• Title/Summary/Keyword: Delivery loads

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A Sensitivity Analysis of Cell Size on a Distributed Non-Point Source Pollution Model (분산형 비점오염원 모델에서 단위유역 크기의 민감도 분석)

  • Bae, In-Hee;Park, Jung-Eun;Park, Seok-Soon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.27 no.9
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    • pp.952-957
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    • 2005
  • A sensitivity analysis study was performed to examine the effects of cell size on a distributed non-point source pollution model. The model, AnnAGNPS, whiff is a modified version of USDA's AGNPS, was applied to Eung stream watershed, a tributary of Cheongmi stream located in the South Branch of Han River System. The model components and results, such as channel length, slope, land use, and delivery ratio, were analyzed according to the various cell sizes from 10 to 200 ha. As cell sire increases, channel length decreases due to short-circuiting of meandering creek. The decreased channel length has more significant effects on the model results than any other geomorphological change. When the effects of land use and soil distribution are excluded, sediment delivery loads increase due to shorter time to reach the outlet of the watershed in larger tell size. When those effects are included, however, sediment delivery loads decrease in larger fell size because the variety of land use types can not be inputted. The predominant land use in the applied watershed is forest with very low soil erosion such that the predicted sediment delivery might be much lower than real system. The cell size of 30 ha was determined to produce the most appropriate resolution. Surface runoff and non-point source loads of TN, TP and BOD were predicted and the results agree well with the field measurements. From this study, it was shown that the model results would be very dependent on variations of topography, land use, and soil distribution, as a function of cell size, and the optimum cell size is very important for successful application of distributed non-point source pollution model.

Development of a Method for Estimating Non-Point Pollutant Delivery Load of Each Reference Flow with Combination of BASINS/HSPF (BASINS/HSPF와 연계한 유황별 비점유달부하량 산정방법 개발)

  • Lee, Yong-Woon;Song, Kwang-Duck;Lee, Jae-Choon;Yoon, Kwang-Sik;Rhew, Doug-Hee;Lee, Su-Woong;Lee, Shin-Hoo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.175-184
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study is to develop a method for estimating the non-point pollutant delivery load of each reference flow(flows of dry, low, normal, abundant and flood seasons) with combination of BASINS/HSPF. The effectiveness of this method is evaluated by applying it to the watershed of Dongbok stream. The flow, BOD and T-P reliability indices(RI) of the BASINS/HSPF for the watershed of Dongbok stream are 1.59, 1.41, 1.28, respectively, and thus the similarity between measured and estimated values is high. The non-point pollutant load delivery ratios of BOD and T-P for the flows of dry, low and normal seasons, which are estimated by such constructed BASINS/HSPF, are 0.36 and 1.09, 0.82 and 2.19, 6.02 and 16.90, respectively, as compared with daily average of non-point loads for a year. These results show that the non-point pollutant delivery load should be estimated and applied for each reference flow, and in this case the method for estimating the non-point pollutant delivery load of each reference flow can be useful.

Estimation of Delivery Ratio Based on BASINS/HSPF Model for Total Maximum Daily Load (BASINS/HSPF 모형을 이용한 수질오염총량관리 유달율 산정방법 연구)

  • Park, Ju-Hyun;Hwang, Hasun;Rhew, Doughee;Kwon, Oh-Sang
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.28 no.6
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    • pp.833-842
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    • 2012
  • In this study Window interface to Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was applied to the upstream of Namgang watershed to estimate its applicability for estimating Delivery Ratio (DR) of water pollutants for Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL). BASINS/HSPF which is selected in this study, is found to be appropriate for simulation of daily flow and water quality in target basins. DR was estimated utilizing discharge loads of unobserved sub-basin and delivery load of unobserved locations obtained not by actual evaluation but by simulation through validation and verification. Annual average DR of BOD, TN and TP were 0.97 ~ 1.50, 2.23 ~ 3.21, and 0.81 ~ 1.09 respectively. Net DR of dependent basins excluding influence of upstream basin was 1.50 ~ 1.70, 0.55 ~ 0.69, and 0.24 ~ 0.31, all of which are lower than those of independent basins area. Utilizing the model selected by this research, DR and Net DR of unobserved basins will be estimated, which will help determine priorities in management of basin areas.

Environmental Analysis of a Windowless Delivery Swine Building : Temperature and Relative Humidity (무창분만돈사의 온.습도 환경 분석)

  • 이성현;조한근;장유섭
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.77-85
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    • 1997
  • Recently, local swine producers are rapidly adopting the indoor production system which developed in foreign countries. However, this imported system is reported as not functioning properly because of different climate conditions. The objective of this project was to investigate the environment characteristics of a windowless delivery swine building. The parameters studied were the heating and cooling loads, the daily changes of indoor temperature and relative humidity, the horizontal and the vertical distributions of indoor temperature, and the effect of mist cooling on indoor temperature. From this study, the following are founded : 1. The maximum cooling and heating loads were - 317.0kcal/㎡$.$h and 336.5kal/㎡$.$h in summer and in winter. The large loads seems to be on account of inappropriate operations of ventilating fans. 2. The daily variations of relative humidity in indoor were smaller than those in outside. Those values both in summer and in winter as relative humidities in door was lower than optimum for growing pigs, the additional humidifier might be helpful to increase the relative humidity in indoor. 3. The horizontal distribution of the indoor temperature was found to be uniform in the variation range of 1$^{\circ}C$. 4. The vertical distribution of the indoor temperature was not found to be uniform; the temperature of upper part was higher than that of slot part. 5. Average values of indoor temperature became lower by 3$^{\circ}C$ by mist cooling. But the variation of temperature was found to be larger; The middle part of the room was cooled down, but the corner part of the room was not affected by misting due to uneven nozzle configuration.

A Load Based Weight Multicasting Technique Design for efficient Multimedia Contents Delivery (효율적인 멀티미디어 컨텐츠 전송을 위한 부하 가중치 멀티캐스팅 기법의 설계)

  • Lee, Seo-Jeong;Kim, Seon-Ho
    • The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.277-288
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    • 2004
  • The purpose of multimedia contents transmission is to resolve the large size and nonformal issues. Various multicasting technologies have been researched to support these issues. This paper suggests a technique to build multicast routing for safe and reliable transmission of multimedia contents. Network server nodes have their own weight with respect to communication loads. The weight is computed by a server's communication load with others. This suggests low delay routing with two or more edge server of content delivery network. We will show the weighted inter-server routing technique and analyze the network performance improvement caused by lower network traffic and delay.

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Analysis on the Distribution Environmental Loads of the Parcel Packaging Delivered by Means of E-Commerce in Korea (전자상거래 유통물류 패키징의 국내 물류환경부하 분석)

  • Suh, Sanguk;Lim, Mijin;Oh, Jae Young
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.103-108
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    • 2017
  • The amount of delivered parcels have been increasing according to the change and expansion of consumption pattern through e-commerce, and they are required to minimize breakout or failure under the delivery. In this study, we measured and analyzed the distribution environment data (vibration and impact) occurred in the packaging, which were prepared with 5 types by the weight and dimension, distributed from Seoul to Busan in Korea by 2 parcel delivery service companies through e-commerce order. Date showed the parcels had 3-5 times of drop impact and 0.3-0.7 m of drop height on average, and 0.8 Grms of vibration acceleration from equivalent equation to the vertical direction. The significant gap in service quality was not found between 2 parcel delivery service companies. This study is expected to be useful for designing the suitable packaging in order to enhance safe transportation of the delivered packaging, and furthermore useful for developing Korean testing method for Field-to-Lab simulation.

Agent-based Shipment Algorithm for Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Load Balancing (CVRP를 위한 에이전트 기반 Shipment 알고리듬 개발)

  • Oh, Seog-Chan;Yee, Shang-Tae;Kim, Taioun
    • Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.200-209
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    • 2006
  • Load building is an important step to make the delivery supply chain efficient. We present a family of load makeup algorithms using market based control strategy, named LoadMarket, in order to build efficient loads where each load consists of a certain number of finished products having destinations. LoadMarket adopts Clark-Wright algorithm for generating initial endowment for Load Traders who cooperate to minimize either total travel distance or the variance with respect to the travel distances of loads by means of the spot market or double-sided auction market mechanism. The efficiency of the LoadMarket algorithms is illustrated using simulation based experiments.

A Study on Estimation of the Delivery Ratio by Flow Duration in a Small-Scale Test Bed for Managing TMDL in Nakdong River (낙동강수계 수질오염총량관리를 위한 시범소유역 유황별 유달율 산정방법 연구)

  • Shon, Tae-Seok;Park, Jae-Bum;Shin, Hyun-Suk
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.25 no.5
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    • pp.792-802
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    • 2009
  • The objective of this study is to construct the watershed management system with link of the non-point sources model and to estimate delivery ratio duration curves for various pollutants. For the total water pollution load management system, non-point source model should be performed with the study of the characteristic about non-point sources and loadings of non-point source and the allotment of pollutant in each area. In this study, daily flow rates and delivered pollutant loads of Nakdong river basin are simulated with modified TANK model and minimum variance unbiased estimator and SWAT model. Based on the simulation results, flow duration curves, load duration curves, and delivery ratio duration curves have been established. Then GIS analysis is performed to obtain several hydrological geomorphic characteristics such as watershed area, stream length, watershed slope and runoff curve number. As a result, the SWAT simulation results show good agreements in terms of discharge, BOD, TN, TP but for more exact simulation should be kept studying about variables and parameters which are needed for simulation. And as a result of the characteristic discharges, pollutants loading with the runoff and delivery ratios, non-point sources effects were higher than point sources effects in the small-scale test bed of Nakdong river basin.

A Heuristic Algorithm for Resource-Constrained Multi - Project Scheduling (자원제약하의 복수 프로젝트 일정계획을 위한 휴리스틱 알고리즘)

  • Kong, Myung-Dal;Kim, Jung-Ja
    • IE interfaces
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.110-119
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    • 2000
  • Resource-constrained project scheduling is to allocate limited resources to activities to optimize certain objective functions and to determine a start time for each activity in the project such that precedence constraints and resource requirements are satisfied. This study suggests a multi-project scheduling model which can level work loads, make the most of production capacity and restrain the delay of delivery by developing a heuristic algorithm which minimizes the project completion time and maximizes the load rate under resource constraints.

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CD7-Specific Single Chain Antibody Mediated Delivery of siRNA to T Cells Inhibits HIV Replication in a Humanized Mouse Model

  • Ban, Hong-Seok;Kumar, Priti;Kim, Na-Hyun;Choi, Chang-Son;Shankar, Premlata;Lee, Sang-Kyung
    • Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2008.05a
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    • pp.62-64
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    • 2008
  • A major hurdle to the development of RNA interference as therapy for HIV infection is the delivery of siRNA to T lymphocytes which are difficult cells to transfect even in vitro. We have employed a single chain antibody to the pan T cell surface antigen CD7 was conjugated to an oligo-9-arginine peptide (scFvCD7-9R) for T cell-specific siRNA delivery in NOD/SCIDIL2${\gamma}$-/- mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes (Hu-PBL). Using a novel delivery, we first show that scFvCD7-9R efficiently delivered CD4 siRNA into human T cells in vitro. In vivo administration to Hu-PBL mice resulted in reduced levels of surface CD4 expression on T cells. Mice infected with HIV-1 and treated on a weekly basis with scFvCD7-9R-siRNA complexes targeting a combination of viral genes and the host coreceptor molecule CCR5 successfully maintained CD4/CD3 T cell ratios up to 4 weeks after infection in contrast to control mice that displayed a marked reduction in CD4 T cell numbers. p24 antigen levels were undetectable in 3 of the 4 protected mice. scFvCD7-9R/antiviral siRNA treatment also helped maintain CD4 T cell numbers with reduced plasma viral loads in Hu-PBL mice reconstituted with PBMC from donors seropositive for HIV, indicating that this method can contain viral replication even in established HIV infections. Our results show that scFvCD7-9R could be further developed as a potential therapeutic for HIV-1 infection.

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