• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 Clearfil$^{TM}$ SEBond와 Adapter$^{TM}$ SingleBond2를 사용하여 즉시 상아질 접착을 하였을 때 지연 상아질 접착을 하였을 때와 비교해 전단결합강도 및 파절 양상을 관찰하였다. 발치된 구치를 네 군으로 나누어 1군은 대조군으로 치아 삭제 직후 시편을 상아질 접착제를 광중합 후 합착하였고 2군과 3군은 치아 삭제 직후 각각 Clearfil$^{TM}$ SEBond와 Adapter$^{TM}$ SingleBond2로 즉시 상아질 접착을 한 후 열 순환기에 교대침수 시키고 상아질 접착제를 광중합하지 않고 합착하였다. 4군은 삭제 후 아무 처리를 하지 않고 열 순환 후 상아질 접착제를 광중합하지 않고 합착하였다. 이후 만능 시험기로 모든 시편의 전단결합강도를 측정하였으며, 광학현미경으로 파절 양상을 관찰하였다. 측정 결과 대조군이 가장 높은 결합력을 보였고 지연 상아질 접착을 시행한 군에서 가장 낮은 결합력을 보였다. Clearfil$^{TM}$ SEBond로 즉시 상아질 접착을 한 군은 대조군과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았고, 4군보다 유의하게 높은 결합력을 보였다. Adapter$^{TM}$ SingleBond2를 이용하여 즉시 상아질 접착을 한 군은 4군보다 높은 결합력을 보였으나 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 파절 양상에서는 대조군과 2군이 4군에 비해 유의하게 혼합형 파절이 많이 나타났다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과로 보아, 도재 수복물의 합착에 있어서 치아 삭제 후 즉시 상아질 접착제를 적용하는 것이 바람직하다고 사료된다. 하지만 이때 사용되는 상아질 접착제의 선택에 있어서는 실제 임상 조건에서의 더 많은 연구가 필요하리라 사료된다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.333-345
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• 2014

PURPOSE. Bonding agents (BA) are the crucial weak link of composite restorations. Since the commercial materials' compositions are not disclosed, studies to formulize the optimum ratios of different components are of value. The aim of this study was to find a proper formula of BAs. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This explorative experimental in vitro study was composed of 4 different sets of extensive experiments. A commercial BA and 7 experimental formulas were compared in terms of degree of conversion (5 experimental formulas), shear bond strength, mode of failure, and microleakage (3 experimental formulas). Statistical analyses were performed (${\alpha}$=.05). The DC of selected formula was tested one year later. RESULTS. The two-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference between the shear bond strength (SBS) of two tissues (dentin vs. enamel, P=.0001) in a way that dentinal bonds were weaker. However, there was no difference between the four materials (P=.283). The adhesive mode of failure was predominant in all groups. No differences between the microleakage of the four materials at occlusal (P=.788) or gingival (P=.508) sites were detected (Kruskal-Wallis). The Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant difference between the microleakage of all materials (3 experimental formulas and a commercial material) together at the occlusal site versus the gingival site (P=.041). CONCLUSION. A formula with 62% bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA), 37% hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 0.3% camphorquinone (CQ), and 0.7% dimethyl-para-toluidine (DMPT) seems a proper formula for mass production. The microleakage and SBS might be respectively higher and lower on dentin compared to enamel.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.236-247
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• 2007

접착제의 술식을 간편하게 하고 효과적이며 안정적인 접착강도를 지닌 상아질 접착제를 개발하고자 isocyanate methacrylate의 농도를 달리해 상아질에 적용하여 전단결합강도를 측정하고 응집파괴양상을 분석, 평가하였다. Isocyanate methacrylate의 농도에 따라 0% (대조군), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 및 12%의 7개 실험군으로 분류하였으며 , Instron (No.4466.USA)를 이용하여 복합레진의 전단 결합강도를 측정하고 Resin tag 및 응집파괴를 주사전자현미경으로 관찰해 다음 결론을 얻었다. 1. Cyanate methacrylate 8%군이 가장 높은 전단 결합강도는 나타내었으나 (33.62 KPa), 통계학적 유의성이 없었다 (P > 0.05). 2. Cyanate methacrylate 2% ,4% 및 6%군은 응집성파괴빈도가 대조군 (0%군)과 비교하여 높게 나타났다. 3. Cyanate menthacrylate군에서 레진tag의 길이는 짧게 나타났다. 이상의 연구의 결과로 cyanate methacrylate가 collagen과 반응하여 상아질 내로 침투를 방해하며 레진 tag의 길이를 짧게 하며 상아질의 유기성분과의 반응에 의하여 결합강도는 높아질 수 있으나, 상아질 자체의 강도가 낮아질 수 있어 상아질에 대한 결합강도의 실질적인 증가는 확인할 수 없었다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.76-92
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible efficacy of Nd-YAG laser as a dentin conditioner by observing the laser irradiation dentin surface under scanning electron micrograph and measuring shear bond strength of restored light-cured glass ionomer mold. Fifty intact premolars were prepared for shear bond strength tests. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups as follows; Group I. no treatment Group II. 10% poly acrylic acid, 20 sec Group III. laser treatment 2 w, 20 Hz, 2 sec Group IV. laser treatment 2 w, 20 Hz, 5 sec Group V. laser treatment 2 w, 20 Hz, 10 sec Samples of each group were restored with light-cured glass ionomer cement after dentin conditioning and then measuring the shear bond strength of each specimen were measured using universal testing machine. Additional ten premolars were prepared for SEM analysis The result from the this study can be summarized as follows. 1. Shear bond strength of polyacrylic acid-treated group (II) was significantly higher than other groups (p<0.05). 2. No statistically significant difference could be found between three laser-treated groups (III, IV, V) in shear bond strength(p>0.05) 3. According to the result of observation under SEM, Polyacrylic acid was shown to have removed the smear layer effectively and opened the dentinal tubules, whereas the laser has produced the irregular surface mainly composed of melted and fused structure. The microcracks found in laser-treated groups increased in number with irradiation time and formed the regular mesh-type in 10 sec-irradiation group. 4. The ultrastructural change of dentin surface created by laser irradiation was found to the improper for bonding of the glass ionomer restorative materials. And the lower shear bond strength of laser irradiated group might have been due to the failure to form the suit able dentin surface for the glass ionomer to penetrated into and form the proper micromechanical retention.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.647-656
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength and marginal microleakage of composite to enamel and dentin according to different treatment methods when the applied bonding agent was contaminated by artificial saliva. For the shear bond strength test, the buccal and occlusal surfaces of one hundred twenty molar teeth were ground to expose enamel(n=60) and dentin surfaces(n=60). The specimens were randomly assigned into control and 5 experimental groups with 10 samples in each group. In control group, a bonding system(Scotchbond$^{TM}$ Multi-Purpose plus) and a composite resin(Z-100$^{TM}$) was bonded on the specimens according to manufacture's directions. Experimental groups were subdivided into 5 groups. After polymerization of an adhesive, they were contaminated with at artificial saliva on enamel and dentin surfaces: Experimental group 1 ; artificial saliva was dried with compressed air. Experimental group 2 ; artificial saliva was rinsed with air-water spray and dried. Experimental group 3 ; artificial saliva was rinsed, dried and applied an adhesive. Experimental group 4 ; artificial saliva was rinsed, dried, and then etched using phosphoric acid followed by an adhesive. Experimental group 5, artificial saliva was rinsed, dried, and then etched with phosphoric acid followed by consecutive application of both a primer and an adhesive. Composite resin(Z-100$^{TM}$) was bonded on saliva-treated enamel and dentin surfaces. The shear bond strengths were measured by universal testing machine(AGS-1000 4D, Shimaduzu Co. Japan) with a crosshead speed of 5mm/minute under 50kg load cell. Failure modes of fracture sites were examined under stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. For the marginal microleakage test, Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of sixty molars. The specimens were divided into control and experimental groups. Cavities in experimental group were contaminated with artificial saliva and those surfaces in each experimental groups received the same treatments as for the shear test. Cavities were filled with Z-100. Specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 hours and embedded in transparent acrylic resin and sectioned buccolingually with diamond wheel saw. Four sections were obtained from the one specimen. Marginal microleakages of enamel and dentin were scored under streomicroscope and averaged from four sections. The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher's LSD. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The shear bond strength to enamel showed lower value in experimental group 1(13.20${\pm}$2.94MPa) and experimental group 2(13.20${\pm}$2.94MPa) than in control(20.03${\pm}$4.47MPa), experimental group 4(20.96${\pm}$4.25MPa) and experimental group 5(21.25${\pm}$4.48MPa) (p<0.05). 2. The shear bond strength to dentin showed lower value in experimental group 1(9.35${\pm}$4.11MPa) and experimental group 2(9.83${\pm}$4.11MPa) than in control group(17.86${\pm}$4.03MPa), experimental group 4(15.04${\pm}$3.22MPa) and experimental group 5(14.33${\pm}$3.00MPa) (p<0.05). 3. Both on enamel and dentin surfaces, experimental group 1 and 2 showed many adhesive failures, but control and experimental group 3, 4 and 5 showed mixed and cohesive failures. 4. Enamel marginal microleakage was the highest in experimental group 1 and there was a significant difference in comparison with other groups (p<0.05). 5. Dentin marginal microleakages of experimental group 1 and 2 were higher than those of other groups (p<0.05). This result suggests that treatment methods, re-etching with 35% phosphoric acid followed by re-application of adhesive or repeating all adhesive procedures, will produce good effect on both shear bond strength and microleakage of composite to enamel and dentin if the polymerized bonding agent was contaminated by saliva.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.434-442
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• 2023

This study was aimed to evaluate the bonding performance of a self-adhesive giomer and compare it to a conventional flowable composite resin with regard to shear bond strength and microleakage in enamel and dentin. Healthy human premolars extracted for orthodontic treatments were used in the study. For shear bond strength tests, enamel and dentin specimens were prepared for the study group with self-adhesive giomer and for the control group with conventional flowable composite resin with a 5th-generation adhesive system. A universal testing machine was used to measure the shear bond strength. For the microleakage tests, specimens were immersed in a 2% methylene blue solution for 24 hours, cut into sections, and evaluated with a stereomicroscope for the extent of dye penetration. The results of the study showed no statistically significant difference in shear bond strength between the self-adhesive giomer and the conventional flowable composite resin in enamel (p = 0.091). On the contrary, in dentin, the self-adhesive giomer showed significantly lower shear bond strength (p < 0.0001). The microleakage of the self-adhesive giomer was significantly higher than that of the conventional flowable composite resin (p = 0.002). Self-adhesive giomer is considered useful for restoring small cavities at the enamel level of pediatric patients by reducing chair time with the advantage of a simple bonding process. However, as the study was conducted in a laboratory setting, further research in a clinical environment is deemed necessary.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.126-142
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various dentin surface treatments on shear bond strength, microhardness and fracture mode before and after thermocycling. Recently extracted 75 human molars were used. The teeth were sagittal sectioned faciolingually to obtain 150 specimens. They were randomly divided into six groups. Mesial and distal dentinal surfaces of specimens were exposed by grinding and treated respectively with GC-DENTIN CONDITIONER. 10-3 solution of 4-Meta, Cleansar and Primer of GLUMA, Scotchprep of Scotchbond 2, DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of ALL BOND according to the manufacturers directions. Specimens of one group were not treated. Adhesive agent of Scotchbond 2, were applied and cured on the treated dentin surfaces. After P-50 were cured on them, specimens were stored in 31c water for 24 hours before shear bond strength measurement Shear bond strength was measured in 10 specimens of each group. 10 specimens of each group were thermocycled in $20^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$,$20^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ water in order, for 30 seconds respectively, 100 times a day for 7 days. After thermocycling shear bond strength was measured. Microhardness was checked on treated dentin surface and fractured dentin surface in 10 specimens respectievly. Francture modes were observed with SEM The following results were obtained. 1. Before thermocycling. shear bond strengths in the specimens treated with DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of ALL BOND were significantly higher than those in other specimens(P<0.01). 2. After thermocycling. shear bond strengths in the specimens treated with Cleanser and Primer of GLUMA, Scotchprep of Scotchbond 2 and DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of AIL BOND were significantly higher than those in specimens not: treated, treated with GC-DENTIN CONDITIONER and 10-3 solution of 4-Meta(P<0.01). Shear bond strengths in the specimens treated with GC-DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of ALL BOND were significantly higher than those in other specimens except those treated with Scotchprep of Srotchbond 2(P<0.01). 3. Shear bond strengths after thermocycling were reduced in the specimens not treated, treated with GC-DENTIN CONDITIONER and 10-3 solution of 4-Meta and were increased in the specimens treated with Cleanser and Primer of GLUMA, Scotchprep of Scotchbond 2, without significance, compared with those before thermocycling. In the specimens treated with DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of ALL BOND, shear bond strengths after thermocycling were significantly increased, compared with those before thermocycling(P<0.01). 4. Microhardnesses in the fractured surfaces after shear bond strength measurement were significantly increased in the specimens treated with 10-3 solution of 4-Meta and significantly decreased in the specimens treated with DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of ALL BOND, compared with those in the treated dentin surfaces(P<0.01). 5. In the specimens treated with Cleanser and Primer of GLUMA, Scotchprep of Scotchbond 2 and DENTIN CONDITIONER and PRIMER A, B of ALL BOND, cohesive fracture modes were observed more than adhesive fracture modes.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.310-321
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• 1999

In this in vitro study, confocal laser scanning microscopic morphology of dentin-resin interface and its relationship to shear bond strength were investigated after the exposed dentin surfaces were treated with 3 different kinds of dentin adhesive systems[three-step; Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus(SMPP), self-priming bonding resin; Single Bond(SB), self-etching primer; Clearfil Liner Bond 2(LB2)]. 52 extracted human molar teeth without caries and/or restorations. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into three groups of seventeen teeth each. In five teeth of each group, class V cavities(depth: 1.5mm) with 900 cavosurface angles were prepared at the cementoenamel junction on buccal and lingual surfaces. Bonding resins of each dentin adhesive system were mixed with rhodamine B. Primer of SMPP was mixed with fluorescein. In group 1. the exposed dentin was conditioned with etchant, applied with above primer and bonding resin of SMPP. In group 2, with etchant and self-priming bonding agent of SB. In group 3, with self-etching primer and bonding agent of LB2. After treatment with dentin adhesive systems, composite resin were applied and photocured. The experimental teeth were cut longitudinally through the center line of restoration and grounded so that about $90{\mu}m$-thick wafers of buccolingually orientated dentin were obtained. And, $70{\sim}80{\mu}m$-thick wafers sectioned horizontally, thus presenting a dentinal tubules at 900 to the cut surface of a remaining tooth, were obtained. Primer of SMPP mixed with rhodamine B was applied to these wafers. Confocal laser scanning microscopic investigations of these wafers were done within of 24 hours after treatment. To measure shear bond strength, the remaining twelve teeth of each group were grounded horizontally below the dentinoenamel junction, so that no enamel remained. After applying dentin adhesive systems on the dentin surface, composite was applied in the shape of cylinder. The cylinder was 5mm in diameter, and 2mm in thickness. Shear bond strength was measured using Instron with a cross-head speed of 0.5mm/min. It was concluded as follows ; 1. Hybrid layer of SMPP(mean: $4.56{\mu}m$) was thicker than that of any other groups. This value was not statistically significant thicker than that of SB(mean: $3.41{\mu}m$, p>0.05), and significant thicker than that of LB2(mean: $1.56{\mu}m$, p<0.05). There was a statistical difference between SB and LB2(p<0.05). 2. Although there were variations in the length of resin tag even in a sample, and in a group, most samples in SMPP and SB showed resin tags extending above $20{\mu}m$. But samples in LB2 showed resin tags of $10{\mu}m$ at best. 3. Besides primer's infiltration into demineralized peritubular dentin and dentinal tubules, fluorophore of primer was detected in the lateral branches of dentinal tubules. 4. All groups demonstrated statistically significant differences from one another(p<0.05), with shear bond strengths given in descending order as follows: SMPP(18.3MPa), SB(16.0MPa) and LB2(12.4MPa). 5. LB2 having thinnest hybrid layer($1.56{\mu}m$) showed the lowest shear bond strength(12.4MPa).

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.174-181
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• 2009

연구목적: 본 연구에서는 35% 과산화수소를 사용하는 전문가 미백 술식에서 레진 접착제의 접착력 회복을 위한 유예 기간을 비교하고자 한다. 연구 재료 및 방법:3M사의 Single Bond와 Z350을 이용하여 미백 직 후, 1일후, 2일후, 일주일 후의 시간 차이를 두고 상아질에 접착된 복합 레진의 전단 결합 강도를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 결과: 미백 처리 직 후의 상아질 전단 결합 강도는 다른 군에 비해 유의하게 낮았으며(P<.05), 미백 처리 전에 비해 약 78%의 결합력 감소를 보였다. 미백 처리 1일 후의 상아질 결합 강도는 미백 직 후 감소된 결합력의 51%에 이르는 회복을 보였으며, 2일 경과한 시편에서는 감소된 결합력의 63%가 회복되었다. 두 군은 미백 직 후에 비해 유의하게 큰 회복력을 보였으나, 두 군 간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>.05). 미백 처리 후 결합력의 회복은 초기 24시간 이내에 급격히 일어나며 그 이후에는 서서히 일어나는 것으로 사료된다. 미백 일주일 후의 시편은 미백 처리 전에 비해97%에 이르는 결합력을 보이며 두 군 간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>.05). 결론: 그러므로35% 과산화수소를 적용하는 전문가 미백 술식에서는 1주일간의 유예기간을 두고 복합 레진 접착술을 시행하는 것이 적절할 것으로 사료된다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.413-423
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• 1998

Dental ceramics exhibit excellent esthetic property, compressive strength, chemical durability, biocompatibility and translucency. This study evaluated the shear bond strength of composite resin to the new heat-pressed ceramic material (IPS-Empress System) depending on the surface treatments and bonding agents. The surface treatments were etching with 4.0% hydrofluoric acid, application of silane, and the combination of the two methods. Composite resin was bonded to ceramic with four kinds of dentin bonding agents(All-Bond 2, Heliobond, Scotch bond Multi-purpose and Tenure bonding agents). The ceramic specimen bonded with composite resin was mounted in the testing jig, and the universal testing machine(Zwick 020, Germany) was used to measure the shear bond strength with the cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min. The results obtained were as follows 1. The mean shear bond strength of the specimens of which the ceramic surface was treated with the combination of hydrofluoric acid and silane before bonding composite resin was significantly higher than those of the other surface treatment groups(p<0.05). 2. In the case of All-Bond 2 and Scotchbond Multi-purpose bonding agent group, the surface treatment methods did not influenced significantly on the shear bond(p>0.05). 3. Of the four bonding agents tested, the shear bond strength of Heliobond was significantly lower than those of other bonding agents regardless of the surface treatment methods(p<0.05). 4. The highest shear bond strength($12.55{\pm}1.92$ MPa) was obtained with Scotchbond Multipurpose preceded by the ceramic surface treatment with the combination of 4% hydrofluoric acid and silane.