• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.41-47
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• 2009

Routing through a backbone, which is responsible for performing and managing multipoint communication, reduces the communication overhead and overall energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. However, the backbone nodes will need extra functionality and therefore consume more energy compared to the other nodes. The power consumption imbalance among sensor nodes may cause a network partition and failures where the transmission from some sensors to the sink node could be blocked. Hence optimal construction of the backbone is one of the pivotal problems in sensor network applications and can drastically affect the network's communication energy dissipation. In this paper a distributed algorithm is proposed to generate backbone trees through robust multi-hop clusters in wireless sensor networks. The main objective is to form a properly designed backbone through multi-hop clusters by considering energy level and degree of each node. Our improved cluster head selection method ensures that energy is consumed evenly among the nodes in the network, thereby increasing the network lifetime. Comprehensive computer simulations have indicated that the newly proposed scheme gives approximately 10.36% and 24.05% improvements in the performances related to the residual energy level and the degree of the cluster heads respectively and also prolongs the network lifetime.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.336-344
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• 2004

Background : Immunotherapy for cancer has not been successful because of several obstacles in tumor and its environment. Inappropriate secretions of cytokines and growth factors by tumors cause substantial changes in the immune responses against tumors, affording the tumors some degree of protection from immune attack. Uteroglobin (UG, Clara cell secretory protein) has been known to have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities. However, in lung cancer cells, UG expression is decreased. This study investigated the role of UG in the immunomodulation of lung cancer. Methods : The UG protein was overexpressed by Adenovirus(Ad)-UG transduction in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. The concentration of Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) was measured by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from whole blood were prepared with Ficoll. PBMC were cultured in RPMI 1640, supernatant of A549, or A549 with UG or NS-398. Concentration of Th 1 type and Th 2 type cytokines from PBMC were measured by ELISA. Results : UG suppressed $PGE_2$, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) product. Both Th1 type such as Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$) and Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and Th2 type cytokines such as IL-10 and Tumor growth factor-${\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$) were increased when PBMC were cultured with supernatant of non small lung cancer cells. UG and COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398 induced normal immune response of PBMC. Although Th 1 type cytokines were increased, Th 2 type cytokines were reduced by UG. Conclusion : UG suppressed PGE2, COX-2 product. Supernatant of NSCLC induced imbalance of immune response of PBMC. However, UG reversed this imbalance. These results suggest that UG may be used in the development of immunotherapy for lung cancer.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2015

Well-feathered (over 10 feathers) 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees were planted at $3.0{\times}1.0m$ and trained to slender spindle with 2.5 m height or to tall spindle with 3.5 m height, and the vegetative growth, productivity, and fruit quality of two training systems were compared for 8 years. The canopy volume of the tall spindle trees surpassed that of the slender spindle trees 4 years after planting and was 25% larger than that of the slender spindle trees 5 years after planting. The accumulated yield over 8 years for the tall spindle system was 14% higher than that of the slender spindle system. Alternate bearing and incidence of marssonina blotch were observed in both treatments after 5 years of planting. There was often vegetative imbalance in the trees however, the degree of yield loss and vegetative imbalance of the tall spindle trees was lower than those of the slender spindle trees. Soluble solid content and fruit red color of the tall spindle trees were higher than that of the slender spindle trees in 5 year after planting, resulting from increased light penetration in the canopy due to even distribution of lateral branches and from fruit bearing in different height locations of the trees. In conclusion, increasing the tree height to about 3.5 m using slender spindle 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees planted with over 333 trees per 10a led to better light penetration, yield and fruit quality compared to a conventional wide training system with the slender spindle.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.17-27
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• 1999

According to the design method for constructing the Korean Men's Jo-go-ri(the traditional Korean jacket)collar, there are differences in form after its completion. In the construction design of the midsection of the gusset as in that of the basic pattern Jo-go-ri, not only was the positioning of the two sides of the collar not smooth, but also, when the collar strip(Dongjung) was attached, there would be an imbalance on one side or the other so that it was difficult to achieve symmetry. Therefore in this project, by applying the pattern design of the gusset midsection to that of the collar midsection, not only did attaching the collar(Kit) and the collar strip create a visual effect by equalizing the lengths of the two sides, but the construction was also easy. This method of construction introduces the three-dimensional aspect of the human form in its conic, spherical and cylindrical aspects, so that, through schematizing the scientific character of Korea's clothing, its appropriateness is verified. As a matter of fact, since there is no standardization of pattern whether for educational use or for mass-produced clothing, so that even the patterns used in computer-assisted design are executed according to the designer's personal skill, the reality is that after completion of construction the quality has not been uniform. For this schematization, inverse calculation of measurements pertaining to the calculation formula and of teaching materials has been referenced. In particular, the partial regulation of the calculation formula pertaining to the basic pattern construction, the method of making the collar midsection, and the construction method of the extreme and mean ratio adjustment, can be adjusted for all measurements, thereby providing the establishment of a design criterion and the possibility of the standardization of construction methods. The production method for the basic pattern design is as follows: 1) The conic angle for the Jo-go-ri's girth, length end neck width is fixed at 70(72) degree. 2) The radius of the cone is sleeve length. 3) The bust girth calculation formula is B/4 + 2.5 cm. 4) The armhole formula is B/4 + 2.5cm. 5) The neck width formula is B/10. 6) The ratio of the collar junction{width of collar(Kit) + width of collar strip(Dongjung) to the gusset length is 5:8. 7) The length of the side seam is a length intersecting the armhole line and the conic radius of sleeve length, that is an arc that exceeds the length of the Jo-go-ri's midsection.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.854-859
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• 2015

This experiment was performed to develop a model for nutrition ion concentration and EC in regard to change in pH from 4.0 to 8.0 in nutrient solution. The pH changes according to the variation of $HPO_4{^{-2}}$ and $H_2PO_4{^-}$ in the nutrient solution while variation of EC increased from pH 4.0 to 5.0, stabilized from pH 5.0 to 7.0 and increased again from pH 7.0 to 8.0. For the variance of major elements in the nutrient solution, K, Ca, N and P increased while pH was higher, especially the variables for K and P were increased largely. On the other hand, variables of Mg and S were stable. Based on analysis of the ion balance model of nutrient solution, the cation increased than anion over rising the variation of pH while balance point of ion moved from a-side to d-side. In addition, the imbalance increased while it moved away from the EC centerline as variance of pH increased. It was larger than effect of EC variance to correction values of equivalence ratios of K and Ca about variation of $HPO_4{^{-2}}$ and $H_2PO_4{^-}$ while as variance of pH increased, K decreased but Ca increased. These showed the result that variance of pH about correction values of equivalence ratios of K and Ca gave a second-degree polynomial model rating of 0.97. Through this research, it was identified the pH variable model about variance among pH, ion and EC according to gradient of phosphate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.246-256
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• 2021

Various development projects occurring on the coast cause an imbalance of surface sediments, causing coastal disasters or irreversible coastal erosion. Coastal erosion caused by the influence of various port structures built through coastal development can be directly identified by evaluating changes in the sediment budget, longshore sediment, and cross-shore sediment. In other words, it will be possible to evaluate the causality between coastal development and coastal erosion by classifying regions due to single cause and regions due to multiple causes according to the changes in the sediment classified into the three types mentioned above. In this study, the cause of long-term and continuous erosion was analyzed based on the analysis results of the coastal development history and the Coastal Erosion Monitoring targeting the coast of Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do on the east coast. In addition, in order to evaluate the degree of erosion caused by the construction of artificial coastal structures, the concept of erosion impact assessment was established, three methods were proposed for the impact assessment. The erosion impact of Hajeo port was assessed using the results of satellite image analysis presented in the Coastal Erosion Monitoring Report, it was assessed that the development of Hajeo port had an impact of 93.4% on erosion, and that of the coastal road construction had an impact of 6.6%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2000

The investigation and the analysis of soil chemical properties, microbial flora and cultural practices in plastic house of 60 farms (pepper 20, cucumber 20, oriental melon 20) were conducted in Chonnam area film. An amount of fertilizer application of farms was more than that of standard fertilizer application. That was phosphate at two and a half times, potassium at twice and manure at three times the amount of standard application. It was inferred that excessive fertilizer application would lead to salts accumulation in soil. Continuous cropping injury would be incurred by excesive salts accumulation in soil. Even if inorganic elements in soil culturing peppers, cucumbers and oriental melons were greater than optimum level, base-saturation degree of soil culturing peppers, cucumbers and oriental melons was 40:18:12, 55:16:14 and 40:27:11 respectively. That was lower than the optimum levels (60:15:5). Therefore, crops would be affected by uptake inhibition by nutrition imbalance. Density of Fusarium is related to plant decease in soil i.e. pepper $26.2{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, cucumber $75.8{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ and oriental melon $6.5{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$. B/F of soil planted with pepper, cucumber and oriental melon was 91.2, 80.4 and 18.8, respectively.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose for improving QoS in Hospital wireless network using Cellular-IP/PRC(Paging Route Cache) with Paging Cache and Route Cache in Cellular-IP and propose for performance of realtime and non-real time handoff service using Handoff state machine Paging Route Cache. Although the Cellular-IP/PRC technology is devised for mobile internet communication, it has its vulnerability in frequent handoff environment. This handoff state machine using differentiated handoff improves quality of services in Cellular-IP/PRC Suggested algorithm shows better performance than existing technology in wireless mobile internet communication environment. When speech quality is secured considering increment of interference to receive in case of suppose that proposed acceptance method grooves base radio station capacity of transfer node is plenty, and moat of contiguity cell transfer node was accepted at groove base radio station with a blow, groove base radio station new trench lake acceptance method based on transmission of a message electric power estimate of transfer node be. Do it so that may apply composing PC(Paging Cache) and RC(Routing Cache) that was used to manage paging and router in radio Internet network in integral management and all nodes as one PRC(Paging Router Cache), and add hand off state machine in transfer node so that can manage hand off of transfer node and Roaming state efficiently, and studies so that achieve connection function at node. Analyze benevolent person who influence on telephone traffic in system environment and forecasts each link currency rank and imbalance degree, forecast most close and important lake interception probability and lake falling off probability, GoS(Grade of Service), efficiency of cell capacity in QoS because applies algorithm proposing based on algorithm use gun send-receive electric power that judge by looking downward link whether currency book was limited and accepts or intercept lake and handles and displays QoS performance improvement.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose for improving QoS in hospital wireless network using Cellular-IP/PRC(Paging Route Cache) with Paging Cache and Route Cache in Cellular-IP. Although the Cellular-IP/PRC technology is devised for mobile internet communication, it has its vulnerability in frequent handoff environment. This handoff state machine using differentiated handoff improves quality of services in Cellular-IP/PRC. Suggested algorithm shows better performance than existing technology in wireless mobile internet communication environment. When speech quality is secured considering increment of interference to receive in case of suppose that proposed acceptance method grooves base radio station capacity of transfer node is plenty, and most of contiguity cell transfer node was accepted at groove base radio station with a blow, groove base radio station new trench lake acceptance method based on transmission of a message electric power estimate of transfer node be. Do it so that may apply composing PC(Paging Cache) and RC(Routing Cache) that was used to manage paging and router in radio Internet network in integral management and all nodes as one PRC(Paging Router Cache), and add hand off state machine in transfer node so that can manage hand off of transfer node and Roaming state efficiently, and studies so that achieve connection function at node. Analyze benevolent person who influence on telephone traffic in system environment and forecasts each link currency rank and imbalance degree, forecast most close and important lake interception probability and lake falling off probability, GoS(Grade of Service), efficiency of cell capacity in QoS because applies algorithm proposing based on algorithm use gun send-receive electric power that judge by looking downward link whether currency book was limited and accepts or intercept lake and handles and displays QoS performance improvement.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1302-1308
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• 2005

Propose Cellular-IP/PRC network with united paging and Cellular IP special duality that use roof information administration cache to secure lake acceptance method in wireless Internet environment and QoS in lesser extent cell environment. When speech quality is secured considering increment of interference to receive in case of suppose that proposed acceptance method grooves base radio station capacity of transfer node is plenty, and moat of contiguity cell transfer node was accepted at groove base radio station with a blow, groove base radio station new trench lake acceptance method based on transmission of a message electric power estimate of transfer node be. Do it so that may apply composing PC(Paging Cache) and RC(Routing Cache) that was used to manage paging and router in radio Internet network in integral management and all nodes as one PRC(Paging Router Cache), and add hand off state machine in transfer node so that can manage hand off of transfer node and Roaming state efficiently, and studies so that achieve connection function at node. Analyze benevolent person who influence on telephone traffic in system environment and forecasts each link currency rank and imbalance degree, forecast most close and important lake interception probability and lake falling off probability, GoS(Grade of Service), efficiency of cell capacity in QoS because applies algorithm proposing based on algorithm use gun send-receive electric power that judge by looking downward link whether currency book was limited and accepts or intercept lake and handles and displays QoS performance improvement.