• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.1860-1871
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• 2011

Presently, The Regular Block System(Automatic, Interlocking block system) is usually used during the operation of block section. However, In case that the regular block system fails because of the failure of the fixed signals and block equipment or in case of the unexpected emergent situation which should drive on the single-track due to the accidents in the double-track section or the repair work of the one-track, the Substitute Block System to make use of the driving permission license(mapping ticket, mapping paper) is used. In case of the operation of the opposite line and the temporary one-track, the safety gets worse and the SBS may cause the fatal accidents such as a head-on & a rear-end collision. Also, the unmanned railroad stations has recently increased owing to the effective operation of the stations, for it is difficult to execute the SBS in their absence. As a result, the increase of the operation time made the train delayed. Being on the rise of these problems, in this study, we analyzed the problems and difficulties of the SBS on the single line which is lacking stability and safety and on the sections combined between maned and unmaned railroad stations. And we proposed the method to improve the existing drive permission license used for 50 years into the brand-new one with state-of-the art technology and scientific way. In the era of the 21th century, Carrying out the new SBS equipped with stability and safety, we will contribute to the effective operation of trains and the satisfaction of our customers in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.81-82
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• 2001

A 47-year-old man with end-stage renal disease due to diabetic nephropathy underwent a peritoneal scintigraphy to evaluate the cause of recently developed scrotal swelling. Two liters of dialysate mixed with 111 MBq of Tc-99m sulfur colloid were administered into the peritoneal cavity via the dialysis catheter. Various anterior images of the abdomen and pelvis were obtained at 15 min, 2 hr and 4 hr after the tracer instillation. At 15 min, anterior images of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated linear tracts of activity through both inguinal canals, which were more prominent in the right side (A). Images at 2 hr revealed a passage of the radioactive fluid into the right hemiscrotum. At the same time, there was a considerable accumulation of activity in the right inguinal canal (B). In the delayed image, there was a progressive accumulation of activity in the inguinal canals and a prominent passage of the tracer into the scrotum (C). Both abdominal and inguinal hernias are commonly associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Overall incidence of CAPD-induced hernia ranges from 2.7% to 25%.$^{1)}$ Inguinal hernias were frequently manifested as scrotal swelling. Leakages of dialysate fluid into the scrotum has been noted in CAPD patients with scrotal swelling, with or without clinical findings of inguinal hernia.$^{1,2)}$ In the present case, the right side had leakage from a clinical inguinal hernia and the left side, leakage from a subclinial inguinal hernia. A subclinical inguinal hernia was easily demonstrable with peritoneal scintigraphy. Peritoneal scintigraphy is extremely helpful in the evaluation of scrotal swelling in a patient on CAPD.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.151-155
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• 1985

Female BALB/c mice weighing 18~20g were immunized by three injections of $1{\times}10^6$ Naegleria iowleri trophozoites intraperitoneally at the interval of one week 6 times for the pregnant mice and 3 times for the offspring mice. One week after immunization the mice were challenged intranasally with N. fcwleri trophozoites $5{\times}10^4$ under secobarbital anesthesia. Experimental primary amoebic meningoencephalitis developed between day 7 and 16 after infection. All mice were dead due to amoebic meningoencephalitis in all experimental groups except in the offspring born to non-immune mothers. Mean of survival time, which is the duration of survival of mice from infection to death, was delayed in the groups of mice born to immune mothers, immune mice born to immune mothers. Active or passive protective immunity against N. fowleri infection was demonstrated in the ismunized mice and mice born to immune mothers. But the effectiveness of immunization was greatly impaired in terms of mortality in the immune mice born to immune mothers when N. fowulsri was infected intranasally.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.96-106
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• 2018

The government adopted activation policy of real estate to overcome low economic growth rate. Real estate activation plan adopted by the government raised credit limit by lowering the regulation, and reduced real estate investment cost by reducing the base rate. Also, delayed transfer tax on multi-house owner to activate real estate investment and resolved purchase right resale. Relief of real estate regulate caused increase of housing sales and price increase, and the real estate market changed to overheating aspect such as premium upon completion of lot sale in a short time. Such market atmosphere greatly increased household debs as owners own houses based on 'financial debt' instead of their income. Since 2017, real estate policy was reinforced to reduce household debts and lending rate was raised due to rise of base rate, accordingly, burden of household debt is expected to increase. This research suggested a plan for the Financial Supervisory Service to efficiently manage the financial world by analyzing the cause and problem of household debs.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.29-37
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• 2004

This paper provides a reliable H$_{\infty}$ state feedback controller design method for delayed singular systems with actuator failures occurred within the prescribed subset. The sufficient condition for the existence of a reliable H$_{\infty}$ controller and the controller design method are presented by linear matrix inequality(LMI), singular value decomposition, Schur complements, and changes of variables. The proposed controller guarantees not only asymptotic stability but also H$_{\infty}$ norm bound in spite of existence of actuator failures. Since the obtained sufficient condition can be expressed as an LMI fen all variables can be calculated simultaneously. Moreover, the controller design method can be extended to the problem of robust reliable H$_{\infty}$ controller design method for singular systems with parameter uncertainties, time-varying delay, and actuator failures. A numerical example is given to illustrate the validity of the result.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.8-13
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• 2011

High Strength Concrete (HSC) has a disadvantage of the brittle failure under fire due to the spalling. The studies on spalling control method of new constructed HSC buildings were performed enough, but the studies on existing buildings are insufficient. The new inorganic refractory mortar is developed in this study. The insulating capacity is enhanced by using light weight fine aggregate and polypropylene (PP) fiber. In results of material test, the thermal conductivity of light weight fine aggregate get lower than general fine aggregate. And in results of column test, the fire resisting time is delayed 20 minutes by using light weight fine aggregate, 10 minutes by increasing finishing depth from 10 mm to 20 mm and 4 minutes by using 0.6 % PP fiber.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1194-1205
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• 1999

인과적 메시지 로깅은 정상수행시 낙관적 메시지 로깅의 장점을 가지고, 회복시 비관적 메시지 로깅의 장점을 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 회복 프로세스들간의 비동기성을 향상시키기 위한 인과적 메시지 로깅에 기반한 새로운 회복 알고리즘을 제안하고자 한다. 기존의 인과적 메시지 로깅 기반 회복 알고리즘들은 살아있는 프로세스들의 수행을 대기시키거나, 회복 프로세스들간의 높은 동기성을 요구한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 회복 알고리즘은 각 회복 프로세스가 자신의 회복만을 책임지게 함으로써, 여러 개의 프로세스들이 동시적으로 고장이 발생하더라도 회복시 살아있는 프로세스들의 수행을 대기시키지 않고, 회복 프로세스들 중 하나의 회복 프로세스에게만 과부하가 발생하지 않도록 한다. 또한, 제안하는 알고리즘은 각 회복 프로세스의 회복 과정이 다른 회복 프로세스의 연속적인 고장들에 의해 지연되지 않도록 한다. 본 논문에서는 제안하는 회복 알고리즘의 정당성을 증명하고, 시뮬레이션을 통해서 제안하는 회복 알고리즘이 기존 회복 알고리즘에 비해 고장난 프로세스의 평균회복시간을 단축시킨다는 것을 보여준다.Abstract Causal message logging has the advantages of optimistic message logging during failure-free execution and pessimistic message logging during recovery. In this paper, we present a new recovery algorithm based on causal message logging for improving asynchrony among recovering processes. Existing recovery algorithms based on causal message logging block the execution of live processes or require high synchronization among recovering processes. As each recovering process is responsible for only its recovery in our algorithm, the algorithm avoids blocking the execution of live processes during recovery even in concurrently multiple failures and overloading only one among recovering processes. Moreover, it allows the recovery of each recovering process not to be delayed by the continuous failures of other recovering processes. We prove the correctness of our recovery algorithm, and our simulation results show that our algorithm reduces the average recovery time of a failed process compared with the existing recovery algorithms.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.44-44
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• 2019

Spring sowing of ginseng seeds often results in failure of seedling establishment. Storage condition during winter, sowing time, and seed treatment might effect on germination. Here we tested effects of temperature regimes of seed storage on spring sowing. Dehisced wet or dry ginseng seeds were stored at $2^{\circ}C$, $-2^{\circ}C$, $-3.5^{\circ}C$, or alternating temperature: at $2^{\circ}C$ until December, $-3.5^{\circ}C$ in January, and $2^{\circ}C$ in February, and sowed in March. In overall, emergence rate was dependent on storage temperature, and $-3.5^{\circ}C$ resulted poorest emergence than other conditions. Storage of wet seeds in alternating temperature resulted highest emergence rate. Seed dry also affected on emergence rate, while it was dependent on the storage temperature. In terms of growth, storage at $2^{\circ}C$ as wet seed resulted highest growth, and dried seeds resulted poorer growth than wet seeds. As a modification of alternating temperature, seeds were stored at $2^{\circ}C$ at first, then transferred to $-3.5^{\circ}C$ at Nov 30, Dec 20, and Jan 10, each. When transfer date was delayed, emergence rate was increased. We suggest that seed storage temperature for ginseng should not be decreased below $-2^{\circ}C$, and alternative temperature regime for successful spring sowing could be useful.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.876-884
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• 1997

Fourteen patients underwent orthotopic heart transplantation between March 1994 and May 1996 in Seoul National University Hospital. There were 9 male and 5 female patients, and the mean age was 40.8 $\pm$ 12.4 years ranged from 12 to 56 years. All patient were in NYHA Fc III or IV preoperatively. The underlying heart diseases were dilated cardiomyopathy in 11 and restrictive cardiomyopathy in 3. The mean age of donors was 24.9$\pm$ 10.2 years and the causes of the brain death were head trauma by traffic accidents in 8, subarachnoid hemorrhage in 2, 1 asphyxia, 1 fall down injury, 1 brain tumo , and 1 drowning, respectively The blood type was identical in 11, compatible in 2, and incompatible in 1 patient. The direct bicaval anastomosis technique was used in 11 cases, and standard right atrial anastomosis was done in the remaining 3 cases. The graft ischemic time was 158$\pm$44 minutes ranged 94 to 220 minutes. There were two hospital deaths(14.3%). The causes of deaths were 1 right ventricular failure followed by suspected cyclosporine induced hemolytic uremic syndrome and rejection, and 1 delayed massive bleeding, probably from rupture of the anastomotic pseudoaneurysm, respectively. The follow-up duration was 16$\pm$9 months(3 to 28 months). There was one late death(8.3%). All the other patients were in NYHA Fc I except one patient who was in hospital because of the acute rejection. The actuarial survival rates including hospital deaths were 93.7% at 1 month, 86.9% at 6 months, and 77$\pm$12% at 2 years. Conclusively, heart transplantation is the good strategy for the management of end stage heart disease with acceptable operative mortality and early follow-up results.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.150-156
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• 2005

Purpose: We divided the children diagnosed with intususception into three different age groups and compared the clinical symptoms and treatment outcomes in order to analysis diagnosis and treatment of Intusussception. Methods: A retrospective chart review was established of 159 patients diagnosed with intussuception who had been admitted to Department of Pediatrics and General Surgery, Bundang CHA hospital from January, 2000 to May, 2004. We divided the patients into three groups, according to their age. Those who were under five months of age (group I; 21 patients), those between 5~11 months of age (group II; 61 patients), and those older than 11 months of age (group III; 77 patients). Then we compared the age, sex, seasonal distribution of occurrence, the cause, the clinical features, radiologic review, the type of intusussception, surgical methods, recurrence rate and treatment outcomes, among these three groups. Results: On comparing the clinical symptoms and signs among the three groups, the most common major clinical symptom and sign was irritabiltity in all three groups. Vomiting with irritability was statistically more common in group I (p<0.05) and bloody stool was most frequent in group III. The average time taken until a diagnosis was made after the symptom onset was, 21 hours in group I, 20 hours in group II and 22 hours in group III. Which showed no significant difference. But there was a higher rate of delayed diagnosis in group I, which took over 48 hours until the diagnosis was made (group I; 23.8%, group II; 4.9%, group III; 7.8%). Simple abdominal X-rays showed more frequent instances of intestinal obstruction in group I (p<0.05). The primary treatment done was barium enema which showed a failure rate of 52.4% in group I, 26.2% in group II and 14.3% in group III. Showing the highest failure rate in group I. Conclusion: The youngest group had vague symptoms which lead to delayed diagnosis and more frequent surgical procedures. As so, we advocate the importance of further evaluation and close observation, considering intussusception in children with symptoms of irritability and vomiting, especially in the early infant group.