• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 2006

우이도 해안사구의 식물상을 조사한 결과, 52과 108속 124종 15변종 3품종 총 142종류가 확인되었다. 식물구계학적 특정식물종에는 3등급에 갯그령, 솔장다리, 틸머위 3종류, 1등급에 갯쇠보리, 통보리사초, 갯방풍, 모래지치 등의 사구식물들과 후박나무, 보리밥나무, 해국 등의 해안식물들이 포함되어 총 16종류가 확인되었다. 또한, 귀화식물에는 7과 10속 11종류로 조사되었으며, 총 출현하는 식물상에 대한 귀화율은 약7.8%로 분석되었다. 식생군집 조사 중 돈목해안지역에는 2002년도에 전체 피복율이 약$20%{\sim}25%$정도가 확인되었으나, 본 조사에서는 $65%{\sim}75%$로 3배 이상의 사구식물들이 높게 출현하였다. 성촌해안지 역 또한 2002년도 조사에서는 식생 피복율이 $15%{\sim}20%$ 정도이었으나, 본 조사에서 왕잔디와 통보리사초가 급속도로 증가하여 전체 피복율이 $70%{\sim}75%$정도로 증가하였다. 풍성사구 지역은 강한 바람과 모래의 유출유입이 반복되면서 사구식물의 종수나 개체수가 단조로운 경향을 나타냈다.

• 산학경영연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.145-168
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• 2007

전자상거래에서 거래되는 상품들에 대한 고객의 선호도를 사전에 파악하여 고객이 자신의 취향에 적합한 상품을 쉽게 찾도록 도와주고 전자상거래에 업체에 있어서는 목표고객의 설정을 자동적으로 처리할 수 있는 시스템이 추천시스템이다. 추천시스템은 고객과 업체 모두에게 이득을 가져올 수 있는 시스템으로 현재 많은 전자상거래 업체들이 적용 중에 있다. 본 연구는 전자상거래에서 널리 이용되고 있는 협력적 추천기법을 이용하여 고객 선호도 예측의 정확도를 향상시키기 위하여 고객들간의 선호도 유사 정도를 나타내는 유사도 가중치에 일정 범위의 임계치를 설정하였다. 임계치의 설정에 따라 선호도 예측의 정확도가 향상되었으나 임계치의 설정 범위에 따라 고객 선호도를 예측할 수 있는 비율이 감소함을 알 수 있었으며 이에 따라 추천을 할 수 없는 고객이 발생할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 결과를 바탕으로 고객에 대한 추천과 예측의 정확도를 동시에 고려하는 임계치 설정에 대하여 더 많은 연구가 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 지질공학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.121-136
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• 1991

본 연구에서는 P파형의 초동극성 분포를 이용하여 홍성지진의 Focal Mechanism을 평가하였다. 비선형 전산처리과정을 이용하여 원지진진앙거리에서 관측된 9개의 P파형의 초동극성 분포와 주향, 경사 및 상반변위방향의 변화로부터 구한 Focal Mechanism과의 부합성을 조사하였다. 위의 과정을 이용하여 처리한 결과 주단층면의 주향 및 겅사는 약 247도 및 약 78도로서 홍성부근지역의 선구조와 잘 일치함을 보여주었다. 그러나, 주단층면의 상반변위 방향은 약 40도에서 약 160도 까지의 광범위한 값을 보여주었으나, 이는 관측점의 방위각 분포가 불충분하기 때문인 것으로 분석되었다. 위에서 결정된 Focal Mechanism이 의미하는 주응력 방향은 일본 트렌치를 따라서 태평양판이 유라시아판 아래로 Subduction할 때 가능한 지응력장가 상반되지 않음을 보여 주었다. 또한, 이러한 Focal Mechanism으로부터 원자력발전소나 핵폐기물 처리장 및 처분장 건설시, 부지고유응답 스펙트럼 및 강지진동 자료와 같은 내진설계기준을 위해 필요한 한반도의 지진지체구조 특성에 대한 정보를 얻을 수 있다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.747-754
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• 2011

Purpose: The Abbe flap procedure has been used to correct disharmony of the upper and lower lips as well as for making a philtrum for patients with secondary cleft lip deformities. But the Abbe flap procedure adds two scars in addition to the prior operative scar on the upper lip. This study was conducted to determine the treatment outcomes of esthetic subunit excision of the scar on the philtrum and Abbe flap coverage for correction of cleft lip deformities with photogrammetric analysis. Methods: This study investigated a total of 11 patients with cleft lip deformities who underwent scar excision with Abbe flap coverage, and the patients were followed up for at least 6 months. Under general anesthesia, a mushroom-shaped Abbe flap was drawn on the lower lip with a width of 8 mm and a height 1~2 mm longer than that of the philtral midline. The epidermis and dermis of the scar on the upper lip were excised. In the cases with alar base depression, the orbicularis oris muscle was split vertically and transposed to the alar base. The Abbe flap was harvested as a pedicled flap containing a small amount of muscle and this was rotated 180-degree to be inserted into the upper lip. Mucosa, muscle, subcutaneous tissue and skin were closed in layers. The flap was divided at the 7~14 postoperative day. The postoperative outcomes were evaluated by using photogrammetric analysis. Three indices were measured from the standard clinical photographs taken before and after the surgery. For anthroposcopic assessment, observers described the postoperative outcomes using an ordinary scale method. Results: The postoperative values obtained in the photogrammetric analysis showed improvement as compared with the preoperative ones. Improved anthroposcopic outcomes were also noted. Conclusion: Scar excision and Abbe flap coverage were proven to be effective in improving protrusion and the height of the upper lip, the scar of the upper lip and the symmetry of Cupid's bow and the philtral column, as well as formation of the philtral dimple.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.239-250
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• 2012

In recent years, national health insurance(NHI) coverage had been expanded gradually for cancer as a severe disease requiring high level of medical expenditure, to reduce patient's financial burden. But, subjective burdens level for out-of-pocket(OOP) money expense are still considerable owing to high medical cost and decent numbers of services not covered by benefit plan. This study aimed to investigate OOP medical expenditures and identify factors influencing subjective financial burden in cancer patients. A 28-items questionnaire for self-reporting by responders was designed to satisfy study goal and finalized following by one pilot study and experts' verification process. Subjects were enrolled during July to October 2010 through regular meetings organized by five patient or patient-advocacy groups had acknowledged the study purpose. Subjects who aged 20 or more, have histories of cancer diagnosis and anticancer drug use, and voluntarily agreed to participate in this study were recruited. Total 107 subjects included in the analysis have cancer lesions in breast, colon, kidney, liver or stomach at the stages from I to IV. Approximately 73% of them has passed less than 5 years since cancer diagnosis. For the OOP medical expenditure regarding cancer, less 6 million won was in 31%, 6-15 million won in 35% and more than 15 million won in 28% of responders, and more than half responders(58%) felt financial burden subjectively. 63% of responders had subscribed commercial insurances, resulting in money receipts of more than 10 million won since cancer diagnoses in 76% of responders. Logistic regression results showed significant differences in subjective OOP financial burden level depending on gender, household income level, benefit type, commercial insurance money receipt degree, year cancer diagnosed, cancer lesion, therapy type, duration of anticancer drug use, drug listing in national formulary, total OOP medical expenditure and total OOP anticancer drug expense. They had mixed feelings both wishes to expand NHI coverage to reduce financial burden(70%) and no willingness to increase premium(59%). This result suggested that NHI might direct future strategies to reduce absolute total OOP medical cost and expand benefit plan coverage in higher burden groups in particular.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.690-704
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• 2014

단독주택은 전통적인 인간의 주택 유형이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이들 단독주택에 대한 관심이 적어 연구가 부족한 편에 속한다. 본 연구는 서울시에 소재하는 단독주택을 대상으로 분위회귀분석을 적용하여 가격형성요인을 분석하였다. 통상최소자승법의 경우 종속변수와 독립변수의 평균적인 관계를 파악하기 때문에 단독주택처럼 고가 주택과 저가 주택의 차이가 큰 경우에는 한계가 존재할 수 있다. 서울시 단독주택에 대한 분위회귀분석 결과 통상최소자승법의 유의미한 변수와 대체로 유사하였으며, 건폐율, 용도지역, 소재 지역, 경과연수, 지하층 유무, 고저, 형상이 도출되었다. 그러나 건폐율, 고저의 경우 저가 주택에서, 중가의 주택에서는 지하층 유무가, 고가 주택에서는 소재지역이 더욱 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 아울러 접근성은 단독주택에 유의미한 변수가 아니지만, 고가주택은 오히려 버스정류장과 멀어질수록 가격이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 강남지역에 대한 분석결과 건폐율과 접근성은 저가의 주택에 중요한 요인으로 작용한 반면, 고가의 주택에서는 녹지지역일수록 그리고 대중교통수단과 먼 지역일수록 가격이 높아지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 강북지역에서 건폐율 중요도는 모든 분위에서 일정하였으며, 용도지역이 강남지역보다 단독주택의 가겨에 영향을 많이 주지만, 상위 30% 주택에서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 아울러 강북지역에서는 지하층 유무가 음의 영향을 주는 변수로 도출되었다. 그리고 경과연수의 경우 중 고가의 단독주택에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 서울시 및 강남 그리고 강북지역의 분석에서도 접근성 요인은 단독주택에 큰 영향을 주지 못하였다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.58-61
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• 2002

The degree of doctors' autonomy is decided by the relations between the profession and the state. The exclusive right required by doctors is based on knowledge, but it is most often decided by the relations between the profession and the state. The critical factor affecting the status of the medical profession is the span of its control on medical related areas. Therefore, the status of doctors depends on the degree of institutionalization and the span of their control. The status of Korean Oriental Medicine doctors has been largely affected by the governments medical policies. The dramatic change of the status of Korean Oriental Medicine in modern Korea dearly shows the effects of medical policy on the status of a medical system. Under the plural medical system every medical group lobbies for more favorable medical policies. Korean Oriental Medicine doctors have secured an enhanced status in government and expanded the range of medical insurance coverage. Also, they have accomplished the standardization of knowledge in their efforts to expand it. These achievements are the most important aspects of the professionalization of Korean Oriental Medicine. Therefore, we can conclude that the conflicts between Korean Oriental Medicine doctors and government representatives have had significantly positive effects on the professionalization of Korean Oriental Medicine.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.719-731
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• 2012

Agreement analysis is conducted to assess reliability among rating results performed repeatedly on the same subjects by one or more raters. The kappa statistic is commonly used when rating scales are categorical. The simple and weighted kappa statistics are used to measure the degree of agreement between two raters, and the generalized kappa statistics to measure the degree of agreement among more than two raters. In this paper, we compare the performance of four different generalized kappa statistics proposed by Fleiss (1971), Conger (1980), Randolph (2005), and Gwet (2008a). We also examine how sensitive each of four generalized kappa statistics can be to the marginal probability distribution as to whether marginal balancedness and/or homogeneity hold or not. The performance of the four methods is compared in terms of the relative bias and coverage rate through simulation studies in various scenarios with different numbers of raters, subjects, and categories. A real data example is also presented to illustrate the four methods.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.83-99
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• 1994

To compare basic information and to inspect impacts situations between 1987 and 1992, this study was executed in Chongnung valley of Mt. Puk'an. And to provide basic informations through the change of plant species diversity, some methods were applied and analyzed such as the degree of environmental impacts and belt-transect method. The results were summarized as follows; 1. In order to find environmental impacts by visitor, the degree of environmental impacts class that was proposed by Kwon(1991) was implicated. In 4 sites, total area of over impact class 2 is 86,692$m^2$ and area of impacts class 4-6 that is impossible to recover naturally is 36,856$m^2$. Totally, the impacted area was profounded qualitatively and quantitatively against 1987's. 2. In the vegetation change by visitor's impacts, species diversity was rapidly decreased as nearer the campsite and trail. And in the basal area and coverage, lower layer species was sensitively changed. Trampling-resistent species is as following; Robinia pseudoacacia, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Staphylea bumalda, Clerdendron trichotomum, Stephanandra incisa, Rubus crataegifolius, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Weigela subsessilis, Rosa multiflora, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Lindera obtusiloba, Callicarpa japonica, Sorbus alnifolia, Symplocos mongolica and so on. In the results of soil hardness test, that was decreased as far away from campsite and trail. 3. In the 4 sites selected in Chongnung valley of Puk'ansan Natioal Park, management plans was largely divided 4 category, such as trail improvement, facilities setting, ecotone vegetation establishment, and vegetation rehabilitation. And a suggestion was provided to each site.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2007

The reconstruction of deep soft tissue defect such as pressure sore has difficult problems. Myocutaneous flaps have been used commonly as the best coverage method for pressure sore. But, they have several drawbacks such as sacrifice of functional muscle, high morbidity of the donor sites and bulkiness at the recipient site. The concepts of perforator flap has recently developed and widely used to overcome these disadvantages. Between March 2005 to July 2006, we have treated 9 patients who had pressure sore using perforator based fasciocutaneous island rotation flap. Preoperative unidirectional Doppler was used in all cases. Mean number of perforator vessels was 3.8 and flap sizes were from $7{\times}5\;cm$ to $14{\times}13\;cm$. Rotation angles of flap were from 90 degree to 180 degree. In all cases, donor sites were closed primarily. All flap survived completely and postoperative complications were wound dehiscence in 1 case, wound infection in 3 cases. The mean postoperative follow up period was 15.7 months and recurrence was not reported. We could decrease donor site morbidity and cover wound sites easily by using flap rotation and get robust blood supply without sacrifice of functional muscle. Fasciocutaneous perforator island rotation flap would be very useful for various pressure sore treatment.