• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.927-930
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• 2009

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 2017

Real-time multicasting is a packet transmission scheme ensuring that multiple destinations receive a packet within the desired time line. In wireless sensor networks, a packet can be delivered to a limited distance under a given deadline, since the end-to-end delay tends to be proportional to the end-to-end physical distance. Existing real-time multicasting protocols select the distance between the source and the furthest destination as the distance limitation and construct a multicasting tree guaranteeing delivery paths to each destination within the distance limitation. However, the protocols might lead to real-time delivery failures and energy efficiency degradation due to the fixed distance limitation. In this study, we proposed a real-time multicasting protocol using time deadline. The proposed protocol obtains the maximum transmittable distance with a given time deadline and subsequently constructs a multicasting tree using the maximum transmittable distance. The form of the multicasting tree varies according to the given time deadline to trade off the energy efficiency against the real-time delivery success ratio. The simulation results showed that the proposed scheme is superior to the existing protocols in terms of energy efficiency and real-time delivery success ratio under various time deadlines.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.724-739
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• 2009

This paper suggests the energy-efficient message delivery scheme and the software platform which exploits the multiple network interfaces of the mobile terminals and GPS in the current mobile devices. The mobile terminals determine the delivery method among 'direct', 'indirect', and 'WAN' based on the position information of itself and other terminals. 'Direct' method sends a message directly to the target terminal using local RAT. 'Indirect' method extends the service area by exploiting intermediate terminals as relay node. If the target terminal is too far to reach through 'direct' or 'indirect' method, the message is sent using wireless WAN technology. Our proposed scheme exploits the position information and, thus, power consumption is drastically reduced in determining handover time and direction. Network simulation results show that our proposed delivery scheme improves the message transfer efficiency and the handover detection latency. We implemented a message platform in a smart phone realizing the proposed delivery scheme. We compared our platform with other typical message platforms from energy efficiency aspect by observing the real power consumption and applying the mathematical modeling. The comparison results show that our platform requires significantly less power.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.181-186
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• 2020

This study examined the artificial fertilization efficiency of crossbred goats from a farmhouse using frozen semen. Electrostimulation was used to ejaculate and collect semen to assess the artificial fertilization efficiency of crossbred goats. The sperm concentration, vitality, and vitality after melting were investigated. The sperm volume was within 2.5~3 ml, and the concentration was 21~25 × 10⁸/ml for each male crossbred goat. The melted semen had high vitality (≥90%). An IDEXX Rapid Visual Pregnancy Test kit was used for an earlier diagnosis of the pregnancy and to determine the pregnancy rate of fertilization using frozen-thawed semen. The reproductive performance of the artificially fertilized crossbred goats had the highest delivery rate (68%) from Farm C and the lowest delivery rate (45%) from farm A. The delivery rate through artificial fertilization was equal to the fertilization rate according to early pregnancy diagnostic kits. The artificial insemination efficiency was 45~68%. These findings can be used as the basis for improvement and breeding goats in goat farms and livestock research institutes.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 1999

Drug delivery to the brain may be achieved by producing chimeric peptide, attaching the drug to protein 'vectors' which are transported into the brain from the blood by a receptor-mediated transcytosis through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Since the BBB expresses high concentrations of transferrin receptor, and it was reported that anti-transferrin receptor mouse monoclonal antibody (OX26) undergoes transcytosis through the BBB, it is logical to assume that a drug delivery system via transferrin receptor-mediated transcytosis is a promising strategy. In the present study, therefore, we tested feasibility of several OX26 based vectors for the brain delivery of a model drug. Avidin-based delivery vectors such as OX26-streptavidin (OX26-SA), OX26-neutralite avidin (OX26-NLA) were chemically synthesized vectors and OX26 immunoglobulin G 3 type $C_{H}3$ fusion avidin $(OX26\;IgG3C_H3-AV)$ was genetically engineered. To improve the efficiency of producing chimeric peptide, we used avidin-biotin technology. Pharmacokinetics of $[^3H]biotin$ bound to OX26-SA, OX26-NLA and $OX26\;IgG3C_H3-AV$ was determined by intravenous injection technique, and their stabilities in plasma were analyzed using HPLC. The brain delivery of $[^3H]biotin$ bound to OX26-SA, OX26-NLA and OX26\;$IgG3C_{H}3-AV$ (expressed as %ID/g brain) was $0.22{\pm}0.01$, $0.18{\pm}0.01$ and $0.25{\pm}0.09$, respectively. The areas under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) for OX26-SA, OX26-NLA, $OX26\;IgG3C_H3-AV$ from time zero to 60 min were $209{\pm}10$, $195{\pm}9$, $134{\pm}29\;%ID\;min/ml$ respectively and their total clearances $(CL_{tot})$ were $1.00{\pm}0.09$, $1.08{\pm}0.07$ and $1.54{\pm}0.29\;ml/min/kg$, espectively. These results showed that these vectors possess preferable pharmaceutical (e.g., resonable stability) and pharmacokinetics (e.g., significant brain uptake and enhanced AUC) for brain delivery. Therefore, these vectors may be broadly useful in the brain delivery of drugs that are not transported into the brain to a significant extent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2008

Several activated carbon in different specific surface area was prepared by steam and chemical activation of coconut shell. Products were characterized by BET ($N_2$) at 77K, and probed to be highly specific surface area of $1580m^2/g$ and pore volume that had increased with activating conditions. And also we have analyzed the adsorption efficiency of vapor phase components in cigarette mainstream smoke in order to evaluate the relationship between thesmoke components and the physicochemical properties of activated carbons. As a result of this study, the delivery of mainstream smoke was directly affected by the specific surface area and the pore size of activated carbon. The activated carbon prepared by steam activation exhibited better adsorption efficiency on the vapor phase components in mainstream smoke compared with activated carbon prepared by $ZnCl_2$, due to the higher micro-pore area of 66%. But the adsorption efficiency of semi-volatile matters such as phenolic components in a main stream smoke by the activated mesoporous carbon prepared by $ZnCl_2$ is more effective. From the these results, we can conclude that specific surface area by the micropore area increased the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon on vapour phase components, but semi-volatiles or particulate matter was affected by the ratio of mesopore area in total specific surface area.

• BMB Reports
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.561-566
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• 2010

Though protein transduction domains (PTDs) are well known for the delivery of exogenous therapeutic proteins into living cells, the overall low efficiency of transduction is a serious obstacle. We investigated the effect of bog blueberry anthocyanins (BBA) on protein transduction efficiency and found that BBA enhanced the transduction efficiencies of Tat-SOD fusion protein into HeLa cells and mice skin. The enzymatic activities in the cells and skin tissue in the presence of BBA were markedly increased compared to controls. Further, BBA did not demonstrate any cell toxicity at various concentrations. Although the mechanism is not fully understood, we suggest that BBA might alter the conformation of the membrane, which would indicate that BBA can be used as a protein transduction enhancer for the efficient delivery of therapeutic proteins for a variety of disorders.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.21-25
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• 2014

As wireless power transfer (WPT) technology using strongly coupled electromagnetic resonators is a recently explored technique to realize the large power delivery and storage without any cable or wire, this technique is required for diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) since it makes possible a convenient charging system. Typically, since the normal conducting coils are used as a transmitting coil in the CPT system, there is limited to deliver the large power promptly in the contactless EV charging system. From this reason, we proposed the combination CPT technology with HTS transmitting antenna, it is called as, superconducting contactless power transfer for EV (SUWPT4EV) system. As the HTS coil has an enough current density, it can deliver a mass amount of electric energy in spite of a small scale antenna. The SUCPT4EV system has been expected as a noble option to improve the transfer efficiency of large electric power. Such a system consists of two resonator coils; HTS transmitting antenna (Tx) coil and normal conducting receiver (Rx) coil. Especially, the impedance matching for each resonator is a sensitive and plays an important role to improve transfer efficiency as well as delivery distance. In this study, we examined the improvement of transmission efficiency and properties for HTS and copper antennas, respectively, within 45 cm distance. Thus, we obtained improved transfer efficiency with HTS antenna over 15% compared with copper antenna. In addition, we achieved effective impedance matching conditions between HTS antenna and copper receiver at radio frequency (RF) power of 370 kHz.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.408-412
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• 2008

The rosiglitazone loaded poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the emulsion-evaporation method and optimized for particle size and entrapment efficiency. The optimized particles were 140-180 nm in size with narrow size distribution and 80% entrapment efficiency at 1% w/w initial drug loading when prepared with 1-3% w/v of PVA as a surfactant. These particulate carriers exhibited controlled in vitro release of rosiglitazone for 36 hrs at a nearly constant rate after 4 hrs release. In conclusion, these results indicate that PLGA NPs have greater potential for oral delivery of rosiglitazone.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.341-353
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• 2016

Papermaking reconstituted tobacco is an important strategy for recycling the waste tobacco residues. To indentify the influences of the inorganic components on harmful components delivery in cigarette smoke, a self-made electrodialysis stack was assembled to desalt the tobacco extract. The influences of the applied current and extract content on the removal rate of the inorganic ions were investigated. Results indicated that the applied current was a dominant impact on the desalination performance. High currents lower than the limiting current density could accelerate the desalting efficiency but cause higher energy consumption. A current of 2 A, or current density of ${\sim}11mA{\cdot}cm^{-2}$, was an optimal choice by considering both the energy consumption and desalting efficiency. A 20% tobacco extract was an appropriate content for the electrodialysis process. More than 90% of inorganic ions could be removed under the optimum condition. The preliminary result indicated that removal of inorganic components was beneficial to decrease the harmful component delivery in cigarette smoke. Naturally, ED is an environmentally friendly and high-effective technology for desalting the tobacco extract.