• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.623-630
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• 2018

The renewable energy systems have been in the spotlight as an alternative for environmental issues. Therefore, the governmental policies are being implemented to spread of promote power generation system using renewable energy in various countries around the world. In addition, Korea has also developed a policy called the power trading contract which can profit from electricity produced from renewable power generation system through Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) and Korea Power Exchange (KPX). As a result, the power trading contracts can trade power after self-consuming in-house by using small-scale renewable power system for residential customers as well as electricity retailers. The power trading contracts applicable as a small-scale power system have a 'Net metering (NM)' and a 'Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)', and these two types of power trading contracts trade surplus power, but payment method of each power trading is different. The microgrid proposed in this paper is based on grid connected microgrid using Photovoltaic (PV) system and Energy Storage System (ESS), that supplied power to residential demand, we evaluate the operation cost of microgrid by power demand in each power trading contracts and propose the appropriate power trading contracts according to electricity demand.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.393-410
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• 2021

The Korean Long-Term Care Insurance (K-LTCI) provides financial support for long-term care service to people who need various types of assistance with daily activities. As the number of elderly people in Korea is expected to increase in the future, the demand for long-term care insurance would also increase over time. Projection of future expenditure on K-LTCI depends on the number of beneficiaries within the grading system of K-LTCI based on the test scores of applicants. This study investigated the suitability of mixture distributions to the model K-LTCI score distribution using recent empirical data on K-LTCI, provided by the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). Based on the developed mixture models, the number of beneficiaries in each grade and its variability under the current grading system were estimated by simulation. It was observed that a mixture model is suitable for K-LTCI score distribution and may prove useful in devising a funding plan for K-LTCI benefit payment and investigating the effects of any possible revision in the K-LTCI grading system.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2004년도 제5회 정기학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.311-316
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• 2004

전문건설업계는 공사대금의 미 회수 등 외부요인에 의한 경영악화가 심화되고 있으며, 장기어음수급에 따른 어음 할인료부담 가중으로 공사의 채산성이 악화되고 있다. 이에 따라서 정부는 현금성결제수단을 도입하였으나 현재 이행실태가 일부 기업을 제외하고 미미한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 현금성결제수단 중 기업구매자금 대출수단에 대해 타당성을 분석하고 손익기준점을 통한 경제적인 대금지급수단의 기준안을 제시하고 기초적인 데이터를 제공하는데 목적이 있다.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.1036-1054
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• 2019

Recently, concomitant with a surge in numbers of Internet of Things (IoT) devices with various sensors, mobile crowdsensing (MCS) has provided a new business model for IoT. For example, a person can share road traffic pictures taken with their smartphone via a cloud computing system and the MCS data can provide benefits to other consumers. In this service model, to encourage people to actively engage in sensing activities and to voluntarily share their sensing data, providing appropriate incentives is very important. However, the sensing data from personal devices can be sensitive to privacy, and thus the privacy issue can suppress data sharing. Therefore, the development of an appropriate privacy protection system is essential for successful MCS. In this study, we address this problem due to the conflicting objectives of privacy preservation and incentive payment. We propose a privacy-preserving mechanism that protects identity and location privacy of sensing users through an on-demand incentive payment and group signatures methods. Subsequently, we apply the proposed mechanism to one example of MCS-an intelligent parking system-and demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of our mechanism through emulation.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.27-38
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• 2002

교통운영의 효율성과 안전성을 획기적으로 향상시키는 차세대교통체계인 ATIS 하부시스템 중 공공성과 사업성을 동시에 가지는 VTIS는 매우 중요하다. 특히, 특정이용자의 수요에 따라 상세한 교통정보를 제공할 뿐만 아니라, 민간부문의 참여도가 높아 부가적인 파급효과의 기대가 크므로 시급한 도입이 예상된다. 하지만 VTIS 서비스 제공매체는 상당히 다양하기에 각 제공매체별로의 적정요금과 요금지불방식도 상당히 다양해지므로, 이에 대한 적절한 기준이나 연구가 시급한 실정이다. 하지만 기존 연구들은 최적경로 산정에만 치중되어 있어 서비스 이용수요와 이용자의 입장이 고려된 적정이용료 산정에 대한 연구는 전무하다. 따라서 본 연구는 가상의 다른 가격시나리오 하에서 VTIS 서비스의 이용여부를 설문조사하고, 이항로짓모형을 이용하여 운전자들의 이용수요를 예측하였다. 그리고 설문조사시 이용응답자를 대상으로 순서형 프로빗 모형을 이용하여 각 지불방식별로 이용행태 범주별로 이용률을 산정하고 이에 민감도 분석을 실시하여 월별 지불방식에서는 2800원, 통화당 지불방식에서는 한 통화당 145원의 적정이용료를 산정하였으며 이때의 VTIS 서비스 이용률은 각각 65%와 75%로 나타났다.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2001년도 학술대회지
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• pp.353-358
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• 2001

외환위기 이후 주택건설업체의 유동성확보가 중요한 이슈로 부각되고 있다. 이는 정확한 현금흐름 예측을 전제로 하고 있으나, 현재까지는 기업금융이 보편화되어 있어서 현금흐름 예측관리 시스템이 발달하지 못한 실정이다. 정확한 현금흐름 예측을 위해서는 사업성 검토시에 고려하는 손익변화 예측중심의 현금흐름에 보다 실제적인 현금흐름의 특성을 적용한 모델이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서 사업성 검토시 고려되는 현금흐름에 분양계약자의 선납 및 연체와 연관된 분양대금 납부패턴을 분석해 현금수입 예측의 기초 모델을 제시하고, 선납과 연체로 인한 최종 현금손실을 분석해 그 모델에 적용하였다. 또한 현금지출의 정확한 예측을 위해서 사업성 검토 시 사용되는 공사비 예상 지출액을 공정율 기준에서 원가투입율 기준으로 변경하고, 공사대금의 어음지급 비율 및 기간의 변동에 따른 현금지출 변화를 보여주는 현금지출 모델을 제시하였다. 본 ·논문에서 제시하는 모델로 기존보다 현실성 높은 현금흐름 예측이 가능할 것으로 기대되며, 자금조달 시점과 자금집행 시점을 보다 정확히 파악할 수 있어 자금집행의 효율성을 높이는 기반을 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.39-52
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• 2023

There is a clear need to enhance the attractiveness of rural areas by leveraging their core assets to respond to emerging mega-trends. This paper analyzes the progress of the direct payment program that has been implemented to preserve agricultural landscapes in rural areas, using spatial information data. The study identified the planting characteristics of landscape crops, spatial utilization characteristics of the system, and utilization characteristics of the system by the beneficiaries. According to the analysis, the spatial utilization characteristics of the system could be classified into eight types: tourism resources and nearby agricultural areas, designation across the entire rural area, agricultural areas around villages, large-scale agricultural areas, small-scale agricultural areas, scattered and dispersed areas, independent parcels of land, and ranches. Based on the characteristics and limitations of the landscape preservation direct payment system, this study provides directions for future rural specialized zones. The landscape preservation direct payment system focuses on income support for farmers and providing agricultural benefits in terms of public interest. Meanwhile, the landscape agricultural zone serves as a rural specialized zone, highlighting the need to explore the direction of integrated rural landscape management. It is important for farmers, as the key stakeholders, to preserve the agricultural landscape in rural areas. Forming community-level cooperatives and engaging in relevant activities are crucial for achieving this goal. In order to actively preserve the agricultural landscape, it is necessary to consider the resumption of financial support for village landscape preservation activities, along with the designation of landscape agricultural zones. There is a need to conduct a specific review and explore measures to accommodate the designated landscape complexes at the local government level. The higher the ratio of designated landscape complexes, the more agricultural landscape management based on public value has been carried out. The designation of such landscape complexes can be seen as a demand for voluntary utilization of agricultural landscapes in the region. Moreover, as the ratio of designated landscape complexes increases, it becomes evident that farmers at the village level actively participate in agricultural landscape preservation and contribute to providing public value or utilize it as a tourism resource. This highlights the need for managing agricultural landscapes at the village level within the appropriate context.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제42권
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• pp.133-160
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• 2009

In International trade the buyer and seller are normally separated from on another not only by distance but also by differences in language and culture. It is rarely possible for the performance of obligations to be simultaneous and the performance of contracts therefore calls for trust in a situation in which the parties are unlikely to feel able to trust each other unless they have a longstanding and successful relationship. Thus the seller under an international contract of sale will not wish to surrender documents of title to goods to the buyer until he has at least an assurance of payment, and no buyer will wish to pay for goods until he has received them. A gap of distrust thus exists which is often bridged by the undertaking of an intermediary known and trusted by both parties who will undertake on his own liability to pay the seller the contract price in return for the documents of title and then pass the documents to the buyer in return for the reimbursement. This is a common explanation of the theory behind the documentary letter of credit in which the undertaking of a bank of international repute serves as a "guarantee" to each party that the other will perform his obligations. The independence principle, also referred to as the "autonomy principle", is at the core of letter of credit or bank guarantee law. This principle provides that the letter of credit or bank guarantee is independent of the underlying contractual commitment - that is, the transaction that the credit is intented to secure - between the applicant and the beneficiary ; the credit is also independent of the relationship between the bank and its customer, the applicant. The most important exception to the independence principle is the doctrine of fraud in the transaction. A strict interpretation of the rule that the guarantee is independent of the underlying transaction would lead to the conclusion that neither fraud nor manifest abuse of rights by the beneficiary would constitute an objection to payment. There is one major problem related to "Independent guarantees", namely abusive or unfair callings. The beneficiary may make an unfair calling under the guarantee. The countermeasure of beneficiary's unfair calling divided three cases. First, advance countermeasure namely by contract. In other words, when the formation of the contract, the parties must insert the Force Majeure Clause, Arbitration Clause to Contract, and clear statement to the condition for demand calling. Second, post countermeasure namely by court. Many countries, including the United States, authorize the courts to grant an order enjoining the issuer from paying or enjoining the beneficiary from receiving payment under the guaranty letter. Third, Export Insurance. For example, the Export Credit Guarantees Department is prepared, subject to certain conditions, to cover the risk of unfair calling. Of course, KEIC in Korea is cover the risk of the all things for guarantees. On international projects, contractor performance is usually guaranteed by either a standby letters of credit or Independent guarantee. These instruments will be care the parties.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.493-499
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• 2023

신용거래(Trade Credit)는 제품 공급자가 중간유통자에게 제품 구입비용에 대하여 일정 기간 동안 지불 유예를 허용하는 거래 행위로 일반적으로 경쟁 기업과의 차별화 수단으로 허용되어 진다. 이와 같은 신용 거래는 고객의 거래량(주문량 크기) 증대를 목적으로 거래량의 크기에 따라 종속적으로 허용되는 것을 흔히 볼 수 있다. 또한 중간유통자 입장에서 보면 신용거래가 허용되면, 제품 구입비용에 대하여 일정 기간 동안의 지불 유예가 가능하여 재고투자비용의 절감 효과를 기대할 수 있고, 이와 같은 재고 투자비용의 절감은 최종 고객의 수요를 늘릴 수단으로 판매가격을 할인하는 요인이 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 공급자가 중간유통자의 거래량에 종속적으로 지불 유예 기간을 허용하는 상황 하에서 최종고객의 연간 수요가 중간유통자의 판매가격에 지수적으로 감소하는 가격탄력함수(a price elasticity function)의 경우를 고려하여 중간유통자 관점의 최적 판매가격과 주문량을 결정하는 모형을 분석하고자 한다. 문제 분석을 위하여 제품은 시간이 경과함에 따라 일정율로 퇴화하는 경우에 중간유통자의 재고 모형을 수립하고, 퇴화가 중간유통자의 재고 정책에 미치는 영향에 대해서 분석 해 보고자 한다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.37-52
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to provide the valid data about residential-linked pension insurance development. The development was a part of national housing projects, which was an incentive for rural living of retired people, in order to relieve residential issues of elderly and revitalize rural communities by residents moving from cities. The insuring intent, decisive insuring factors and the residential service demand degree of people preparing retirement were analyzed. Data was collected in October, 2007. 364 Sample Subjects lived in Seoul Metropolitan area. Firstly, more than 90% of respondents had intention to purchase a residential-linked pension insurance and about 50% of them necessarily desired receiving premium for moving in. This indicated that it could be developed as an insurance which helped to meet housing expenses by housing-linked system, and in the mean time, it met the original purpose of pension insurance as the pension benefit could be guaranteed for all the insurance subscribers. Secondly, the respondents, whose income and private assets were higher, were able to pay more for insurance compared to average. Therefore, It was necessary to regulate monthly insurance bill and the payment period according to asset states of insurance subscribers after establishing certain amount of total insurance payment. Thirdly, by and large, it indicated the tendency that the less they prepare for older age the later they wanted to move into the pension insurance residence. It was inferred that in the case of insufficient preparation for older age, people preferred preparing behind time by postponing move in to moving in early to enjoy retired life, due to uncertainties. lastly, the respondents understood the significance of health, medical treatment and emergency management service and these two services were preferred as essential provided services. Because of the necessity of developing residential-linked pension insurance was found to be positive, further research to find the real cost, directives for operation and institutional support for this type of pension insurance might be needed.