• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.172-179
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of 38% carbamide peroxide on the microleakage of class V cavities restored with either a silorane-based composite or two methacrylate-based composites. Materials and Methods: A total of 96 class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of extracted human teeth with both enamel and dentin margins and were randomly assigned into three groups of Filtek P90 (3M-ESPE) + P90 system adhesive (3M-ESPE)(group A), Filtek Z250 (3M-ESPE) + Adper Prompt L-Pop (3M-ESPE)(group B) and Filtek Z350XT (3M-ESPE) + Adper Prompt L-Pop (group C). Half of the teeth were randomly underwent bleaching (38% carbamide peroxide, Day White, Discus Dental, applying for 15 min, twice a day for 14 day) while the remaining half (control) were not bleached. Dye penetration was measured following immersion in basic fuchsine. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at a level of 0.05. Results: No significant differences were found between composites in the control groups in enamel (p = 0.171) or dentin (p = 0.094) margins. After bleaching, microleakage of Z250 (in enamel [p = 0.867] or dentin [p = 0.590] margins) and Z350 (in enamel [p = 0.445] or dentin [p = 0.591]margins) did not change significantly, but the microleakage of P90 significantly increased in both enamel (p = 0.042) and dentin (p = 0.002) margins. Conclusions: No significant differences were noted between the bleached and control subgroups of two methacrylate-based composites in enamel or dentin margins. Microleakage of silorane-based composite significantly increased after bleaching.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1999

Newley developed dentin bonding system which contains self-etching primer performed the removing of smear layer and etching procedure at once. So, it make possible more simple and shorter working time, the stronger bonding strength than conventional dentin bonding system. Cavities were prepared in the buccal and lingual surface of 30 extracted primary molars, and randomly assigned into three equal groups of 10 each. All cavities were filled with Z-100 composite resin following manufacturer's specifications after priming of three different dentin bonding system. Specimens stored for 7 days in 37 degree C water, thermocycled for 1000 cycles between 5 degree C and 55 degree C, immersed in 50% silvernitrate solution for 24 hours, and embedded in resin before being sectioned longitudinally. Data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA. Mac-Bond II and Clearfil Linear-Bond II showed less microleakage at the occlusal and gingival margins compared to Scotchbond Multi Purpose. All dentin bonding systems showed significantly less microleakage at the occlusal margins compared to the gingival margins. But, there were no significantley difference between each group.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

This study investigated the influence of IRM on marginal microleakage of 5th generation adhesives. Class V cavities with gingival margins in dentin were prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 60 extract-ed human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 and 4 received no temporary restoration with IRM. Group 2 and 5 were covered with IRM mixed at P/L ratio(10g/1g). Group 3 and 6 were covered with IRM mixed at P/L ratio(10g/2g). The temporary restorations were removed mechanically with an ultrasonic scaler after one-week storage in distilled water. The cavities were restored using one of two adhesives and composites ; Single Bond/Filtek Z 250(Croup 1, 2 and 3), UniFil Bond/UniFil F(Group 4, 5 and 6). Following one day storage in distilled water, the restored teeth were thermocycled for 500 cycles(between $5^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}55^{\circ}C$) and immersed in 2 % methylene blue for dye penetration testing. The results were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis Test, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon signed ranked test at a significance level of 0.05. The results of this study were as follows 1. Ranking of mean microleakage scores at the enamel margins was Group 10.05) 4. At the dentin margins, the microleakage of the group not pretreated with IRM was lower than that of the group pretreated with IRM. And the microleakage of UniFil Bond was lower than that of Single Bond. 5. Compared with microleakages between the enamel and dentin margins of each groups, Group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 at dentin margin were higher microleakage than those at enamel margin. There were significant difference between enamel and dentin microleakage of Group 2 and 3(p<0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.36.1-36.17
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aging on the marginal quality of glass hybrid (GH) material used to elevate dentin gingival margins, and to analyze the consistency of the results obtained by 3 in vitro methods. Materials and Methods: Ten teeth received compound class II cavities with subgingival margins. The dentin gingival margins were elevated with GH, followed by resin composite. The GH/gingival dentin interfaces were examined through digital microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using resin replicas, and according to the World Dental Federation (FDI) criteria. After initial evaluations, all teeth were subjected to 10,000 thermal cycles, followed by repeating the same marginal evaluations and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis for the interfacial zone of 2 specimens. Marginal quality was expressed as the percentage of continuous margin at ×200 for microscopic techniques and as the frequency of each score for FDI ranking. Data were analyzed using the paired sample t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Pearson and Spearmen correlation coefficients. Results: None of the testing techniques proved the significance of the aging factor. Moderate and strong significant correlations were found between the testing techniques. The EDS results suggested the presence of an ion-exchange layer along the GH/gingival dentin interface of aged specimens. Conclusions: The marginal quality of the GH/dentin gingival interface defied aging by thermocycling. The replica SEM and FDI ranking results had stronger correlations with each other than either showed with the digital microscopy results.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.162-169
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• 2004

This study evaluated the marginal microleakage of five single step adhesives. Class V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were prepared on both buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into five groups and restored using one of the single step adhesives and composite resins：Prompt L-Pop/Filtek Z-250 (Group 1), AQ Bond/Metafil CX (Group 2), One-Up Bond F/Palfique Toughwell (Group 3). Futurabond/Admira (Group 4), Xeno III/Spectrum TPH (Group 5). The restored teeth were thermocycled. Microleakage was assessed by dye penetration using 2% methylene blue dye solution. The teeth were bisected buccolingually and evaluated for microleakage under steromicroscope. The data were statistically analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney tests. The results of this study were as follows：1. Microleakage of enamel margins in group 3 was statistically higher than that in groups 1, 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.05). 2. Microleakage of dentin margins in group 1 was statistically higher than that in groups 2, 5, and that in group 3 was statistically higher than that in groups 2, 4, 5 (p < 0.05). 3. Dentin marginal microleakage was higher than enamel marginal microleakage in all experimental groups. In conclusion, Prompt L-Pop showed the least leakage at enamel margin, and AQ Bond showed at dentin margin in this study. Marginal miroleakage in dentin was higher than that in enamel.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to compare microleakage and marginal hybrid layer in class V restorations using two one-bottle adhesives and one self-etching adhesive. Class V cavity preparations with occlusal margins in enamel and gingival margins in dentin were pre-pared on buccal and lingual surfaces of 30 extracted human molar teeth. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into three treatment groups (n=30) and restored with three adhesives and composites: Single Bond/Filtek Z-250 (Group 1), Prime&BondNT/Esthet.X (Group 2), UniFil Bond/UniFil F (Group 3). For microleakage, samples were stored in room temperature water for 24 hours, thermocycled stained with 2% methylene blue dye, sectioned into halves, scored and analysed using Mann-whitney test and Wilcoxon signed rank sum test. For marginal hybrid layer, samples were sectioned into halves, treated with 10% phosphoric acid for 5 seconds, stored in 5% NaOCL solution for 24 hours, dried and gold coated. Occlusal and gingival margins of each sample were inspected under SEM. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. Microleakage at the occlusal margins was not evident in group 1 and group 2, but it showed in group 3 (p<0.05). 2. Microleakage in group 1 and group 3 was significantly lower than in group 2 at gingival margins (p<0.05). 3. Microleakage at gingival margins was greater than at occlusal margins in group 1 and group 2, but microleakage at occlusal margins was greater than at gingival margins in group 3 (p<0.05). 4. In group 1 and group 2, no gaps at occlusal margins showed. But gaps showed in group 3. Occlusal margins were free from a hybrid layer in all groups 5. The thickness of the marginal hybrid layers was 2.5~5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick in group 5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick in group 2 and 1.5 $\mu\textrm{m}$ thick in group 3. 6 There was no corelation between microleakage and thickness of marginal hybrid layer. In coclusion, the effect of dentin adhesives on microleakge in class V composite restorations was excellent when one-bottle adhesives were applied on enamel margin, and it was good when a self-etching adhesive was applied on dentinal margin. There was no corelation between microleakage and thickness of marginal hybrid layer.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.261-274
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• 1995

This study aimed to evaluate the marginal microleakage of Class V cavities of All-bond 2 (Wet - bonding system), Gluma (Adhesion of resin to exposed collagen fibers), and Scotchbond Multi-purpose(Mild Etching System). Hundred extracted human teeth divided into a control and three experimental groups consisting of eight teeth. The experimental group was further subdivided into All- bond2, Gluma and Scotchbond MP groups, Vitrebond served as the control. The positive control group consisted of specimens filled with resin and with no etching, primer and bonding procesure. Polished specimens underwent temperature changed from $5^{\circ}C$ to $55^{\circ}C$ a thousand times. After thermocycling, speciemens were placed in 2 % methylene blue dye solution for 24 hours in an incubator set at $37^{\circ}C$. The teeth were sectioned buccolingually and the degree of dye penetration was observed with a stereomicroscoped(*20). The following results were obtained. 1. Both the control and the experimental group showed a lower degree of dye penetration on enamel than on dentin margins(p<0.05) 2. Gluma exhibited a statistically significant lower degree of dye penetration than All-bond 2 on enamel margins(p<0.05) Scotchbond MP also exhibited a lower degree of dye penetration than All-bone 2 but was no statistically significant. Gluma and Scotchbond MP exhibited a similar degree of dye penetration. 3. The degree of dye penetration of All-bond 2, Gluma and Scotch bond MP showed no statistically singnificance on enamel margins but was significantly lower than in the control using Vitrebond. 4. All-bond 2 exhibited a statistically significant lower degree of dye penetration than Gluma on dentin margins. All- bond 2 and Scotchbond MP showed a similar degree of dye penetration. 5. The degree of dye penetration of All-bond 2, Gluma and Scotchbond MP showed no statistically significance on dentin margins. There was neither a statistical significance with the control.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.214-234
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• 1995

The purpose of this work was to study the compatibility of several commercially available dentin adhesives with composite resins. In this study, V-shaped cavity preparations were created on both buccal and lingual surfaces of 60 extracted human premolars($3mm{\times}3mm{\times}2mm$ deep). Preparations were located such that the occlusal margins were on the enamel and the gingival margins were on the cementum(1mm below the CEJ). These specimens were randomly divided into three equal groups. Three dentin adhesives(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All Bond 2, Prisma Universal Bond 3)were applied to the cavity in accordance with each manufacturer's instructions. The teeth in each group were restored with four composite resins(Silux plus, Z100, Bisfil, Prisma TPH) in three increments, with each increment light-cured for 40 seconds. All specimens were exposed to 500 cycles of thermal stress. Specimens then placed in a silver nitrate solution(50% by weight) and stored in darkness for 24 hours. They were then immersed for 6 hours in photographic developing solution under flourescent light. Specimens were sectioned buccolingually through the center of the restoration and observed under a binocular stereoscope. To compare the marginal leakage, ANOVA and Dunkan's multiple range tests were used in analysis. Selected samples were further studied using scanning electron microscopy(XL20, Philips, The Netherlands). The results were as follows. 1. In all groups, the enamel margin showed significantly less leakage than the cementum margin. 2. No statistically significant differences were found in microleakage when composite resins were used with their proprietary dentin adhesives. 3. In comparison between dentin adhesives, Prisma Universal Bond 3 showed significantly less leakage at the enamel margin and Scotch bond multi-purpose showed significantly less leakage at the cementum margin than the other groups. 4. In comparison between composite resins, Silux Plus showed significantly more leakage than other groups at the enamel margin and no statistically significant differences were found in microleakage at the cementum margin. 5. According to the backscattered scanning electron microscope, microleakage occurred via gaps at the dentin adhesives/dentin interface.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.321-338
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of moistening and air-drying of acid conditioned dentin and enamel on the marginal microleakage. In this study, Class V cavity were prepared on both buccal and lingual surface of sixty extracted human premolars with cementum margin. These specimens were randomly devided into three groups and three dentin adhesives(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All bond 2, Prisma Universal Bond 3) were applied to each group. The specimens in each group were subdevided into four groups (Wet/primed, Dry/primed, Wet/not primed, Dry/not primed) and the etched dentin and enamel surface were treated these four surface treatments prior to the placement of a bonding agent or adhesive. Wet/primed group was simply blot-dried with a damp facial tissue before primer placement ; Dry/primed group was air dried for 30 seconds before the placement of a primer ; Wet/not primed group and Dry/not primed group were not primed after blot dried and air dried for 30 seconds each group. The bonding agent and composite resin were applied for each group. All specimens were exposed to 500 cycle of thermal stress. Specimens were placed in a silver nitrate solution and then sectioned buccolingually through the center of the restoration. The dye penetrations of the specimens were observed with a stereo microscope. The statistical test were applied to the results using a one way analysis variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test. The aspects of silver ion penetration into the resin/dentin interface were examined under scanning electron microscopy. The results were as follows. 1. In all groups, the enamel margin showed significantly lower leakage value than the cementum margin (p<0.05). 2. Regardless of various surface treatment and dentin adhesives, there was no significant difference at the enamel margins (p>0.05). 3. At the dentin margins, the leakage values of Dry/not primed group showed significantly higher than that of the other groups (p<0.05). The leakage values of Wet/primed group showed significantly lower than that of the other groups, but, there was no significant difference between Wet group and Dry group. 4. There was no significantly difference between the dentin adhesives regarding the surface treatments in all groups(p>0.05). 5. On the backscatterd scanning electron microscopy observation, the penetration of the silver ion occured at the bonding resin/dentin interface. In the Wet/primed group, resindentin hybrid zone and resin penetration into the dentin was observed. The resin tags were compactively formed to a thickness of $3\sim4{\mu}m$ at the upper part of dentinal tubules. In the Dry/primed group, the thickness of the hybrid zone and the diameter, depth of the resin tags diminished. In the Non-primed groups, the hybrid zone was not identified and few resin tag was observed. There was the gap formation in the resin/dentin interface.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of 5 current dentin bonding systems which are composed of 2 multi-bottle systems(Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, All Bond2) and 3 one-bottle systems(Single bond, One-Step, Prime & Bond). In this in vitro study, class V cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of sixty extracted human premolars and molars on cementum margin. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 10 samples (20 surfaces) each, Group 1 : Scotchbond Multi-Purpose ; Group 2 : All Bond 2 ; Group 3 : Single Bond ; Group 4 : One-Step ; Group 5 : Prime & Bond ; Group 6 : no bonding agent(control). The bonding agent and composite resin were applied for each group following the manufacturer's instructions. After 500 thermocycling between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$, the 60 teeth were placed in 2% Methylene blue dye for 24 hours, then rinsed with tab water. The specimen were embedded in clear resin, then sectioned buccolingually through the center of restoration with a low speed diamond saw. The dye penetration on each of the specimen were then observed with a stereomicroscope at ${\times}20$. The results of study were statistically analyzed using the Student-Newmann-Keul's Methods and the Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test. The resin/dentin interfaces were examined under Scanning Electron Microscopy. The results of this study were as follows. 1. None of the dentin bonding systems used in this study showed significant difference in leakage values at both the enamel and the dentin margins (P>0.05). 2. In all groups except the control, leakage value seen at the enamel margin was significantly lower than that seen at the dentin margin (P<0.05). 3. Compared to the control group, all the groups treated with dentin bonding systems showed significantly lower leakage value at both enamel and dentin margins (P<0.05). 4. In the SEM view, gaps were observed in the composite resin / dentin interface in group 6 where no dentin bonding agent was used, and in all the other groups (group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) composite resin, hybrid layer, and dentin were seen to be closely adhering to each other where there were no leakages. Well-developed resin tags 3~100${\mu}m$ in length infiltrated dentinal tubules past the hybrid layer and a hybrid layer 1~5${\mu}m$ thick had developed between the dentinal surface and the composite resin surface.