• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.228-235
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• 2015

Purpose: Along with the adaptation of a Western dietary pattern and low physical activity, pediatric obesity is increasing in Korea, especially for boys. The aim of this study was to identify dietary behavior patterns and examine the snack consumption, dietary habit, and pediatric obesity by pattern groups. Methods: Boys aged 15~19 years were recruited from one high school in Seoul. A questionnaire including dietary behaviors and lifestyle factors was administered and height and weight were measured. A total of 932 boys participated except boys who had missing or incomplete response (n = 30). Three dietary behavior patterns were identified by cluster analysis; 'Healthy pattern', 'Mixed pattern' and 'Unhealthy pattern'. Results: Snack consumption differed according to dietary behavior patterns group. The healthy and mixed patterns showed higher frequencies of white milk and fruit consumption while the unhealthy pattern as well as the mixed patterns showed higher frequencies of sweetened snack and ice cream consumption. Food availability at home of each food differed according to pattern groups but showed a similar trend with food consumption. Regarding dietary habits, the mixed pattern showed higher proportion of taking dietary supplement and eating dessert while the unhealthy pattern showed lower proportion of eating regular meals and appropriate amount of meals. When the healthy pattern was set as a reference group, the odds ratio of pediatric obesity was 1.11 (CI 0.65-1.87) in the mixed pattern group and 1.88 (CI 1.14-3.10) in the unhealthy pattern group. Conclusion: In conclusion, dietary behaviors including snack consumption and lifestyle factors were connected. Unbalanced diet and undesirable dietary practice are important determinants in pediatric obesity.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of supplementation of mulberry powder, mulberry extract and silkworm powder during the 8 weeks of resistance exercise on Androgen receptor(AR) mRNA and Myogenic regulatory factors(MRFs) expression of rats muscle. Fifty males, Sprague-Dawley rat, were randomly divided into 5 groups: CON(control group, n = 10), REG(resistance exercise group, n = 10), MP REG(mulberry powder intake and resistance exercise group, n = 10), ME REG(mulberry extract intake and resistance exercise group, n = 10) and SP REG(silkworm powder intake and resistance exercise group, n = 10). After climbing the ladder without weights during the 1 week of adaptation period, the rats in the resistance exercise group were trained to climb a 0.98-m vertical(80 degree incline) ladder with weights in their tail during 7 weeks(10 times each day, 2 days per week). After exercise, the skeletal muscle was extracted from the flexor hallucis longus. After separating the total ribonucleic acid (RNA) of each group, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze RNA quantitatively. AR mRNA and MRFs expression revealed that all of the treated groups had significantly difference. AR mRNA expression increased in ME REG $6.24{\pm}1.85$ and SP REG $9.68{\pm}0.28$ fold compared to CON. Myod mRNA expression increased in MP REG $6.04{\pm}0.47$, ME REG $4.31{\pm}1.58$ and SP REG $8.11{\pm}0.57$ fold compared to CON. And myogenin mRNA expression increased in MP REG $4.11{\pm}0.42$, ME REG $4.12{\pm}0.45$ and SP REG $6.50{\pm}0.61$ fold compared to CON. In conclusion, during the resistance exercise, providing mulberry and silkworm gives positive effect on AR mRNA and MRFs expression increase.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2007

This study was conducted to compare the effect of feeding molting and fasting molting on the performance, egg quality, and visceral organs in laying hens for animal welfare. Eighty one 62-wk-old White Leghorn hens that egg production was over 80% and average weight was $1.6{\pm}0.3\;kg$ were used in this study. Treatments were control (non-molt treatment), feeding molt treatment, and fasting molt treatment. The three treatments were administered to three replicate group of nine hens wherein each group. All treatment groups were fed the basal diet (CP 15%, ME 2,700 kal/kg) for two weeks as the adaptation period. Induced molt diets contains low CP (6.7%) and low energy (2,200 kal/kg). Test periods were 14 days for feeding molting and 10 days for fasting molting. Egg production decreased to be 0% at 10 days of feeding molting treatment, but at 2 or 3 days of fasting molting treatment. Egg production restarted after 19 days ending molt at feeding molting treatment, while after 24 days at fasting molting treatment. On the egg quality was improved at molting treatments (p<0.05) except egg yolk. Egg shell tissue was crowded at molting treatment to compare to control. Liver weights, heart weight, and oviduct weight of laying hens decreased at molting treatments (p<0.05). Finally, feeding molting might could be replaced fasting molting on the welfare and further studies were needed about molting program.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.305-315
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• 1998

The fibrous layer of mandibular condyle of the neonatal, 1-, 7-, 14-, 27-, 55-days and 1 year old rats were examined in the electron microscope with particular attention to the ultrastructure and diameter of collagen fibrils. In the 1-day rats, most of the cells of the fibrous layer were undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts with rough a little developed rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER) and golgi apparatus(GA). In 7-, 17 and 27-days old rats, most of the fibroblast showed well developed GA and RER with widely distended cisternae containing granular materials. In many of these cells contained intracytoplasmic filaments among the cytoplamic organelle. In 55-day and 1-year old rats, three types of cells were observed, ie, cells containing well developed cytoplasmic organelle presumed to be involved in the collagen fibril synthesis, cells showing well developed lysosomes, golgi apparatus, mitochondria and short cytoplasmic process presumed to be involved in the active resorption of the injured collagen fibrils or cellular debris, cells containing many intracytoplasmic filaments and a little organelle presumed to be cells of inactive state. The average diameters of collagen fibrils were similar in 1- and 7-day old rats as $38.48{\pm}3.81nm$, $38.06{\pm}3.86nm$. That was thickest in 14 days old rats as $50.21{\pm}3.93nm$ among experimental groups. They were gradually thinner in 27-, 55-day rats as $40.05{\pm}2.52nm$, $43.63{\pm}1.20nm$ and thinnest in 1-year old rats as $37.38{\pm}2.17nm$. The distribution pattern of diameters of collagen fibrils were unimordal with peak of 30-60nm in rats from 1-day to 17-day old. With aging from 27-day to 1 year old rats, collagen fibril diameters showed wide distribution pattern and percentage of thin collagen fibrils increased. These results may show the functional adaptation of fibrous layer of mandibular condyle to the increased mechanical forces with aging.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 2016

Purpose: This cross-sectional study aimed to document the dietary behaviors, dietary changes, and health status of female marriage immigrants residing in Gwangju, Korea. Methods: The survey included 92 female immigrants attending Korean language class at a multi-cultural family support center. General characteristics, health status, anthropometric data, dietary behaviors, and dietary changes were collected. Results: Mean age of subjects was 31.3 years, and home countries of subjects were Vietnam (50.0%), China (26.0%), Philippines (12.0%), and others (12.0%). Frequently reported chronic diseases were digestive diseases (13.2%), anemia (12.1%), and neuropsychiatry disorder (8.9%). Seventeen percent of the subjects was obese ($BMI{\geq}25kg/m^2$). Dietary score by Mini Dietary Assessment was 3.45 out of 5 points. Dietary scores for dairy foods, meat/fish/egg/bean intake, meal regularity, and food variety were low, and those for fried foods and high fat meat intake were also low. Thirty-three percent of subjects answered that they have changed their diet and increased their consumption of fruits and vegetables after immigration. Length of residence in Korea was positively associated with BMI and waist circumference. Length of residence tends to be positively associated with dietary changes and obesity as well as inversely associated with disease prevalence. Conclusion: The study shows that length of residence is inversely related to disease prevalence. However, this association is thought to be due to the relatively short period of residence in Korea and thus the transitional phase to adapting to dietary practices. As the length of residence increases, disease patterns related to obesity are subject to change. Healthy dietary behaviors and adaptation to dietary practices in Korea in female marriage immigrants will not only benefit individuals but also their families and social structure. Therefore, varied, long-term, and target-specific studies on female marriage immigrants are highly needed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of grain sources on the ruminal methane production in Hanwoo steers. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = 614.4 ${\pm}$ 8.3 kg) were fed, on a DM basis (TDN 6.91 kg), 10% rice straw and 90% barley or corn based concentrate, respectively, according to Korean Feeding Standards (Hanwoo). Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring period. The steers were in the ventilated hood-type respiration chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring period to measure heat and methane production for 1 day. Nutrient intake and digestibility were not affected by steer fed grain sources. Methane concentration was not affected by steer fed either barley or corn-based concentrate, respectively (0.022% vs. 0.025%). Methane production was greater by steers fed corn than those fed barley (119.3 g/day vs. 139.4 g/day). This result indicated that methane emission factor by maintenance energy requirement for the late fattening Hanwoo fed corn was higher than the steers fed barley (43.6 kg/head/year) vs. corn (50.9 kg/head/year). Methane conversion rate (Ym) was 0.04 Ym and 0.05 Ym for barley and corn, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.197-216
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• 2008

Managing a mixture of zoysiagrass with tall fescue has been proposed in transitional zone as a practical practice to combine the advantages of the two species and compensate the limitations. To manage the mixture is a challenge because two species are involved. The objective of this study was to determine if zoysiagrass/tall fescue mixture can be maintained with proper mowing and fertilization under simulated sport traffic at an acceptable quality level. Zoysiagrass was seeded in June and tall fescue was overseeded in August 1996. In November 1996, zoysiagrass coverage was 62.36, 29.88, and 30.02% for 0, 50, and $100\;Kg\;ha^{-l}\;N$ rates, respectively. At the same time, zoysiagrass coverage was 23.53, 41.95, and 57.40% for the mowing heights of 6.5, 5.0, and 3.5 cm, respectively. Zoysiagrass and tall fescue coverage in July 1997 was showing the same trend as in the late season of 1996 although the differences were not as big. There were significant interactions between N fertilization rates and mowing heights. In November 1998, the zoysiagrass coverage was different among the two tall fescue variety mixtures, 21.68, and 32.25% in 'Arid' and 'Grasslands Garland', respectively. Zoysiagrass coverage was favored in lower mowing height, lower N rates, and lower traffic. Interaction effects on zoysiagrass were found between tall fescue variety and nitrogen rate, tall fescue variety and mowing height, and traffic and nitrogen rate. Zoysiagrass shoot density was 7.42, 25.47, and 58.95% for mowing heights of 6.5, 5, and 3.5 cm, respectively; and it was 47.27, 20.27, and 26.26% for N rates of 0, 50, and $100\;Kg\;ha^{-l}\;$, respectively in 1998. The effects on zoysiagrass shoot density from the interaction of N rate and tall fescue variety was significant in 1998. Shoot density responded to the N rate, mowing height, and traffic differently from the ground coverage, indicating that shoot and leaf growth have different adaptation strategies.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.279-286
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• 2007

This study was conducted to induce molting with DDGS and non-salt diet and compare the effect of feeding molting and fasting molting on the performance, egg quality, and visceral organs in laying hens for animal welfare. One-hundredeight 62-wk-old White Leghorn hens that egg production was over 80% and average weight was $1.8{\pm}0.1kg$ were used in this study. Treatments were control(non-molt treatment), feeding molt treatment(DDGS, non-salt diet), and fasting molt treatment. The four treatments were administered to three replicate group of nine hens wherein each group. All treatment groups were fed the basal diet(CP 15%, ME 2,700 kal/kg) for two weeks as the adaptation period. Test Periods were 28 days at all treatments. Egg production decreased for 18 days to be 0% at feeding molting treatment, and for 17 days to be 0% at non-salt feeding molting treatment. Egg production stopped for 6 days at fasting molting treatment. Egg production restarted after 12 days molt at feeding molting treatment, while after 16 days at fasting molting treatment. On the egg quality was improved at molting treatments (p<0.05) except egg yolk. Egg shell tissue was crowded at molting treatment to compare to control. Liver weights, heart weight, and oviduct weight of laying hens decreased at molting treatments(p<0.05). Finally, feeding molting might could be replaced fasting molting on the welfare and further studies were needed about molting program.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.3
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• pp.259-270
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• 2020

Extreme weather events, such as heat and drought, have occurred frequently over the past two decades. This has led to continuous reports of cases of forest damage due to physiological stress, not pest damage. In 2014, pine trees were collectively damaged in the forest genetic resources reserve of Sogwang-ri, Uljin, South Korea. An investigation was launched to determine the causes of the dieback, so that a forest management plan could be prepared to deal with the current dieback, and to prevent future damage. This study aimedto 1) understand the topographic and structural characteristics of the area which experienced pine tree dieback, 2) identify the main causes of the dieback, and 3) predict future risk areas through the use of machine-learning techniques. A model for identifying risk areas was developed using 14 explanatory variables, including location, elevation, slope, and age class. When three machine-learning techniques-Decision Tree, Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were applied to the model, RF and SVM showed higher predictability scores, with accuracies over 93%. Our analysis of the variable set showed that the topographical areas most vulnerable to pine dieback were those with high altitudes, high daily solar radiation, and limited water availability. We also found that, when it came to forest stand characteristics, pine trees with high vertical stand densities (5-15 m high) and higher age classes experienced a higher risk of dieback. The RF and SVM models predicted that 9.5% or 115 ha of the Geumgang Pine Forest are at high risk for pine dieback. Our study suggests the need for further investigation into the vulnerable areas of the Geumgang Pine Forest, and also for climate change adaptive forest management steps to protect those areas which remain undamaged.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.45-57
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• 1996

A serious disease in a family influences the entire family member given the fact that the members closely interact with each other. Especially in terms of pediatric nursing, study on family gains importance as the need to care of families whose children with developmental disabilities and chronic disease This study was done based on The Resiliency Model of Family Adjustment and Adaptation(McCubbin, 1991) is intended to examine the stress of parents whose children suffer from cleft lip or /and cleft palate. It also helps them to cope with the stress and analyze the relationship between the stress and coping This study used Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes (FILE) and Coping Health Inventory for Parents(CHIP) for measuring family stress and coping. The two instruments are revised to fit the social and cultural environment of Korean culture. Data collection was done from April 18, 1996 to May 18, 1996 at 8 University medical centers located in Seoul. Those who answered questionnaires were 84 parents whose children have cleft lip or /and cleft palate. SPSS PC+ was used to analyze the data collotted. Programs used for data analysis were t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient. The study is summarized as follows .1. The average score of family stress is 10.46(percentage of the full score 24.90) and 'finance and business strains'(3.25), and 'intrafamily strains'(2.65) ranked the highest. The average score of family's coping is 1.93, which is close to the answer of' moderately helpful' and they are measured to put their utmost efforts to' intergration and cooperation of family and optimistic definition on the situation'. 2. There is no significant statistical correlation between the family stress and coping. 3. Mothers show more stress than fathers in the parts of 'illness and family care strains' and 'losses'(t〓-2.34, t〓-2.32, p<.05). 4. Fathers show more willingness to cope with the stress than mothers do in the parts of' seeking social support','self-esteem','emotional comfort' 5. Mothers are more stress than fathers in the parts of family stress and its coping with it by usual traits(t〓-2.78, p<.05). Parents with religion are measured to cope more willingly than those who are not 6. Income of a family shows positive correlationship with family coping (r〓.28, p<.05). The study shows that gender difference is significant variable in studying on family stress and coping. Mothers get more stress than fathers, which has much to do with the fact that they are in charge of raising children and keeping houseworks. Accordingly, managing family crisis and its survival can be induced by giving support for the mothers, studying fathers including the rest of the family members and giving nursing care and arbitration ; religious background is also considered to be one of the important factors in family stress , judging from the relationship between family income and family's coping, caring given to suffering children is needed on societal levels. The above considerations bring up the need to have a longitudinal study of children with congenital anomaly including cleft lip or /and cleft palate and their families about family stress and coping. Resiliency programs on family system and their effectiveness and the relationship between the enlarged families with social and cultural values reflecting Korean tradition are also needed to be studied.