• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.135-144
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• 2013

Blue-green algae blooms occurred during early winter in the North-Han River, Korea. Among blue-green algae, Anabaena spiroides were observed for approximately 33 consecutive days, between 28 November and 30 December, 2011. A. spiroides emerged from Lake Uiam to Lake Paldang, depending on the flow of the river has spread downstream. Changes of physical water environment like rising water temperature and increasing hydraulic retention time influenced the A. spiroides bloom. The A. spiroides bloom showed a very rapid increase in cell density, and a slow decrease: the cell density increased to a maximum of $11,325cells\;mL^{-1}$ in Lake Paldang (st. 5), and was completely disappeared after the water temperature dropped below $4^{\circ}C$. A decrease in water temperature was the most influential factor among all environmental parameters, for the reduction of A. spiroides cell density. The A. spiroides bloom was accompanied with the occurrence of very high concentrations of the odor metabolite geosmin. Geosmin reached the peak value of $1,640ng\;L^{-1}$ in Lake Paldang (st. 4). The geosmin concentration was very strongly correlated with cell numbers of A. spiroides.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.62-66
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• 2008

Purpose: Axillary osmidrosis is a distressing disorder characterized by unpleasant odor from axillary area and it is mainly associated with apocrine glands but also associated with eccrine glands. For surgical treatment of osmidrosis, recently ultrasound assisted liposuction(UAL) had been performed for many patients. According to the recent studies about ultrasound assisted liposuction for the treatment of osmidrosis, histologic studies about apocrine gland had been applied for 35 cases, but there were rare mention about eccrine gland and the relationship between two glands. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the effect of ultrasound assisted liposuction for the treatment of axillary osmidrosis on apocrine and eccrine glands. Methods: From January 2004 to January 2007, 35 patients underwent ultrasound assisted liposuction for the treatment of osmidrosis and 5 patients underwent histologic studies. Histologic examinations were performed before and after ultrasound assisted liposuction and each biopsy was performed in central axillary area. The volume ratio of both glands, presence of degeneration were examined. And in aspirates, distribution and density of both glands and their morphological changes were examined. Results: Preoperative biopsy results showed average volume ratio of apocrine glands to eccrine glands was 65 : 35. According to the postoperative biopsy results, the volume of apocrine glands in dermis were significantly reduced and glands were degenerated, but the volume of eccrine glands were slightly reduced and glands were mildly damaged. And the average volume ratio of two glands was 20 : 80. According to biopsy results of aspirates, the volume ratio of two glands was 85 : 15 and apocrine glands had significantly greater proportion. Conclusion: By comparison of each biopsy result, apocrine glands were more significantly reduced and degenerated than eccrine glands in all 5 cases. However, further studies with large sample sizes and close examinations are required.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cookies prepared with five different quantities (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) of watermelon powder (WP). This study analyzed quality characteristics, consumer liking, and CATA (check-all-that-apply) of the samples. The density and pH of the cookie dough and the L-value of the cookies tended to decrease as the amount of watermelon powder increased (p<0.05), whereas the spread factor, a-value, and hardness of the cookies tended to increase as the amount of watermelon powder increased (p<0.001). The b-value tended to increase up to WP10, but it tended to decrease from WP15 (p<0.001). The results of the evaluation of consumer liking showed that overall liking was the highest for WP5 and lowest for WP20 (p<0.05). In the analysis of the CATA survey, the main reasons for liking for all the samples were 'Appearance', 'Color', 'Sweet taste', 'Nutty odor/flavor', 'Crispiness', and 'Familiarity'. WP5 showed the most diverse reasons for being liked. The common reason for disliking samples with the addition of watermelon powder was 'Residual feel in the mouth'. In the correspondence analysis, attributes of 'Stale taste', 'Clean taste', 'Softness', 'Familiarity', 'Moistness', 'Color', 'Blandness' were detected in the WP0 and WP5. The results indicate that WP5 with a 5% supplementation of watermelon powder is appropriate for improving the quality and consumer acceptability of the cookies.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2024

This study investigated the quality characteristics of butter sponge cakes added with whey protein concentrate (WPC)(0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 100%) added as a fat substitute. The density of the dough of butter sponge cakes significantly increased with higher levels of added WPC and the pH decreased (F=248.38, p<.001). The moisture content also decreased significantly (F=3.151, p < .05). However, the volume (F=9.556, p<.01) and specific volume (F=11.15, p<.001) significantly increased. With respect to color, there was no significant difference in the lightness (L) value of the crumb, but the redness (a) value increased significantly with higher levels of added WPC (F=12.616, p < .001), while the yellowness (b) value decreased significantly (F=4.550, p<.01). Regarding the crust, the L values (F=3.791, p<.01) and b values (F=7.000, p<.001) decreased significantly with higher levels of added WPC, while the (a) values increased significantly (F=4.706, p<.01). The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the raw WPC used in the manufacture of butter sponge cakes was found to be 27.45%, but this increased significantly as the amount of WPC added to butter sponge cakes increased (F=45.237, p<.001). In a consumer preference test, the flavor, appearance, texture, odor, and overall acceptability were highest in the case of WPC-10 when taking advantage of the functional advantages of WPC as a lowfat substitute, confirming the development potential and optimal amount of WPC that should be added to butter sponge cakes.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 2009

The blue-green algae which caused odor problem in the tap water are difficult to precipitate in sedimentation basin and clogged the filter void rapidly. The studies of this paper were not only oxidation, coagulation and sedimentation processes for effectively removing blue-green algae but yellow clay and polyamine for verification as coagulants aids. The results of this research are summarized as follows: Higher ozone dose(C) and longer contact time(T) were needed for a high degree of removing blue-green algae efficiency. the removal rate of blue-green algae was proportional to the $C\times T$ value. The removal percent of chlorophyll-a by sedimentation and filter without pre-ozonation was about 75% but 1 mg/L pre-ozonation could increase the removal percent of chlorophyll-a to 99% and more pre-ozonation could remove completely. Though the removal efficiency of turbidity could increased by high dose of chlorination, the dissolved organic carbon was increased. More chlorine dose from 4 to 10 mg/L dissolved organic carbon was decreased. Using yellow clay as coagulant aids increased density of floc so the settling velocity of floc become rising but polyamine could not increase settling velocity of floc though it could formated large floc.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.19-29
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• 2010

In South Korea, as the living standard has been getting higher, meat consumption is steadily increasing. To meet the country's demand, livestock houses become larger and wider with increased raising density. In larger livestock houses, pollutants such as flake of pig skin, excrement, odor, various dusts and noxious gas like ammonia are excessively accumulated inside the facility. These will cause weak immunity for the pigs, diminution of productivity and degeneration of working condition. These problems can be solved through the ventilation performance of the facility. In the winter time, ventilation must be controlled to minimum to maintain a suitable thermal condition. However, this affects the other internal environmental condition because of the minimum ventilation. The installation of "wet air cleaner" especially in the winter time can be an alternative solution. For efficient application of this machine, there is a need to understand the existing ventilation condition and analyze the interaction of existing ventilation system with the wet air cleaner considering its appropriate location. In this study, the existing ventilation system as well as the internal environmental condition negatively inside the facility with the wet air cleaner has been studied using CFD technology. The CFD simulation model was validated from the study conducted by Seo et al. (2008). Results show that the elimination rate of ammonia was 39.4 % and stability could be improved to 35.1 % (Comparing case 5 to 1 where wet air cleaner machine was not used). It can therefore be concluded that case 5 shows the optimum location of a wet air cleaner in the livestock house.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.3 s.205
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• pp.119-129
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• 2005

The antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus of persimmon juice and persimmon juice dyed cotton fabrics were eveluated. We investigated the effects in pursuit of the proper treating conditions to use persimmon juice dye for comfortable and hygienic doffing. The antibacterial activities were estimated by test method KS K 0693 and the percentage reduction of bacteria at various contact conditions of test materials and bacteria. The results were as follows. no bacteriostatic activities (BS) of persimmon Juice were more than $99.98\%$ and the increase was dose-dependent according to concentration from $1\%$ to $10\%$. However, bactericidal activities (BC) were not found BS increased from $99.97\%$ to $100\%$ and BC from $79.74\%$ to $100\%$ with increasing persimmon juice concentration of cotton fabrics from $10\%$ to $100\%$. Antibacterial effects were significantly shown at $10\%$ of persimmon juices. BS increased from $75.69\%$ to $100\%$ and BC from $65.89\%$ to $100\%$ over 18 hours of contact time and continued for 50 hours. BS of $100\%$ persimmon juice dyed cotton fabrics increased from $96.56\%$ to $98.20\%$ and BC from $-136\%$ to $65\%$ at different incubation temperatures of $17\pm1^{\circ}C$, $27\pm1^{\circ}C$ and $37\pm1^{\circ}C$. BS ranged from $99.06\%$ to $99.99\%$ and BC from $84.31\%$ to $95.10\%$, according to the initial bacterial density from $4.08\times10^7$ to $4.08\times10^5$. Sixty-seven percent of subjects of answered not to smell any odor from persimmon juice dyed cotton fabrics by subjective test.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.482-487
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• 2009

This research proposed a dashpot type mount design using MR fluids, and derived governing equation of the proposed design considering the design parameters of the mount and the Bingham characteristics of MR fluids, which affect the damping forces of the dashpot MR fluid mount. In odor to observe the change of magnetic properties which occurs from the solenoid, the effective length of the magnetic pole and the structure of core are selected as design parameters. The magnetic field quality is calculated in compliance with an equivalent magnetic circuit method. When the effective length of pole increases, the magnetic resistance of the pole of the MR mount decreased, and the magnetic flux density is increased. The result which uses a commercial business software and the result in compliance with equivalent magnetic circuit method shows the tendency which is similar.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.295-305
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• 2013

Purpose: Recent research showed that total mixed ration (TMR) feeding for pigs improved the productivity and reduced feed cost and manure odor. An automatic TMR feeding system was developed for this study because the conventional feeder cannot deliver the TMR containing roughage. Methods: Conventional feeding systems and physical properties of TMR were surveyed, and performance tests of the conventional feeder were conducted to develop a TMR feeder. Based on the TMR feeder was developed and installed, driving, measuring weight, radio frequency identification (RFID) reading, and discharging test for feeding were conducted to ensure the performance. Results: Moisture content, density, and angle of repose of the TMR 1 (mixture of 30% cut IRG silage and 70% concentrates) were 31.6%, 387 $kg/m^3$, and $51^{\circ}$, respectively. Moisture content, density, and angle of repose of the TMR 2 (mixture of 45% concentrates, 30% cut IRG silage and by-products, 10% bean curd refuse, 10% others, and 5% fermenter) were 22.2%, 544 $kg/m^3$, and $50^{\circ}$, respectively. The coefficient of variation (C.V.) of conventional concentrate feeding were 1.9~4.1%, and C.V. of TMR containing 1~3% cut IRG roughage feeding by conventional feeder were 9~42%. The conventional disc type feeder was not suitable for TMR feeding because the supply unit was clogged. The C.V. of TMR 1 was 0.6~7.9% when 0.5~10 kg of the TMR supplied, and it was suitable for feeding grow-finish pigs and sows. On the contrary, the C.V. with TMR 2 was 28% when 0.5 kg of the TMR supplied, and it was not suitable for feeding sows. Conclusions: The TMR feeder developed in this study was suitable for feeding grow-finish pigs because the feeder performed stably with over 5.0 kg feed. However, the feeder showed a lack of accuracy for feeding sows because the amount of each feed was more than 0.5 kg per a feeding. Therefore, the improvement of outlet structure for accurate feeding is needed for sow feeding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.178-183
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to find out the effect of yeast on hair loss treatment and the role of hair follicle stem cell activator, which is important in hair growth. The authors have recently produced a substance, which has no disgusting odor, does not precipitates and does not easily corrupt, to use instead of yeast acquired from raw rice wine(Makgeolli). The substance is named Yeast Constituent Extract(YCE). In this research, the Produced YCE was applied on the hair loss area of 10 Androgenic alopecia patients, twice every day for 6 months, in order to test the effect of hair loss treatment and the role of stem cell activator. As a result, all of the patients showed a significant growth of hair after 3 months of test, and showed much more growing, thickening and strengthening of hair after 6 months. As a result of measuring the number of hair strings in the same scalp region of the patients after 6 months, it is found that the density of hair has increased, indicating that the hair loss treatment was effective. Also the hair follicle stem cell was isolated from the patients and the contents of growth factors (IGF, VEGF, FGF, HGF) derived from hair follicle stem cell were measured with ELISA. As result, the amount is found to be about 10 times greater than before the test. The hair follicle stem cell contains many growth factors that affect growth of hair, so it takes a highly important role in hair loss treatment. The YCE that the authors have produced was found to be effective in increasing the contents of growth factors that are derived from hair follicle stem cell. Thus it can be inferred that the YCE plays a role as a stem cell activator that activates the hair follicle stem cells. In conclusion, the YCE is considered to be highly effective for hair loss treatment and to have a role as a stem cell activator.