• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.153-174
• /
• 1995

This study was conducted to examine the determinant factors for expenditure of the medical insurance program for self-employeds based on the analysis of 1991 'The Medical Insurance Program for Self-Employeds Statistical Yearbook', and also similar yearbooks in the metropolitan and other provinces. The major findings are as follows : We have divided benefits into these four components such as the utilization rate for out-patients, expenses per claim for out-patients as paid by the insurer, utilization rate for in-patients, and the expenses per claim for in-patients as paid by the insurer, in order to examine the determinant factors for it. The results of the study revealed the following findings, in urban areas, the supply of medical care had more influence on the benefits than other demographic and economic variables, while, in county areas, both the supply of medical care and the rate of those aged over 65 affected the provision of benefits. The determinant factors for financial balance of the medical insurance program for self-employeds are, first, the determinant factor for administrative expenses was the number of households. The more the number of households, the less the administrative expenses per the insured. This shows that the economy of scale is being. And so, the administrative district must be taken into consideration in the incorporation of small regional medical societies and should be re-organized for more efficient management. Second, in urban areas, the supply of medical care had more influence on utilization rate and expenses per claim as paid by insurer, and therefore it is necessary to control it. In county areas, the supply of medical care and the rate of those aged over 65 raised the utilization rate and expenses per claim as paid by insurer. For the financial stability of county areas, a common fund for medical care for the aged and expansion of finance stabilization fund would be necessary. But, in county areas, it would be unnecessary to control the supply of medical care because it was much more insufficient than in urban areas. The vitalization of public health facilities must be carried out in county areas, for they reduced benefits. Sice the more insured in a single household, the less the utilization of the medical insurance program, benefits for habilitation at home should be given consideration. The law of majority and the economy of scale were applied here, and therefore the incorporation of regional medical societies must be taken into consideration. In integrating regional medical societies, it would be absolutely necessary to review the structural differences among all regional medical societies, the medical demand of each region, and also the local characteristics of each region.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제29권2호
• /
• pp.96-102
• /
• 2016

Background: It is widely accepted that cervical interlaminar steroid injection (CIESI) is more effective in treating radicular pain than axial neck pain, but without direct comparison. And the differences of effect after CIESI according to MRI findings are inconsistent. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the therapeutic response of CIESI according to pain sites, durations, MRI findings, and other predictive factors altogether, unlike previous studies, which evaluated them separately. Methods: The medical records of 128 patients who received fluoroscopy guided CIESI were analyzed. We evaluated the therapeutic response (more than a 50% reduction on the visual analog scale [VAS] by their second visit) after CIESI by (1) pain site; neck pain without radicular pain/radicular pain with or without neck pain, (2) pain duration; acute/chronic (more than 6 month), and (3) findings of MRI; herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD)/spinal stenosis, respectively and altogether. Results: Eighty-eight patients (68%) responded to CIESI, and there were no significant differences in demographic data, initial VAS score, or laboratory findings. And there were no significant differences in the response rate relating to pain site, pain duration, or MRI findings, respectively. In additional analysis, acute radicular pain with HIVD patients showed significantly better response than chronic neck pain with spinal stenosis (P = 0.04). Conclusions: We cannot find any sole predictive factor of therapeutic response to the CIESI. But the patients having acute radicular pain with HIVD showed the best response, and those having other chronic neck pain showed the worst response to CIESI.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제11권5호
• /
• pp.650-660
• /
• 2006

Recently, according to increase in production of pond snails resulting from the widespread organic farming, organic farmers are showing a lot of interests in the promotion of consumption and extending the market of pond snails. This study was performed to suggest the process of product development of the ready-to-eat pond-snail Mandu as a health food, to show the results of market test of the pilot product, and to investigate the change of the sensory characteristics during storage periods. For the market test of pond-snail Mandu, the survey was developed and delivered to consumers. The questionnaire consisted of 3 parts such as respondents demographic characteristics, customer's perception of pond-snail Mandu before tasting, and customer's perception of that after tasting. And the market test was carried out with university students, welfare institution residents and apartment residents in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. As a result of the test, the most important purchasing factors were determined in the order of taste (49.5%), hygienic quality (12.5%), nutritional value (10%) and price (9%). And only 4.2% of respondents selected brand name as an important purchasing factor. After tasting pond-snail Mandu, consumers had suggested the better taste (t=6.986, p<0.000) and price (t=2.082, p<0.05) than those of before tasting. In response to favorable impression of pond-snail Mandu, 54.5% of total respondents evaluated positively. The favorable impressions came from iron-rich Mandu (27.6%), high protein and nutritious Mandu (24.4%), calcium-rich Mandu (17.9%), diet Mandu (13.3%), and delicious Mandu (12.5%) respectively. Sensory characteristics of pond-snail Mandu were evaluated by professional panels in terms of the softness of Mandu skin, chewiness, moistness, toothpacking, color, aroma, saltiness, and degree of plain, taste, and aftertaste. The evaluation of sensory characteristics on a 7-point scale, showed that softness of mandu skin (4.44) and aftertaste (4.11) got a low scores. The statistical difference of the tastes (p>0.05) was not founded by storage period of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Based on the result, the improvement of these characteristics are desired in developing the pond-snail Mandu. Research method applied to this study can be useful for developing a new product.

• 보건행정학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.454-468
• /
• 2019

Background: Supporting the elderly population is presented as a social issue, and it affects age discrimination, which forms a negative perception and avoids the elderly. Since age discrimination lowers the quality of life of the elderly and hinders social unity, it may be important to research related factors. This study examined the physical function as a factor that influences discrimination experiences and aimed to identify the relationship between physical function factors and discrimination experiences. Methods: In this study, we analyzed 20,225 elderly from the 2014 and 2017 survey of living conditions and welfare needs of Korean older persons, conducted nationwide among older than 65 years. Physical function factors are activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, sight discomfort, hearing discomfort, chewing discomfort, and leg strength as factors of interest. We performed multivariable logistic regression that reflected survey characteristics, adjusting for socio-demographic factors, health related factors, and social-support factors. Results: The number of elderly who faced discrimination experiences was 1,175 (5.8%). The results showed that the odds ratio of facing a discrimination experience in the dependent group was significantly higher compared to the independent group when being transferring out of the room (4.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50-10.88) and difficulty in hearing (1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.49). Even with respect to chewing ability, which was significant in models 1 and 2, they face more discrimination experiences (1.30; 95% CI, 1.11-1.53). Conclusion: These research results indicate that an important strategy for preventing age discrimination is to understand the physical function conditions of the elderly and promote the physical functions of the elderly related to transferring, hearing, and chewing; it is necessary to develop a practical intervention plan that considers these aspects.

• 보건행정학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.329-348
• /
• 2011

This research analyzed 168,010 cases of death of the aged over 65 from 244,867cases of death excluding 7 unknown age cases from 244,874 all age cases of death by using the death data of the National Statistical Office for 2007 to figure out factors affecting the quality of causes of death statistics of the aged and to suggest the ways of improving the quality of death statistics of the aged in korea. This research tried to derive factors affecting ill-defined cause of death category in acordance with WHO's guidelines and to find causes of lowering the accuracy of causes of death statistics of the aged. This research identified the problems of causes of death statistics of the aged by using both demographic characteristics such as sex, age, marital status, educational attainment, residential region, region size and factors of death items as independent variable to find causes of ill-defined cause of death of the aged. Logistic regression analysis was executed to calculate the hazard ratio about the ill-defined causes of death of the aged and multiple regression analysis was conducted to derive factors affecting the ill-defined cause of death by regional groups through using these independent variables such as the component ratio of over age 65, female death rates, doctors insitutions rate, medical institutions rate, attaching rates of death certificate by neighborhood. As a results of this research, R-code was the highest of ill-defined causes of death, accounting for 82.1%, and senility death(R54) of R-code was the highest, accounting for 91.2%. through subdivided order distribution of the ill-defined causes of death of the aged. As ill-defined causes of death by regional groups, attaching rates of death certificate by neighborhood was the most important factor(p<0.05) and also showed regression model's description with 83.8% ($R^2$=83.8%). Furthermore, Jeon-nam was the highest in the regional groups and these regions such as Je-ju, Jeon-buk, Chung-nam were not only attaching the death certificate by neighborhood but also were high at the rate of ill-defined causes of death. Therefore, this research found that both reconsideration about death certificate by neighborhood and education for doctors who write death certificate were needed the most.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.1-9
• /
• 2012

Objectives: This research was aimed 1) to find out various subjective symptoms cancer patients had, 2) to find out the quantitative difference of symptoms occurring according to the area of cancer, current treatment methods, and relapse of the cancer and 3) to analyze the relationship between the occurrence of symptoms. Methods: This study was a survey about the various subjective symptoms cancer patients had. The subjects were 48 cancer patients in a double-blinded randomized controlled trial about the effectiveness of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) treatments. Surveys were examined before Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) treatments. The questionnaire consisted of demographic research, patient history and accompanying symptoms. The symptoms part consisted of 4 questions on general symptoms (vertigo, hot flush, rash, insomnia), 2 questions on digestion symptoms (anorexia, dyspepsia), 2 questions on excretions (diarrhea, constipation), and 5 questions on symptoms in different body parts (headache, dryness of lips, chest pain, aphthous ulcer, nose bleeding). The questionnaire was used to research presence of symptoms and relationships between the occurrence of symptoms. Results: A total of 48 patients took part in this survey. Dizziness was the most frequent subjective symptom patients had (64.58%), followed by dry mouth (43.75%), headache (43.75%), insomnia (41.67%), anorexia (37.5%) and chest discomfort (37.5%). The presence of these subjective symptoms was partially related to the patient's history details - type of cancer, method of cancer treatment (chemotherapy, radiotherapy), termination of treatment, presence of pain, fatigue and recurrence, etc. Factor analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between the occurrence of symptoms. It suggested 5 factors as a result, but there was a limitation that only a low level of correlation was shown among them. Conclusions: We were able to analyze the occurrences and the relationships among them for accompanying subjective symptoms in cancer patients. However the results of the study are limited in that only 48 patients participated. The symptoms in cancer patients showed a tendency for clustering, occurring simultaneously or continuously rather than occurring alone. The study of these symptom clusters is worth further study, for it is similar to the Symptom Differentiation System in Traditional Korean Medicine. For effective approach to the treatment of cancer in Traditional Korean Medicine, further research on the Korean traditional view of cancer patients should be done based on this research, regarding various symptoms and those relationships on a larger scale.

• 디지털융복합연구
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.11-17
• /
• 2016

본 연구는 65세 이상 노인들을 대상으로 음주문제의 정도와 우울과 가족관계 요인이 음주문제에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 본 연구 자료는 한국복지패널(Korea Welfare Panel Study)의 2015년에 발표된 2014년의 자료를 사용하였다. 한국복지패널 자료는 서울을 포함한 7개 광역시와 제주도를 비롯한 9개도의 가구를 대상으로 연 1회 실시하는 전국적인 자료이다. 연구대상의 음주문제를 파악하기 위해 세계보건기구의 AUDIT(Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test)척도를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 21.0을 사용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 몇 가지 논의를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성별에 따른 음주문제의 차이를 교차분석한 결과를 살펴보면, 남성노인과 여성노인은 음주문제의 정도가 다르게 나타났다. 둘째, 인구사회학적 특성이 음주문제에 영향을 미치는 가를 살펴보면, 나이가 어릴수록 음주문제가 심각한 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 우울과 가족관계가 음주문제에 미치는 영향을 살펴보면, 우울이 가족관계보다 상대적 영향력이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연구결과에 따르면, 건강한 노후의 삶을 살아가기 위한 신체적 정신적 건강은 노인의 삶의 질에 중요한 요인으로 노인의 건강습관을 유지할 수 있도록 예방 차원의 접근은 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다.

• 자연과학논문집
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.181-189
• /
• 1996

속옷광고의 표현기법에 따른 광고에 대한 태도와 상표선호도를 연구하기 위하여 5개의 속옷 상표(비비안, 라보라, 와코루. 라보라, 렛써스)의 광고에 대한 태도와 상표선호도, 그리고 선호동기에 대한 설문조사연구를 서울과 대전에 거주하는 233명의 여성들을 대상으로 실시하였다.그 결과, 첫째로 광고에 대한 태도에서는 전통적 기법을 사용한 광고(비비안, 라보라, 와코루)보다는 혁신적 기법을 사용한 광고(캘빈클라인, 렛써스)에 대해 긍정적 태도를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 혁신적 기법의 캘빈클라인의 광고가 가장 긍정적인 반응을 얻었으며, 라보라가 가장 부정적인 반응을 얻었다.둘째, 상표선호도의 순서는 비비안, 캘빈클라인, 와코루, 라보라, 렛써스의 순서로 나타났으며, 인구통계적변인인 연령, 학력, 수입, 직업, 그리고 거주지에 따라 상표선호도가 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다.셋째, 상표 선호동기에 관한 연구에서는 모양, 질, 광고, 편안함의 측면에서는 캘빈클라인을 가장 선호하였으며, 가격면에 있어서는 라보라를 가장 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 렛써스는 다른 상표들에 비해 모든 측면에서 낮은 평가를 받았다.그리고 광고에 대한 태도와 실제구매상황에 있어서의 선호도가 일치하지 않는 것으로 나타나 광고에 대한 태도가 구매로 연결되지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the independent factors associated with the registration rate for the community-based post suicidal care program in the emergency department (ED). Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted between March and December 2013 at the academic ED at the tertiary urban hospital. During the study period, the pre-designed registry was recorded. The variables examined included the following: patients' demographic data (Sex, age, address, type of insurance, marital status, level of education, and history of previous psychiatric disease), suicide-related data (suicidal methods, combined drink of alcohol and number of previous attempts), and management-related data (disposition at ED, physician's training level, etc.). Univariated and multivariated logistic regression analyses were performed for identification of factors affecting the registration rate for the community-based post suicidal care program. Results: A total of 163 suicides were included during the study period. Of these, 33 (20.2%) patients were registered in the post-suicide care program. Factors including a patient's address (OR: 14.92, 95% CI: 3.606-61.711), immediate intervention by psychiatric healthcare center (OR: 5.05, CI: 1.688-15.134), admissions in hospital (OR: 3.69, CI: 1.286-10.605), and history of previous psychiatric disease (OR: 3.52, CI: 1.216-10.201) showed significant association with registration for the program. Conclusion: The community-based post-suicidal care program, which is available 24 hours a day, should be operated in each district in order to increase the registration rate. Emergency physicians should actively consider the inpatient treatment program for suicidal patients and strongly recommend registration to the program, particularly for patients without previous history of psychiatric disease.

• 한국인구학
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.57-70
• /
• 2006

결혼은 그 자체로서 매우 중요한 주제이기도 하지만 최근에는 저출산의 주요원인으로 언급되면서 학문적 사회적 관심이 증가하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 결혼에 대한 체계적이고 분석적인 연구는 아직 미흡한 실정이다. 이 연구는 <2005년도 전국 결혼 및 출산 동향조사>자료를 이용해 미혼남녀의 결혼의향을 분석하고 있다. 미혼남녀전체를 대상으로 로짓회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 이들의 인구학적 특성, 경제상황, 가구 및 가족특성, 성과 혼전동거에 대한 태도 등이 통제된 상황에서도 남성보다는 여성에게서 결혼을 하겠다는 비율이 낮게 나타났다. 한편 남녀별 로짓회귀분석의 결과에 의하면 취업, 가구형태, 성과 혼전동거태도 등의 효과가 성에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 취업의 경우, 미혼남성의 결혼의향은 높이지만, 미혼여성에게서는 유의미한 효과를 보이지 않고 있다. 이 같은 결과는 여성의 경제적 기반과 결혼에 대한 두 가지 주요 이론인 경제독립가설과 경력진입모형 모두와 거리가 있는 것이다. 한편, 독립가구거주와 성 및 혼전동거에 대한 개방적 태도의 효과는 미혼남성에게 발견되지 않지만 미혼여성에서는 부정적인 것으로 나타난다. 성에 따른 이상의 변수들의 차별적인 효과는 미혼에서 결혼으로 이행하는 과정과 동기가 성에 따라 다르게 작동함을 의미한다. 따라서 결혼에 관한 이론적 논의와 경험적 연구에서 이러한 남녀간 차별성이 반영될 필요성이 있다.