding, such as bolting and riveting, chemical bonding using adhesives is attracting attention as stress concentration, cracks, and peeling occur. In this paper, surface treatment was performed to improve the adhesive strength, and the change in adhesive strength was analyzed. For the adhesive strength test were conducted with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic(CFRP), CR340(Steel), and Al6061(Aluminum), and laser and plasma surface treatment were used. After plasma surface treatment, the adhesive strength improved by 7.3% and 39.2% in CFRP-CR340 and CFRP-Al6061, respectively. CR340-Al6061 was improved by 56.2% in laser surface treatment. Surface free energy(SFE) was measured by contact angle after plasma treatment, and it is thought that the adhesion strength was improved by minimizing damage through a chemical reaction mechanism. For laser surface treatment, it is thought that creates a rough bonding surface and improves adhesive strength due to the mechanical interlocking effect. Therefore, surface treatment is effect to improve adhesive strength, and based on this paper, the long-term fatigue test will be conducted to prevent fatigue failure, which is a representative cause of actual structural damage.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2000

Purpose : This investigation was peformed in order to improve the health care of radiation workers, to predict a risk, to minimize the radiation exposure hazard to them and for them to realize radiation exposure danger when they work in radiation area in hospital. Methods and Materials : The documentations checked regularly for personal radiation exposure in four university hospitals in Pusan city in Korea between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1997 were analyzed. There were 458 persons in this documented but 111 persons who worked less then one year were excluded and only 347 persons were included in this study. Results : The average of yearly radiation exposure of 347 persons was 1.52$\pm$1.35 mSv. Though it was less than 50mSv, the limitaion of radiation in law but 125 (36%) people received higher radiation exposure than non-radiation workers. Radiation workers under 30 year old have received radiation exposure of mean 1.87$\pm$1.01 mSv/year, mean 1.22$\pm$0.69 mSv between 31 and 40 year old and mean 0.97$\pm$0.43 mSv/year over 41year old (p<0.001). Men received mean 1.67$\pm$1.54 mSv/year were higher than women who received mean 1.13$\pm$0.61 mSv/year (p<0.01). Radiation exposure in the department of nuclear modicine department in spite of low energy sources is higher than other departments that use radiations in hospital (p<0.05). And the workers who received mean 3.59$\pm$1.81 msv/year in parts of management of radiation sources and injection of sources to patient receive high radiation exposure in nuclear medicine department (p<0.01). In department of diagnostic radiology high radiation exposure is in barium enema rooms where workers received mean 3.74$\pm$1.74 mSv/year and other parts where they all use fluoroscopy such as angiography room of mean 1.17$\pm$0.35 mSv/year and upper gastrointestinal room of mean 1.74$\pm$1.34 mSv/year represented higher radiation exposure than average radiation exposure in diagnostic radiology (p<0.01). Doctors and radiation technologists received higher radiation exposure of each mean 1.75$\pm$1.17 mSv/year and mean 1.50$\pm$1.39 mSv/year than other people who work in radiation area in hospital (p<0.05). Especially young doctors and technologists have the high opportunity to receive higher radiation exposure. Conclusions : The training and education of radiation workers for radiation exposure risks are important and it is necessary to rotate worker in short period in high risk area. The hospital management has to concern health of radiation workers more and to put an effort to reduce radiation exposure as low as possible in radiation areas in hospital.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.49-62
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• 1971

한국인(韓國人)의 기초대사량(基礎代謝量)과 1일소비열량(日消費熱量)을 측정(測定)하기 위하여 Douglas씨(氏) ${\ulcorner}$빽${\lrcorner}$과 Scholander씨(氏) ${\ulcorner}$가스${\lrcorner}$ 분석기(分析器)를 사용(使用)하여 넓은 연령(年齡), 직종(職種), 활동(活動)의 영역(領域)에 긍(亘)하여 실험(實驗)을 행(行)하였다. 938 예(例)의 기초대사측정치(基礎代謝測定値)는 Boothby, Fleish, Robertson and Reid 등(等)의 표준치(標準値)와 근사(近似)하였다. 겨울에는 기초대사량(基礎代謝量)은 9.9%의 증가(增加)를 또한 수면중(睡眠中)의 대사량(代射量)은 기초대사량(基礎代謝量)의 약(約) 94%이었다. 또한 Sanborn Metabulator를 사용(使用)하여 1,000 명(名) 이상(以上)의 기초대사량(基礎代謝量)을 측정(測定)하였다. 또한 여러 가지 동작(動作) 활동중(活動中)의 소비열량(消費熱量)이 측정(測定)되었다. 하루의 전소비열량(全消費熱量)은 $3{\sim}7$일간(日間)에 긍(亘)하여 하루 24시간(時間)의 활동상황(活動狀況)을 분단위(分單位)로 기록(紀錄), 집계(集計)하고 이것과 기초대사량(基礎代謝量) 및 개별활동시(個別活動時)의 소비열량(消費熱量)을 참작(參酌), 계산(計算)하였다. 수면중(睡眠中)의 소비열량(消費熱量)은 기초대사량(基礎代謝量)에 준(準)하였는데 사무원(事務員), 교원(敎員), 의사(醫師), 약사(藥師), 점원(店員), 운전수(運轉手), 건축기사(建築技師), 설계사(設計師), 응원사(應園師), 목공(木工), ${\ulcorner}$펜기${\lrcorner}$ 공등(工等)의 1일소비열량(日消費熱量)은 FAO 한국협회책정(韓國協會策定)의 한국인(韓國人) ${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$에 근사(近似)하였고 ${\ulcorner}$쿡${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$웨이터${\lrcorner}$, 농부(農夫), 사공(士工), 기계공(機械工), 석공(石工)은 중등정도(中等程度)의 노동(勞動)의 3,000 ${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$나 또는 중(重)한 노동(勞動)의 3,900 ${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$에, 가정주부(家政主婦), 하녀(下女), ${\ulcorner}$디자이너${\lrcorner}$는 여자(女子)의 중등정도(中等程度) 노동(勞動)의 2,200 ${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$, 간호원(看護員), 청소부(淸掃婦), ${\ulcorner}$쿡${\lrcorner}$ 방(房)바닥연마공(硏磨工)은 중(重)한 노동(勞動)의 2,800${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$에 모심기 하는 날의 농부(農夫)는 격심(激甚)한 노동(勞動)의 4,100${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$에 각각(各各) 가까웠다. 여자(女子)일지라도 포제용(鋪製用) 돌까기와 돌날르기는 남자(男子)의 중노동정도(重勞動程度)의 ${\ulcorner}$칼로리${\lrcorner}$를 소비(消費)하였다.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.320-331
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• 2015

This paper presents a case study of an enhanced geothermal system(EGS) demonstration project conducted in $Gro{\ss}$ $Sch{\ddot{o}}nebeck$, Northerm Germany, focusing on hydraulic stimulation. The project was conducted with doublet system in sandstone and volcanic formations at 4 - 4.4 km depth. Under normal faulting to strike-slip faulting stress regime, hydraulic stimulations were conducted at injection and production wells by massive waterfrac and gel-proppant fracturing. Injectivity index increased from $0.97m^3/(hr^*MPa)$ to $7.5m^3/(hr^*MPa)$ and productivity index increased from $2.4m^3/(hr^*MPa)$ to $10.1m^3/(hr^*MPa)$ by a series of hydraulic stimulations at both wells. After circulation tests through injection and production wells, however, productivity index decreased from $8.9m^3/(hr^*MPa)$ to $0.6m^3/(hr^*MPa)$ in two years. Slip tendency analysis for the stimulation in volcanic layer estimated the required pressure for shear slip and its preferred orientations and it showed reasonable match with actual stimulation results. Through the microseismicity observation for the stimulation of volcanic formation, only 80 seismic events with its moment magnitudes in -1.8<$M_W$<-1.0 were observed, which are unexpectedly low for EGS hydraulic stimulation.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.167-199
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• 2008

There are many successful cases in power interconnection among European and South American countries. However, that is not the case in Northeast Asian countries. Even though there will be a considerable benefit in power interconnection in Northeast Asian countries, there will be some difficulties due to various interest relationship and constraints among countries in Northeast Asia. GTMax(Generation and Transmission Maximization) Program is a very useful tool to analyze competitive electricity market and power interconnection developed by Argonne National Laboratory under the Department of Energy in the USA. This study tried to verify applicability and usefulness by GTMax model to domestic electric power system and power transfer from Russia Far East by power interconnection. When the power by importing from Russia is 2,000MW(around 2% of domestic installed capacity in 2017), there is no impact on domestic electricity market because of small power transfer. The power by importing should be large enough for achieving greater cost reduction by power interconnection. Besides, it would be better to supply power to Kyung-In region directly in reducing overall cost when the power by importing from Russia are sold at low price. In the case of interconnecting Young-Dong region, if it is not possible to upgrade transmission line with power transfer capabilities between Young-Dong and Kyung-In region, then the power by importing from Russia can replace the power produced in Jung-Bu region and the relative benefit of importing power can be reduced.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.674-686
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• 2011

Choosing a seismic source and geophone type including a coupling method can be the most important factor in shallow seismic surveys. We studied the characteristics of seismic signals by analyzing 6 different seismic data sets that collected from several sources and geophone conditions. Geophones attached to weight plate (1.8 kg) can be easily and economically installed on the paved road where geophones with spikes would cause the coupling problem. In addition, experiments in this study revealed that a small handy hammer can be used as a seismic source by striking the paved road to generate the seismic signals within 200 ms two-way travel time. Attaching weight plates to geophones may change the geophone response curve which generally depends on the geophone mass, but the change seems not to give significant differences in the first arrival of refracted wave and in the pattern of reflection events. Consequently, using weight plates on paved roads can be an efficient and cost-saving method in the near-surface high-resolution seismic surveys.

• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.398-403
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• 2012

Selective nitrification and granulation have been carried out in a pilot scale air-lift sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for stable and economical nitrogen removal from wastewater. The SBR showed about 100% nitrification efficiency up to 1.0 kg ${NH_4}^+-N/m^3{\cdot}d$, about 90% efficiency at 1.0-2.0 kg ${NH_4}^+-N/m^3{\cdot}d$, and it was less than 90% when the load was higher than 2.0 kg ${NH_4}^+-N/m^3{\cdot}d$. Nitrite accumulation was induced by selective inhibition of nitrite oxidizing bacteria by free ammonia inhibition and dissolved oxygen limitation. For the purpose, high nitrite ratio (> 0.95) was obtained by keeping the pH higher than 8.0 and dissolved oxygen lower than 1.5 mg/L. In addition, sludge granulation was achieved by keeping reactor settling time to 5 minutes to wash out poor settling sludge and to promote the growth of granulation sludge. The operation accelerated sludge granulation and the sludge volume index (SVI) decreased and stably maintained to less than 75 in 60 days.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.196-201
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• 2023

In this study, a CNT fiber flexible electrode grafted with CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and polyaniline (PANI) was developed and applied to a nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor for H₂O₂ detection. CuO NPs/PANI/CNT fiber electrode was fabricated through the synthesis and deposition of PANI and CuO NPs on the CNT fiber surface using an electrochemical method. Surface morphology and elemental composition of the CuO NPs/PANI/CNT fiber electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. And its electrochemical characteristics were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA). Compared with a bare CNT fiber as a control group, the CuO NPs/PANI/CNT fiber electrode showed a 4.78-fold increase in effective surface area and a 8.33-fold decrease in electron transfer resistance, which leads to excellent electrochemical properties such as a good electrical conductivity and an efficient electron transfer. These improved characteristics were due to the synergistic effect through the grafting of CNT fiber, PANI and CuO NPs. As a result, this electrode enhanced the H₂O₂ sensing performance.