• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.71-74
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• 1995

In this paper, a new PID fuzzy controller(FC) based on parallel operation of PI and PD fuzzy control is presented. First, two fuzzy rule bases are constructed by separating the linguistic control rule for PID FC into two parts : one is e-.DELTA.e part, and the other is .DELTAL.$^{2}$e-.DELTA.e part. And then two FCs employing these rule bases indivisually are synthesized and run in parallel. The incremental control input is determined by taking weighted mean of the outputs of two FCs. The proposed PID FC improves the transient response of the system and gives better performance than the conventional PI FC.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.222-234
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• 1998

The Westinghouse OT$\Delta$T DNB protection logic heavily restricts the operation region by applying the same logic for a full range of operating pressure in order to maintain its simplicity. In this work, a fuzzy neural network method is used to estimate the DNB protection limit using the measured average temperature and pressure of a reactor core. Fuzzy system parameters are optimized by a hybrid learning method. This algorithm uses a gradient descent algorithm to optimize the antecedent parameters and a least-squares algorithm to solve the consequent parameters. The proposed method is applied to Yonggwang 3&4 nuclear power plants and the proposed method has 5.99 percent larger thermal margin than the conventional OT$\Delta$T trip logic. This simple algorithm provides a good information for the nuclear power plant operation and diagnosis by estimating the DNB protection limit each time step.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.5-8
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• 1989

Conventional ceramic method has been used to prepare the green phase, $Y_2BaCuO_5$, commonly observed in 90-K superconductor $YBa_2Cu_3O_P{7-{\delta}}$as an impurity phase. The powder X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that $Y_2BaCuO_5$ has an orthorhombic symmetry with lattice parameter of a = 12.2 $\AA$, b = 5.61 $\AA$, and c = 7.14 $\AA.$ The average g-value 2.13 observed in ESR spectrum is attributable to Cu2+ stabilized in $C_{4v}$ field. From the magnetic susceptibility ($\mu$eff = 2.29 BM) and the ESR measurements, it is confirmed that Cu(II) $3d^9$ electrons in $Y_2BaCuO_5$ are localized and can be characterized by Curie-Weiss behavior. Optical reflectance spectrum shows a broad absorption peak around 680 nm due to dxy ${\rightarrow}$ $dx^2-y^2$ eletronic transition.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.467-475
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Acupuncture at the GV20 and GV22 on normal human beings using power spectrum analysis. Methods : Electroencephalogram(EEG) power spectrum exhibits site-specific and state-related differences in various frequency bands. 8 channels Background Electroencephalogram (EEG) was carried out in 30 subjects(24 females and 4 males). Results : In ${\delta}$(theta) band, the power values decreased significantly at the 8-channel average value(p=0.03) and especially at T3(p=0.02), T4(p=0.001) and P3(p=0.03). In ${\alpha}$(alpha) band, the power values have no significant changes. In ${\beta}$(beta)band, the power values increased significantly at the 8-channel average value (p=0.02) and especially at T4(p=0.003), P3 (p= 0.03) and P4(0.02). In ${\beta}/{\delta}$(beta/theta) ratio, the value increased significantly at the 8-channel average value(p=0.002) and especially at Fp2(p=0.05), F4(p=0.007), T3(0.012), T4(0.005), P3 (0.007) and P4(0.03) Conclusions : Through this data, we conclude that acupuncture at the GV20 and GV22 on normal human beings could have possibility to awake the cerebral cortex by the functional mechanism.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1-10
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to verify the shore margin protection effect of a root system developed from direct sticking of Salix gracilistyla Miq., focusing on the reinforcement of soil shear strength. The materials were 20cm long sticks whose average diameter and weight were 7.52mm and 14.58g respectively, and sandy loam(Sand 60.36%, Silt 28%, Clay 11.64%), whose maximum dry weight(${\gamma}$$_{dmax}$) was 1.59gf/㎤ at the water ratio( $W_{opt}$) 13.8%. The direct shearing test(KS F 2343) was applied to cylindric columms(diameter 132mm) of pure soil and two years old root reinforced soil. At each condition of vertical stress, 10N/$ extrm{cm}^2$, 14.41N/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 18.82 N/$\textrm{cm}^2$, five soil+root columns were sheared. After shear tests, the root area ratio and soil moisture on the shear plane were measured. The results of this research were as follows: 1. The average of root area ratio was 1.86% and the soil moisture 14.67%. 2. Two years old root system was found to increase the soil shear strength of pure soil in terms of Cohesion(C) and Inner friction Angle($\phi$) as follows. 3. The relationship between root area ratio and the increased shear strength can be presented with the following equation, $\Delta$S ≒ 0.33ㆍ TrㆍAs/A $\Delta$S : Increased Shear Strength Tr : Average Tension Strength of Root, Ar/A : Root Area Ratioioage Tension Strength of Root, Ar/A : Root Area Ratio

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.32-46
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• 2000

Hydrogeochemical and isotope ($\delta$$^{18}$ O, $\delta$D, $^3$H, $\delta$$^{13}$ C, $\delta$$^{34}$ S, $^{87}$ Sr/$^{86}$ Sr) studies of various kinds of waters (thermal groundwater, deep groundwater, shallow groundwater, and surface water) from the Yusung area were carried out in order to elucidate their geochemical characteristics such as distribution and behaviour of major/minor elements, geochemical evolution, reservoir temperature, and water-rock interaction of the thermal groundwater. Thermal groundwater of the Yusung area is formed by heating at depth during deep circlulation of groundwater and is evolved into Na-HCO$_3$type water by hydrolysis of silicate minerals with calcite precipitation and mixing of shallow groundwater. High NO$_3$contents of many thermal and deep groundwater samples indicate that the thermal or deep groundwaters were mixed with contaminated shallow groundwater and/or surface water. $\delta$$^{18}$ O and $\delta$D are plotted around the global meteoric water line and there are no differences between the various types of water. Tritium contents of shallow groundwater, deep groundwater and thermal groundwater are quite different, but show that the thermal groundwater was mixed with surface water and/or shallow groundwater during uprising to surface after being heated at depths. $\delta$$^{13}$ C values of all water samples are very low (average -16.3$\textperthousand$%o). Such low $\delta$$^{13}$ C values indicate that the source of carbon is organic material and all waters from the Yusung area were affected by $CO_2$ gas originated from near surface environment. $\delta$$^{34}$ S values show mixing properties of thermal groundwater and shallow groundwater. Based on $^{87}$ Sr/$^{86}$ Sr values, Ca is thought to be originated from the dissolution of plagioclase. Reservoir temperature at depth is estimated to be 100~1$25^{\circ}C$ by calculation of equilibrium method of multiphase system. Therefore, the thermal groundwaters from the Yusung area were formed by heating at depths and evolved by water-rock interaction and mixing with shallow groundwater.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.469-472
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• 2003

The rice bran has been known to contain tocopherols and tocotrienols carrying antioxidant and cholesterol-lowing activities. The content of 8 isomers of vitamin E : $\alpha\textrm{-}$, $\beta\textrm{-}$, $\gamma\textrm{-}$, $\delta\textrm{-}$tocoperols (T) and tocotrienols ($\textrm{T}_3$) were extracted from 18 major rice varieties and quantified with an HPLC. Tested varieties exhibited T, $\textrm{T}_3$ and total vitamin E ($\textrm{TT}_3$) contents ranging 9.1-14.8, 22.4-37.1, 34.9-46.5 mg/100g with averages of 11.1, 28.0, 39.2 mg/100g, respectively. Among tested varieties, Seojinbyeo and Hwasungbyeo showed high T contents and Andabyeo, Damakum were high in $\textrm{T}_3$, and Andabyeo and Seojinbyeo were high in total $\textrm{TT}_3$ contents. Regardless of varieties, the average 8 isomer contents (in mg/100g) were in descending order of $\gamma\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$(17.9) ＞$\alpha\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$(8.8) ＞$\alpha\textrm{-}$T (7.8) ＞$\gamma\textrm{-}$T(2.6) ＞$\delta\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$ (0.9)＞$\beta\textrm{-}$T (0.7)＞$\beta\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$ (0.4)＞$\delta\textrm{-}$T (0.1). In most varieties, $\gamma\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$, a strong antioxidant and anticancer compound, consisted 64% of total tocotrienol and 46% of total vitamin E in vice bran.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1997

Background : The changes of the composition in the T-lymphocyte are important as an immunological abnormality in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Previously, the second type of TCR dimer(${\gamma}{\delta}$ T lymphocyte) that did not express CD4 or CD8 molecules was found. In other reports the presence of this type of lymphocytes was increased in the initial stage of tuberculous infections. Method : To determine whether there are some differences in the T-lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood or pleural effusion between pleural tuberculosis and other pleurisy. Thirty patients with pleural effusion among the forty-nine patients were examined T-lymphocyte subset analysis(CD4+T-cell,CD8+ T-cell,${\gamma}{\delta}$ T-lymphocytes) with anti- Leu4, anti-Leu3a, anti-Lea2a, anti HLA-DR and anti-TCR-${\gamma}{\delta}$-1(Becton & Dickinson Co.). Results : The average age of the patients was 50 years old(17-81year). There were 33 males and 16 female patients. Patiensts with tuberculosis are 30cases(tuberculous pleurisy 15), lung cancer 12cases(malignant effusion 9) and pneumonia 7cases(parapneumonic effusion 6cases) In T lymphocyte subsets of pleural effusion, helper T lymphocyte(54.6 + 13.8 %) of tuberculous pleurisy was higher than that(36.2 + 25.3 %) of non-tuberculous pleurisy(p=0.04). The peripheral blood ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T-lymphocytes in tuberculousis was insignificantly higher than non-tuberculous patients(p= 0.24). The peripheral blood ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T-lymphocytes and pleural ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T-Iymphocytes in tuberculous pleurisy was insignificantly higher than in non-tuberculous pleurisy(p= 0.16, p= 0.12). Conclusion : The percentage of -${\gamma}{\delta}$ T lymphocytes among the total T-lymphocytes is not significantly increased in the peripheral blood or pleural effusion of the pleural tuberculosis. ${\gamma}{\delta}$ T lymphocytes is less useful as a diagnostic method of pleural tuberculosis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.117-130
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• 1994

Titanomagnetite ore bodies in the Yonchon iron mine are closely associated with alkali gabbroic rocks of middle Proterozoic age which intruded Precambrian metasedimentary rocks. The orebodies can be divided into massive ores in gabbroic rock, skarn ores in calcareous xenoliths and banded ores in gneissic gabbro. Gabbroic rocks from the Yonchon iron mine have unusually high content of $TiO_2$ with an average values of 3.46 wt%. Iron ores are ilmenite (42.25~51.56 wt% in $TiO_2$) and titanomagnetite (1.29~6.57 wt% in $TiO_2$) and the former is dominant Small amount of magnetite, hematite, sphene and sulfide minerals are included in the ores. Grandite garnet, titanoaugite and tschermakite are in iron skarn ores. Hornblendes from ores and gabbroic rocks have a relatively homogeneous isotopic composition with ${\delta}D$ between -110.0 and -133.9‰, and ${\delta}^{18}O$ of +4.5 to +6.5‰, and calculated to have formed in fluids with ${\delta}O_{H_2O}$ of + 6.7 to +8.7‰. and ${\delta}_{H_2O}$ of -87.9 to -111.8‰, which has a similar isotopic value of primary magmatic water. Based on intrusive age, occurrence, mineral chemistry and isotopic compositions of magnetite ores and gabroic rocks, it will be concluded that the gabbroic rocks are responsible for the titanomagnetite mineralization. The titaniferous magnetite melt was immiscibly separated from the high titaniferous gabbroic melts of Proterozoic age.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.473-479
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to recover the CIE XYZ tristimulus values of original colors from scanner output signals, and to reproduce true colors on the monitor. The process of this study is composed of three steps; scanner characterization, chromatic adaptation transformation, and color space transformation between and sRGB. Especially, in the process of recovery, scanner stimuli were obtained accurately by dividing the non-linear photometric response curve into two parts. As the result of test to EPSON Expression 1680 scanner, the average color difference between true and recovered XYZ for 228 target colors, 22 test neutrals, and 36 test colors were 1.49, 0.97, and 1.42 $\Delta$ $E_{UV}$ *, respectively. With the transformation from illuminant D50 to illuminant D65, the input signals to sRGB monitor were predicted. Finally, it could be found that displayed colors with predicted input signals were very consistent with true colors. with true colors.