• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.355-361
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• 2006

We prove that if a continuous surjective map f on a compact metric space X has the average shadowing property, then every point x is chain recurrent. We also show that if a homeomorphism f has more than two fixed points on $S^1$, then f does not satisfy the average shadowing property. Moreover, we construct a homeomorphism on a circle which satisfies the shadowing property but not the average shadowing property. This shows that the converse of the theorem 1.1 in [6] is not true.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.438-445
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• 2015

Among several thermal wood modification methods German oil heating technology was applied to Korean pine specimens by heat treatment at $180^{\circ}C$ and $200^{\circ}C$. In addition the matched specimens were heat-treated by Thermowood method. The heat-treated specimens were planed and their colors were measured with a colorimeter at 1 mm and 4 mm below the surfaces. The average lightness index (L*) of Oil-180 specimens was the largest followed by Oil-200 and Tmo-200 specimens. The average redness indexes (a*) of all specimens were increased by heat treatment, while the average yellowness indexes (b*) were variable. The average color differences (${\Delta}E*$) of Oil-200 and Tmo-200 specimens were above 30.0, while that of Oil-180 specimens was only 18.4. It can be concluded that the colors of the heat-teated specimens were uniformly changed because their average color difference indexes (${\Delta}E*$) between the inner layers were below 6.0.

• Geosciences Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.975-987
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• 2018

Stable isotope ratios of $^{18}O/^{16}O$ and $^{13}C/^{12}C$ and rare earth elements geochemistry of the Upper Triassic carbonates from the Baluti Formation in Kurdistan Region of Northern Iraq were studied in two areas, Sararu and Sarki. The aim of the study is to quantify the possible diagenetic processes that postdated deposition and the paleoenvironment of the Baluti Formation. The replacement products of the skeletal grains by selective dissolution and neomorphism probably by meteoric water preserved the original marine isotopic signatures possibly due to the closed system. The petrographic study revealed the existence of foraminifers, echinoderms, gastropods, crinoids, nodosaria and ostracods as major framework constituents. The carbonates have micritic matrix with microsparite and sparry calcite filling the pores and voids. The range and average values for twelve carbonate rocks of ${\delta}^{18}O$ and ${\delta}^{13}C$ in Sararu section were -5.3‰ to -3.16‰ (-4.12‰) and -2.94‰ to -0.96‰ (-1.75‰), respectively; while the corresponding values for the Sarki section were -3.69‰ to -0.39‰ (-2.08‰) and -5.34‰ to -2.70‰ (-4.02‰), respectively. The bivariate plot of ${\delta}^{18}O$ and ${\delta}^{13}C$ suggests that most of these carbonates are warm-water skeletons and have meteoric cement. The average ${\Sigma}REE$ content and Eu-anomaly of the carbonates of Sararu sections were 44.26 ppm and 1.03, respectively, corresponding to 22.30 ppm and 0.93 for the Sarki section. The normalized patterns for the carbonate rocks exhibit: (1) non-seawater-like REE patterns, (2) positive Gd anomalies (average = 1.112 for Sararu and 1.114 for Sarki), (3) super chondritic Y/Ho ratio is 31.48 for Sararu and 31.73 for Sarki which are less than the value of seawater. The presence of sparry calcite cement, negative $^{13}C$ and $^{18}O$ isotope values, the positive Eu anomaly in the REE patterns (particularly for Sararu), eliminated Ce anomaly ($Ce/Ce^{\ast}$: 0.916-1.167, average = 0.994 and 0.950-1.010, average = 0.964, respectively), and Er/Nd values propose that these carbonates have undergone meteoric diagenesis. The REE patterns suggest that the terrigenous materials of the Baluti were derived from felsic to intermediate rocks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.446-450
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• 2006

Recently, the advances on sensor technology increases the study on data processing oriented middleware. Usually, most of middleware uses the naive and delta method for queue management to process data effectively. But such a queue management method it is difficult to support guaranteeing of the requested quality of services because it simply discards the data in a queue when the overflow is occurred. To handle this problem, some methods for minimizing data volumes in a wireless sensor network have been studied, but most of them cause another problem that needs the huge processing time additionally with higher complexity of the proposed algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new method of delta-average queue management by applying the mean value to the exiting delta queue management method using the data differences to handle the problem of queue overflow. The proposed method has lower complexity than the others and increases the QoS of a WSN application by using mean value instead of using data discarding policy. In addition, it is designed to manage a queue effectively by controlling the range of data differences adaptively to the target sensor network environment.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.840-845
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• 2007

In a wireless sensor network, a middleware used to support efficient processing and fast delivering of sensing data should handle the data loss problem at an intermediate sensor node caused by unexpected sudden data burst. In his paper, it proposes a Delta-Average method for enhancing the efficiency of data aggregation and correctness where the sensed data should be delivered only with the limited computing power and energy resource. With the proposed method, unnecessary data transfer of the duplicate data is eliminated and data correctness is enhanced by using the proposed averaging and data differentiating scheme when an instantaneous data burst is occurred. Finally, with the TOSSTM simulation results on TinyDB, we verify that the correctness of the transferred data is enhanced.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2000

The lens mass determined from the photometrically obtained Einstein time scale suffers from large uncertainty due to the lens parameter degeneracy. The uncertainty can be substantially reduced if the mass is determined from the lens proper motion obtained from astrometric measurements of the source image centroid shifts, ${\delta}{\theta}_c$, by using high precision interferometers from space-based platform such as the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), and ground-based interferometers soon available on several 8-10m class telescopes. However, for the complete resolution of the lens parameter degeneracy it is required to determine the lens parallax by measuring the parallax-induced deviations in the centroid shifts trajectory, ${\Delta}{\delta}{\theta}_c$ aloe. In this paper, we investigate the detectabilities of ${\delta}{\theta}_c$ and ${\Delta}{\delta}{\theta}_c$ by determining the distributions of the maximum centroid shifts, $f({\delta}{\theta}_{c,max})$, and the average maximum deviations, $(<{\Delta}{\delta}_{c,max}>)$, for different types of Galactic microlensing events caused by various masses. From this investigation, we find that as long as source stars are bright enough for astrometric observations it is expected that $f({\delta}{\theta}_c)$ for most events caused by lenses with masses greater than 0.1 $M_\bigodot$ regardless of the event types can be easily detected from observations by using not only the SIM (with a detection threshold but also the ${\delta}{\theta}_{th}\;\~3{\mu}as)$ but also the ground-based interferometers $(with\;{\delta}{\theta}_{th}\;\~3{\mu}as)$. However, from ground-based observations, it will be difficult to detect ${\Delta}{\delta}{\theta}_c$ for most Galactic bulge self-lensing events, and the detection will be restricted only for small fractions of disk-bulge and halo-LMC events for which the deviations are relatively large. From observations by using the SIM, on the other hand, detecting ${\Delta}{\delta}{\theta}_c$ will be possible for majority of disk and halo events and for a substantial fraction of bulge self-lensing events. For the complete resolution of the lens parameter degeneracy, therefore, SIM observations will be essential.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.3-9
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• 1993

Specific rates of solvolysis of 1-adamantyl fluoroformate in hydroxylic solvents have been measured by an electric conductivity method under various pressures. The activation parameters (${\Delta}V^{\neq}{_o},\;{\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq},\;{Delta}H^{\neq},\;{Delta}S^{\neq}$,/TEX>) and average pressure within the solvation-shell of activated complex (charge development) have been estimated from the rates. Also, the selectivities for the formation of solvolysis products in aqueous ethanol have been determined by response-calibrated GC. The values of ${\Delta}V^{\neq}{_o},\;and\;{\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq}$ are both negative, but ${Delta}H^{\neq}$ is positive and ${Delta}S^{\neq}$, is large negative. This behavior is discussed in terms of electrostriction of solvation. From these results, it could be postulated that the solvolysis of 1-adamantyl fluoroformate have two major reaction pathway.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.52-59
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• 2002

Pilot-scale PSSBR(Phase Separated Sequencing Batch Reactor) was operated to evaluate requirement of external carbon sources(${\Delta}gCOD/{\Delta}gNO_3^{-}-N$) in denitrification. Methanol and fermented food waste were used as external carbon sources. Methanol and fermented food waste were fed to the anoxic state of first reactor and concentration were 50 and 40 mgCOD/L on the basis of concentration in reactor, respectively. In case that external carbon source was not used, average $NO_3^{-}-N$ concentration in effluent was 22.49 mg/L. When methanol and fermented food waste were fed, average $NO_3^{-}-N$ concentration in effluent were 10.13 mg/L and 6.3 mg/L, respectively and requirement of external carbon sources were 4.04 and 2.5 ${\Delta}gCOD/{\Delta}gNO_3^{-}-N$, respectively. Fermented food waste was better than methanol in denitrification efficiency. Therefore fermented food waste could be one of the excellent external carbon sources for nitrogen removal in biological nutrient removal process.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.264-270
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• 1963

The general equation for the substituent effect test, which was derived in the previous paper, has been extended to correlate thermodynamic parameters of solvolysis reaction by modifying the potential energy term to represent the effect of changes in solvent composition. The linear fits of the new equation, $\Delta{\Delta}H^\neq=a'Y+b\Delta{\Delta}S^\neq$, were tested with 35 examples from literature and average correlation coefficient of 0.977 was obtained. Examination of results showed that the equation is generally applicable to solvolysis reaction and helps elucidate some the difficulties experienced with the Grunwald-Winsteln equation. It has been stressed that the linear enthalpy-entropy effect exists only between the external enthalpy and entropy of activation, and therefore strictly it is the linear external enthalpy-entropy effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1606-1610
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• 2004

This study was. conducted to investigate the effects of $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid supplementation on growth. performance, nutrient digestibility and hematological changes in weaned pigs. Seventy five Duroc${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$ Landrace pigs (7.21$\pm$0.02 kg average BW) were used in a 20 d growth assay. Dietary treatments included 1) NC (negative control; basal diet), 2) PC (positive control; NC diet + 0.1% Apramycin + 0.1% Oxytetracycline), 3) ALA0.l (NC diet+0.l% $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid), 4) ALA0.2 (NC diet+0.2% $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid) and 5) ALA + AB (PC diet+0.2% $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid). In entire experimental period, ADG (Average Daily Gain) was greater in pigs fed ALA + AB diet than in pigs fed NC diet (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in ADG for pigs fed PC, ALA0.l or ALA0.2 diets. Also, ADFI (Average Daily Feed Intake) and G/F (Gain/Feed) were not affected by treatments. For 20 d, fecal digestibilities of DM (Dry Matter) and N (Nitrogen) were higher (p<0.05) for pigs fed ALA + AB diet than for pigs fed NC and ALA0.l diets. Total protein concentration of serum was increased in ALA + AB treatment compared to NC and PC treatments (p<0.05). In iron concentration of serum, pigs fed $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid supplementation diets were greater than for pigs fed NC and PC diets (p<0.05). TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity) concentration of serum was increased in ALA + AB treatment compared to NC, PC and ALA0.l treatments (p<0.05). Pigs fed ALA + AB and ALA0.2 diets were higher hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (HCT) concentration of blood than pigs fed NC and PC diets (p<0.05). RBC and WEC concentrations of blood were significantly higher (p<0.05) for the pigs fed ALA0.2 and ALA + AB diets than for pigs fed NC diet. Lymphocyte concentration of blood was increased in $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid supplementation treatment compared to NC treatment (p<0.05). In conclusion, $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid supplementation for weanling pigs had improved growth performance and nutrient digestibilities and had increased total protein, iron, hemoglobin and lymphocyte concentration of blood. Also, feeding for dietary $\delta$-aminolevulinic acid and antibiotic mixture supplementation may have more higher effective growth performance in weanling pigs.