• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.20-30
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• 2007

Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM) is the class map to divide the national land into conservation areas and development areas based on legal and ecological assessment criteria. It contributes to enhancements of the efficiency and the scientificity when framing a policy in various fields including the environment. However, it is impossible to understand the multiphase vegetation structure as data on judging the national forest class in ECVAM are restricted to areal information of Ecological Nature Status, Degree of Green Naturality and Forest Map. This point drops the reliability of ECVAM. Therefore we constructed vegetation information using LiDAR (Light Detection And Raging) technology. We generated Biomass Class Maps as final results of this study, to introduce the new forest assessment criterion in ECVAM that alternates or makes up for existing forest assessment criteria. And then, we compared these with Forest Map and Landsat TM NDVI image. As a result, biomass classes are generally higher than stand age classes and DBH classes of Vegetation Map, and lower than NDVI of Landsat TM image because of the difference of time on data construction. However distributions between these classes are mostly similar. Therefore we estimates that it is possible to apply the biomass item to the new forest assessment criterion of ECVAM. The introduction of the biomass in ECVAM makes it useful to detect the vegetation succession, to adjust the class of the changed zone since the production of Vegetation Map and to rectify the class error of Vegetation Map because variations on tree heights, forest area, gaps between trees, vegetation vitality and so on are acquired as interim findings in process of computing biomass.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.46-60
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• 2003

In Namyang Bay of western Korea, macrotidal-flat deposits are divisible into three late Quaternary units: Unit M1 of upper marine mud, Unit T1 of middle siderite-bearing terrestrial clay, and Unit M2 of lower marine mud. Unit M1 represents typical Holocene intertidal mudflat deposits, showing a coarsening-upward textural trend. It probably resulted from the continual retrogradation of tidal flat during the mid-to-late Holocene sea-level rise. Reddish brown-color Unit T1 consists of homogeneous clay with abundant freshwater siderite grains and plant remains. Unit T1 is clearly separated from the overlying Unit M1 by a sharp lithologic boundary. Radiocarbon age, siderite grains and lithologic features indicate that Unit T1 is originated from freshwater bog or swamp deposition infilling the localized topographic lows during the early Holocene age. Overlain unconformably by early Holocene swamp clay, Unit M2 is orange to yellow in color and mottled, suggesting significant degree of weathering during the sea-level lowstand. Such subaerial oxidation is confirmed in the vertical profiles of geotechnical properties, clay mineral assemblages and magnetic susceptibility. Unit M2 appears to be correlated with the upper part of the late Pleistocene tidal deposits developed along the western Korean coast. The sedimentary succession of the Namyang-Bay tidal-flat deposit provides stratigraphic information for the Holocene-late Pleistocene unconformity and also permits an assessment of the preservation potential of the late Pleistocene marginal marine deposit along the western coast of Korea.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2000

Environmentally literated students and adults should be able to use and apply the basic ecological concepts when considering environmental problems and issues. Because ecology forms the foundation of environmental education, a review of the literatures on the degree of students' understanding for ecological concepts can provide useful insights for environmental educators. The purposes of this study were as follows: first, to analyse the parts connected with ecological knowledge of two environmental education books, ‘environments’(middle school) and ‘environmental science’(high school), second, to investigate the level of understanding on ecological concepts by the use of new developed instrument. The 20 most important ecological concepts from Cherrett(1989) and the important ecological concepts' lists from Hungerford and Volk(1990), Ramsey, Hungerford and Volk(1992), Volk(1993) would be recognized and endorsed by most environmental educators as concepts essential to environmental literacy, We referenced these informations and sequenced ecological knowledge as four main categories(communities, populations, ecosystem, man as a component of the nature systems). We have used it as a criterion in the analysis of teaching materials and the development of a new test instrument($\alpha$=0.81). According to the analysed results, the understanding levels for scales and relationships of communities, populations, ecosystem were high but those for individual concepts and differences were low. By the analysis of Korean High School EE book, ‘environmental science’, learning for some concepts(succession, material cycling, niche etc.) has pointed out as one of problems. Environmental educators must pay a careful attention to the concepts that showed high rates of incorrect answer and this work will contribute toward consolidating the basis of EE and help the accomplishment of the ultimate goals in EE.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.56-71
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• 2003

Waste landfills have been the center of environmental problems and they must be restored due to environmental pollution, disgusting landscape, and cost of management. It is suggested that they be recycled urban space as cities expand. Specially, nonsanitary waste landfills which have no pollution prevention facilities cause serious problems. Restoring the landfills as parks and golf courses, so on makes more benefits because of cheap use land, closeness to urban area, flat topography applicable to parks and golf courses, and high land values after restoration and the changes to local recreation sites. Restoration of waste landfills is a complex, costly, and interdisciplinary work. But, the waste landfill is a manmade ecosystem. Control, restoration and postmanagement of waste landfills are very important problems. The role of vegetation prevents soil erosion, reduces soil water storage, and obstructs leachate seepage. Early restoration makes derelict lands into man park artificially geared to soil, vegetation, landforms and hydrology. But, Ideal restoration is to make stable ecosystem nature-friendly and compatible with surrounding landscape without more management. Landscape is structured hierarchically with patches and stands as small components and forms forest as large components. Therefore, landscape formation of the waste landfills needs much restoration process. There are many ecological restoration techniques for the waste landfills. Those are divided into artificial and natural methods. The artificial method is anthropogenic plantings while the natural method is to trigger and use succession processes. The most important thing in the restoration of waste landfills is to consider the final restoration objectives of each waste landfill. According to these objectives, the depth of covering layer, planting degree, and structural design should be determined. The effective restoration methods should be selected of artificial and natural options.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.1 s.68
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• pp.27-32
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• 2005

The recovery of vegetation in the burned area after forest fire was investigated in Mt. Sirubng, Jinju city, from 1994 to 2000. The floristic composition of a burned area was 37 kinds in 2000. The life from spectra of six sites showed H-D1-R5-e type. This type is similar to the life form which has been usually showed in most of burned areas. Total diversity index of six burned sites showed 2.135 (1996), 3.784 (1998), and 2.948 (2000). whereas, total diversity index of six unburned sites was 2.642 (1996), 2.516 (1998), and 2.723 (2000). Evenness index of six sites showed 1.816 (1996), 2.641 (1998), and 1.925 (2000). The dominant index of burned and unburned areas were 0.012 and 0.250 (1996), 0.031 and 0.261 (1998, and 0.110 and 0.275 (2000), respectively. The degree of succession in the unburned area gradually increased and the burned area was recovered to be similar to the unburned area after three years.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.25-37
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• 2014

To understand the degradation processes of organic matter related to sulfate reduction by Sulfate Reduction Bacteria (SRB) in the tidal flat sediments of Hwang-do and Sogeun-ri, Tae-an Peninsula in Chungnam-do, biogeochemical characteristics were analyzed and highlighted using specific microbial biomarkers. The organic geochemical parameters (TOC, ${\delta}^{13}C_{org}$, C/N ratio, long-chain-n-alkane) indicate that most of the organic matter has been derived from marine phytoplankton and bacteria in the fine-grained sediment of Sogeun-ri, although terrestrial plant components have occasionally been incorporated to a significant degree in the coarse-grained sediment of Hwang-do. The concentration of sulfate in pore water is a constant tendency with regard to depth profile, while methane concentration appears to be slightly different with regard to depth profile at the two sites. Especially, the sum of bacteria fatty acid (a-C15:0 + i-C15:0 + C16:1w5) confirms that the these concentrations in Sogeun-ri are related to the degradation of Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) compounds from the crude oil retained in the sediments as a result of the Hebei Spirit oil-spill accident in 2007. The methane-related microbial communities as shown by lipid biomarkers (crocetane, PMI) are larger in some sedimentary sections of Hwang-do than in the Sogeunri tidal flat. These findings suggest that methane production by microbiological processes is clearly governed by SRB activity along the vertical succession in organic-enriched tidal flats.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2009

Eutrophicated water fed through Mankyeong River and Dongjin River into the new Saemankeum Lakemight seriously affect the water quality and phytoplankton community in the lake. To obtain control reference data for the later studies on environmental changes due to the construction of the Saemankeum Sea Wall, we performed a monthly investigation on the physico-chemical properties of the water and phytoplankton community at 3 stations in the Mankyeong River Estuary over 14 months starting from September 1999. Water temperature ranged from $0.3{\sim}32.9^{\circ}C$ due to the typical seasonal variations in temperate on the coasts and salinity exhibited a wide annual range of $0.2{\sim}33.7$ psu along with regular and huge hourly variations according to tidal cycles. Inorganic nutrients were supplied from rivers to the monitoring station and the whole lake. The average concentration of total-N, $6.99\;mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$, was higher than the water quality for agricultural use with peak values occurring in winter. Species composition showed a seasonal succession pattern, where a high diversity was observedin summer and autumn and vice versa in winter. Hourly variations of water properties in the "Mankyeong bridge" Station were quite regular and well in accordance with the daily tidal cycles. The different degree of sea water intrusion during the flood tide at each of the 3 stations exhibited a different range and variation pattern of water temperature and salinity throughout a day. Hourly changes in species composition were in harmony with the daily tidal cycles, resulting in extremely variable spatio-temporal variation.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.17-30
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate consciousness on Korean traditional food and holiday foods of the elementary school dietitians, to provide the basic data for positive utilization of the traditional food and holiday foods in school food service. The survey was conducted from 239 elementary school dietitians in Jeonnam area. The used questionnaire consists of 7 questions on dietitians' general information, 3 questions on the importance of Korean traditional food, 6 questions on the succession and development of education on the traditional food. Data were analyzed by a SAS program and frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were calculated from it. According to the survey, the preference of the tradition food was remarkable to the dietitians who were elderly and had worked for a long term. The degree of utilization about Korean traditional food was investigated once a month. Education of Korean traditional food intake was generally executed every 6 months. Then the way for that was utilized school home page or school bulletin board. Dietitians reply positively about providing Korean traditional food for the school food service. The reasons were the followings. to be able to flavor a taste of the Korean traditional food, to hand down Korean dietary customs and to help keep good health.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.29-38
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze how auto-combat function in mobile RPG satisfies player's desires. The auto-combat is classified into two types-complete and partial- by timing of activation and degree of control. With elicited aspects of play, players' desires are examined based on Lacan's Desire Theory. A player employing partial auto-combat desires to master higher stages with perfect or flawless control, and one's 'object petit a' is to be the difficulty of the stages. On the other hand, a player applying the complete auto-combat demands to fully comprehend the rules of the game and to attain the rewards of completed stage to build more competent characters. Once a player acquires the desirable object, one recognizes the illusion of one's achievement and seeks for new objects. In this succession, auto-combat function is utilized as an active action of willingness for fulfilling one's desire.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.91-103
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• 2015

This paper presents "The 3-User NOR switching channel based on interference decoding with receiver cooperation" in succession to "Jeju Jong Nang channel code I, II". The Jeju Jong Nang code is considered as one of the earliest human binary coded communication (HBCC) in the world with a definite "1" or "0" binary symbolic analysis of switching circuits. In this paper, we introduce a practical example of interference decoding with receiver cooperation based on the three user Jong Nang NOR switching channel. The proposed system models are the three user Jong Nang (TUJN) NOR logic switching on-off, three-user injective deterministic NOR switching channel and Gaussian interference channel (GIC) with receiver cooperation. Therefore, this model is well matched to Shannon binary symmetric and erasure channel capacity. We show the applications of three-user Gaussian interference decoding to obtain deterministic channels which means each receiver cooperation helps to adjacent others in order to increase degree of freedom. Thus, the optimal sum rate of interference mitigation through adjacent receiver cooperation achieves 7 bits.