• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2012

This study was carried out to determine the forage quality, production, and regrowth of Phragmites communis as a native grass according to growth stages. Experiment 1 was conducted in Ansan from May 2009 to April 2010 (7 stages), and experiment 2 was conducted in Cheonan from May to November 2011 (10 stages). In experiment 1, forage quality decreased rapidly with advance of growth from May. When harvested on late May, July, September and April of the following year, the contents of crude protein were 7.7%, 4.6%, 3.7%, and 2.2%, respectively. Relative feed value (RFV) were 80.2, 65.1, 61.8 and 52.8, and lignin contents were 7.1%, 9.9%, 12.0%, and 13.2%, respectively. In experiment 2, significantly higher forage yields were observed when harvested from late June to mid July. On the other hand, forage quality decreased with delayed harvest as was in experiment 1. Good regrowth of Phragmites communis was observed when harvested earlier than in August. When harvested on late May, June, July, August, September, October and November, the dry matter (DM) yields were 7,329 kg/ha, 12,527 kg, 9,593 kg, 8,279 kg, 7,649 kg, 5,822 kg and 5,540 kg, and in vitro digestible DM (IVDDM) yields were 3,924 kg/ha, 5,264 kg, 4,273 kg, 3,322 kg, 3,352 kg, 2,195 kg and 1,887 kg, respectively. Forage quality grades of Phragmites communis were 4th grade in May, 5th grade from June to Sept., and 6th grade in Oct., Nov., or in Apr. of the following year. However, all regrown Phragmites communis ranked the 4th in quality. In conclusion, we recommend that Phragmites communis should be harvested from late June to mid July (no later than the end of July) to obtain good forage quality with digestible nutrient contents greater than rice straw. Regrowth of Phragmites communis was poor, and more than 70% of annual forage yields were out of the first harvest. Therefore, we recommend only one harvesting per year for good regrowth and stable production of Phragmites communis.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.155-166
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• 1989

Bonica defined, that reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) may develop pain, vasomotor abnoramalities, delayed functional recovery, and dystrophic changes on an affected area without major neurologic injury following trauma, surgery or one of several diseased states. This 45 year old male patient had been crushed on his left shoulder by a heavily laden rear car, during his job street cleaning about 10 years ago (1978). At first the pain was localizea only to the site of injury, but with time, it spreaded from the shoulder to the elbow and hand, with swelling. X-ray studies in the local clinic, showed no bone abnormalities of the affected site. During about 10 years following the injury, the had recieved several types of treatments such as nonsteroidal analgesics, steroid injections into the glenoidal cavity (10 times), physical therapy, some oriental herb medicines, and acupuncture over a period of 1~3 months annually. His shoulder pain and it's joint dysfunction persisted with recurrent paroxysmal aggrevation because of being mismanaged or neglected for a sufficiently long period these fore permiting progression of the sympathetic imbalance. On July 14 1988 when he visited our clinic. He complained of burning, aching and had a hyperpathic response or hyperesthesia in touch from the shoulder girdle to the elbow and the hand. Also the skin of the affected area was pale, cold, and there was much sweating of the axilla and palm, but no edema. The shoulder girdle was unable to move due to joint pain with marked weakness. We confirmed skin temperatures $5^{\circ}C$ lower than those of the unaffected axilla, elbow and palm of his hand, and his nails were slightly ridged with lateral arching and some were brittle. On X-ray findings of both the shoulder AP & lateral view, the left humerus and joint area showed diffuse post-traumatic osteoporosis and fibrous ankylozing with an osteoarthritis-like appearance. For evaluating the RSD and it's relief of pain, the left cervical sympathetic ganglion was blocked by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 5 ml with normal saline 5 ml (=SGB). After 15 minutes following the SGB, the clinical efficacy of the block by the patients subjective score of pain intensity (=PSSPI), showed a 50% reduction of his shoulder and arm pain, which was burning in quality, and a hyperpathic response against palpation by the examiner. The skin temperatures of the axilla and palm rose to $4{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ more than those before the SGB. He felt that his left face and upper extremity became warmer than before the SGB, and that he had reduced sweating on his axilla and his palm. Horner's sign was also observed on his face and eyes. But his deep shoulder joint pain was not improved. For the control of the remaining shoulder joint pain, after 45 minutes following the SGB, a somatic sensory block was performed by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 6 ml mixed with salmon calcitonin, $Tridol^{(R)}$, $Polydyn^{(R)}$ and triamcinolone into the fossa of the acromioclavicular joint region. The clinical effect of the somatic block showed an 80% releif of the deep joint pain by the PSSPI of the joint motion. Both blocks, as the above mentioned, were repeated a total of 28 times respectively, during 6 months, except the steroid was used just 3 times from the start. For maintaining the relieved pain level whilst using both blocks, we prescribed a low dose of clonazepam, prazocin, $Etravil^{(R)}$, codeine, etodolac micronized and antacids over 6 months. The result of the treatments were as follows; 1) The burning, aching and hyperpathic condition which accompanied with vaosmotor and pseudomotor dysfunction, disappeared gradually to almost nothing, within 3 weeks from the starting of the blocks every other day. 2) The joint disability of the affected area was improved little by little within 6 months. 3) The post-traumatic osteoporosis, fibrous ankylosis and marginal sclerosis with a narrowed joint, showed not much improvement on the X-ray findings (on April 25, 1989) 10 months later in the follow-up. 4) Now he has returned to his job as a street cleaner.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.214-222
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• 1988

With the arm in hyperabduction, we have carried out 525 procedures of supraclavicular brachial plexus block from Aug. 1976 to June 1980, whereas block with the arm in adduction has been customarily performed by other authors. The anesthetic procedure is as follows: 1) The patient lies in the dorsal recumbent position without a pillow under his head or shoulder. His arm is hyperabducted more than a 90 degree angle from his side, and his head is turned to the side opposite from that to be blocked. 2) An "X" is marked at a point 1 cm above the mid clavicle, immediately lateral to the edge of the anterior scalene muscle, and on the palpable portion of the subclavian artery. The area is aseptically prepared and draped. 3) A 22 gauge 3.5cm needle attached to a syringe filled with 2% lidocaine (7~8mg/kg of body weight) and epineprine(1 : 200,000) is inserted caudally toward the second portion of the artery where it crosses the first rib and parallel with the lateral border of the muscle until a paresthesia is obtained. 4) Paresthesia is usually elicited while inserting the needle tip about 1~2 em in depth. If so, the local anesthetic solution is injected after careful aspiration. 5) If no paresthesia is elicited, the needle is withdrawn and redirected in an attempt to elicit paresthesia. 6) If, after several attempts, no paresthesia is obtained, the local anesthetic solution is injected into the perivascular sheath after confirming that the artery is not punctured. 7) Immediately after starting surgery, Valium is injected for sedation by the intravenous route in almost all cases. The age distribution of the cases was from 11 to 80 years. Sex distribution was 476 males and 49 females (Table 1). Operative procedures consisted of 103 open reductions, 114 skin grafts combined with spinal anesthesia in 14, 87 debridements, 75 repairs, i.e. tendon (41), nerve(32), and artery (2), 58 corrections of abnormalities, 27 amputations above the elbow (5), below the elbow (3) and fingers (17), 20 primary closures, 18 incisions and curettages, 2 replantations of cut fingers. respectively (Table 2). Paresthesia was obtained in all cases. Onset of analgesia occured within 5 minutes, starting in the deltoid region in almost all cases. Complete anesthesia of the entire arm appeared within 10 minutes but was delayed 15 to 20 minutes in 5 cases and failed in one case. Thus, our success rate was nearly 100%. The duration of anesthesia after a single injection ranged from $3\frac{1}{2}$ to $4\frac{1}{2}$, hours in 94% of the cases. The operative time ranged from 0.5 to 4 hours in 92.4% of the cases(Table 3). Repeat blocks were carried out in 33 cases when operative times which were more than 4 hours in 22 cases and the others were completed within 4 hours (Table 4). Two patients of the 33 cases, who received microvasular surgery were injected twice with 2% lidocaine 20 ml for a total of $13\frac{1}{2}$ hours. The 157 patients who received surgery on the forearms or hands had pneumatic tourniquets (250 torrs) applied without tourniquet pain. There was no pneumothorax, hematoma or phrenic nerve paralysis in any of the unilateral and 27 bilateral blocks, but there was hoarseness in two, Horner's syndrome in 11 and shivering in 7 cases. No general seizures or other side effects were observed. By 20ml of 60% urcgratin study, we confirm ed the position of the needle tip to be in a safer position when the arm is in hyperabduction than when it is in adduction. And also that the humoral head caused some obstraction of the distal flow of the dye, indicating that less local anesthetic solution would be needed for satisfactory anesthesia. (Fig. 3,4).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.259-263
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• 2007

Sowing time of barley after cultivation of rice has frequently been delayed because of rainfall or some other reasons by rice cultivation. Partial tillage direct grain seeder with eight row, which had been developed for rice sowing and showed many advantages in wet field, were tested for barley sowing. After flooding during $2{\sim}3days$, plots were designed to make wet condition. Three sowing methods were tested; high ridged broadcasting, plat drill seeding and partial tillage direct grain seeding. It were impossible to sow properly even in 27% of soil water content by high ridged broadcasting, plat drill seeding but could be possible to sow normally by partial tillage direct grain seeder in 42% of soil water content as good as in 27% of soil water content. Initial growth condition after sowing in plots of partial tillage direct grain seeder were normal even in plots sown in more than 50% of soil water content. No. of spike, which was $508/m^2$, in plot of partial tillage direct grain seeder sowed at 30% soil water content was better than plat drill seeding, $404/m^2$. Yield and yield components of plot of partial tillage direct grain seeder, were higher than plot sowed by plat drill seeder in same soil water content. Partial tillage direct grain seeding can be a good sowing way for barley especially in wet condition. However, parts of seeder have to be improved for barley sowing; 1) ridged width of partial tillage direct grain seeder should be $10{\sim}20cm$ wider than 10 cm, which is necessary for drainage during barley growing season in wet paddy field. 2) sowing width of partial tillage direct grain seeder was not same with one of drill seeder which was the best width for light interception and should be shorter than 30cm.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2011

To use barley as a green manure crop, this study has been conducted in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do to establish the barley green manure (BGM)-rice cropping system with emphasis on soil incorporation date and BGM density. The nitrogen (N) contents of rye and barley, grass green manure crops, were 1.4~2.4% at early growth stage and decreased rapidly to 0.6~1.0% at late growth stage. The biomass of barley was 449 kg/l0a at heading stage (HS) and increased to 421 kg/10a at 10 days after heading stage (DAH), 473 kg/10a at 20 DAH. C/N ratio of BGM was the lowest 26.3 at HS. The N contents of BGM was in the range of 0.9~1.5%, the highest at HS and gradually decreased, and the output of N were 4.3-6.3 kg/10a. The total amount of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium of BGM showed the highest level at 10 DAH. Culm length of rice was relatively longer as the BGM application time was delayed. The application of BGM into soil increased plant height of rice by 7.2~7.7 em as compared to the plants treated with commercial fertilizer at recommended rate. but panicle length of rice showed a similar tendency in both the soil-applied of BGM and commercial fertilizer. N contents of unhulled rice was the highest at HS of BGM and followed by 10 DAH of BGM and 20 DAH of BGM. This trend could also be seen in rice straw. The yield of rice in the soil-applied of BGM was 10~15% lower than in the soil-applied of commercial fertilizer. Based on this study, application of BGM made it possible to save 30~50% of application amount of nitrogen fertilizer for following crops.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.248-257
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• 2004

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of dolasetron mesylate in controlling nausea and vomiting in the first 24 hours and to extend these comparisons over the next 4 days in patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Methods: This was a single center, open-labeled study with single arm. Dolasetron (1.8 mg/kg) was given intravenously (I.V.) prechemotherapy with 10 mg of dexamethasone IV, followed 24 hours later by oral dolasetron (200 mg once daily) for the subsequent 4 days. The frequency of vomiting, severity of nausea and the presence of rescue antiemetics were assessed daily. Results: Of 30 patients enrolled, 28 were eligible and evaluable for the efficacy. Four out of 28 patients had complete control of nausea and vomiting without any rescue antiemetics through 5 days. The complete control got better as time went by with the rates of 17.9/46.4/42.9/53.6/60.7% on days 1 to 5. Vomiting was better controlled than nausea in both cisplatin-containing and non-containing chemotherapy. The adverse events were mild to moderate degrees of headache, diarrhea and fever, but were recovered spontaneously. Conclusion: Dolasetron was effective and safe for the control of nausea and vomiting in the patients with moderately emetogenic chemotherapeutic agents.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2009

In this study, we evaluated the effects of sesame powder on the fermentation of Baechukimchi, by assessing sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological properties during up to 25 days of fermentation. The Baechukimchi, with various levels [0, 1, 2, 3, 4%(w/w)] of sesame powder, was fermented at $10^{\circ}C$. The product containing the control and 1% sesame powder evidenced the highest scores for appearance and smell. Taste and texture were highest in the 1% and 2% sesame powder, and the overall acceptability was highest in the 2% sesame powder sample. During fermentation, titratable acidity increased while pH gradually decreased. pH was higher in the sample with sesame powder than in the control, and the titratable acidity increased with increasing sesame powder content on day O. Reducing sugar increased sharply during fermentation, and then gradually decreased. In particular, the 2% sesame powder sample maintained the highest content. Total vitamin C was slightly increased at initial fermentation and then steadily decreased. The total polyphenol content and antioxidant effect of the experimental groups with added sesame powder were higher than those of the controls. Additionally, the time required to achieve maximum levels of lactic acid bacteria, as determined by log numbers of cells and total viable cells, were more delayed in the experimental groups with added sesame powder than in the controls. Our results indicated that the Baechukimchi with $1{\sim}2%$ added sesame powder was acceptable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.435-443
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• 2011

In this study, we evaluated the effects of harvey powder on the fernentation of Yulmoo Kimchi, by measuring sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological properties during fermentation up to 31 days. The Yulmoo Kimchi, with various levels [0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4% (w/w)] of harvey powder, was fermented at $10^{\circ}C$. The product containing the control evidenced the highest scores for appearance and smell. Taste, carbonated taste, texture and overall acceptability were highest in the 0.1% harvey powder and control. During fermentation, titratable acidity increased while pH gradually decreased. Reducing sugar showed no difference at initial fermentation and then steadily decreased. Total vitamin C was gradually decreased during fermentation and reduced sharply after 10 days, and then almost maintained. Total polyphenol content was the highest in the 0.3% harvey powder on day 0 and maintained in all samples thereafter. Antioxidant effect of the Yulmoo Kimchi with 0.1% harvey powder was shown to be the highest. Also, the time required to achieve maximum levels of lactic acid bacteria, as determined by log numbers of cells and total viable cells, were more delayed in the experimental groups with added harvey powder than in the controls. Our results indicated that the Yulmoo Kimchii with below 0.1% added harvey powder was acceptable.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.207-216
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• 2000

Background : The occurrence of lung complications after allogenic bone marrow transplantation(BMT) has been reported as 40-60 percent. The risk factors for lung complications are whole body irradiation, high dose chemotherapy, graft versus host disease, old age and CMV infection. The prevalence of graft versus host disease is less in Korea than in Western countries, but frequency of CMV infection is higher. Therefore, the pattern of lung complications may be different in Korea from those in Western countries. Methods : A retrospective cohort study was performed on one hundred consecutive adult patients who underwent allogenic bone marrow transplantation from December, 1993 to May, 1999 at Asan Medical Center. Lung complications were divided into two groups by the time of development, within 30days (pre-engraftment) and beyond 30 days (post-engraftment), and then subdivided into infectious and non-infectious complication. Infectious complications were defined as having the organism in blood, BAL fluid, pleural fluid or sputum, or compatible clinical findings in patients, which improved with antibiotics or an anti-fungal therapy. Result: 1) Eighty three episodes of lung complications had occurred in 54 patients. 2) Within thirty days after BMT, non-infectious complications were more common than infections, but this pattern was reversed after 30 days. After one year post-BMT, there was no infectious complication except in cases of recurrence of underlying disease or development of chronic GVHD. 3) Among the non-infectious complications, pleural effusion (27 episodes) was most common, followed by pulmonary edema (8 episodes), bronchiolitis obliterans(2 episodes), diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (1 episode) and bronchiloitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (1 episode). 4) The infectious complications were pneumonia (bacterial: 9 episodes, viral: 4 episodes, fungal : 5 episodes, pneumocystis carinii : 1 episode), pulmonary tuberculosis(3 episodes) and tuberculous pleurisy (3 episodes). 5) Lung complications were more frequent in CMV positive patients and in patients with delayed recovery of neutrophil count. 6) The mortality was higher in the patients with lung complications. Conclusion : Lung complications developed in 54% after allogenic BMT and were associated with higher mortality.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.264-270
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• 2014

This study developed a portable respiratory training device to improve breathing stability, which is an important element in using the CyberKnife Synchrony respiratory tracking device, one of the typical Stereotactic Radiation Therapy (SRT) devices. It produced an interface for users to be able to select one of two displays, a graph type and a bar type, supported an auditory system that helps them expect next respiration by improving a sense of rhythm of their respiratory period, and provided comfortable respiratory inducement. By targeting 5 applicants and applying individual respiratory period detected through a self-developed program, it acquired signal data of 'guide respiration' that induces breathing through signal data gained from 'free respiration' and an auditory system, and evaluated the usability by comparing deviation average values of respiratory period and respiratory amplitude. It could be identified that respiratory period decreased $55.74{\pm}0.14%$ compared to free respiration, and respiratory amplitude decreased $28.12{\pm}0.10%$ compared to free respiration, which confirmed the consistency and stability of respiratory. SBRT, developed based on these results, using the portable respiratory training device, for liver cancer or lung cancer, is evaluated to be able to help reduce delayed treatment time due to respiratory instability and improve treatment accuracy, and if it could be applied to developing respiratory training applications targeting an android-based portable device in the future, even use convenience and economic efficiency are expected.