• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.19-29
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• 1996

The neurological manifestations of AIDS include dementia, encountered even in the absence of opportunistic superinfection or malignancy. The AIDS Dementia Complex appears to be associated with several neuropathological abnormalities, including astrogliosis and neuronal injury or loss. How can HIV-1 result in neuronal damage if neurons themselves are only rarely, if ever, infected by the vitus\ulcorner In vitro experiments from several different laboratiories have lent support to the existence of HIV- and immune-related toxins. In one recently defined pathway to neuronal injury, HIV-infected macrophages/microglia as well as macrophages activated by HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 appear to secrete excitants/neurotoxins. These substances may include arachidonic acid, platelet-activating factor, free radicals (NO - and O$_2$), glutamate, quinolinate, cysteine, cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL1-B, IL-6), and as yet unidentified factors emanating from stimulated macrophages and possibly reactive astrocytes. A final common pathway for newonal suscepubility appears to be operative, similar to that observed in stroke, trauma, epilepsy, and several neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This mechanism involves excessive activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-operated channels, with resultant excessive influx of Ca$\^$2+/ leading to neuronal damage, and thus offers hope for future pharmacological intervention. This chapter reviews two clinically-tolerated NMDA antagonists, memantine and nitroglycerin; (ⅰ) Memantine is an open-channel blocker of the NMDA-associated ion channel and a close congener of the anti-viral and anti-parkinsonian drug amantadine. Memantine blocks the effects of escalating levels of excitotoxins to a greater degree than lower (piysiological) levels of these excitatory amino acids, thus sparing to some extent normal neuronal function. (ⅱ) Niuoglycerin acts at a redox modulatory site of the NMDA receptor/complex to downregulate its activity. The neuroprotective action of nitroglycerin at this site is mediated by n chemical species related to nitric oxide, but in a higher oxidation state, resulting in transfer of an NO group to a critical cysteine on the NMDA receptor. Because of the clinical safety of these drugs, they have the potential for trials in humans. As the structural basis for redox modulation is further elucidated, it may become possible to design even better redox reactive reagents of chinical value. To this end, redox modulatory sites of NMDA receptors have begun to be characterized at a molecular level using site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant subunits (NMDAR1, NMDAR2A-D). Two types of redox modulation can be distinguished. The first type gives rise to a persistent change in the functional activity of the receptor, and we have identified two cysteine residues on the NMDARI subunit (#744 and #798) that are responsible for this action. A second site, presumably also a cysteine(s) because <1 mM N-ethylmaleimide can block its effect in native neurons, underlies the other, more transient redox action. It appears to be at this, as yet unidentified, site on the NMDA receptor that the NO group acts, at least in recombinant receptors.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.559-569
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to find the main foulant of membrane and the optimal chemical cleaning method for MF(microfiltration) drinking water treatment system using D dam water as water source. The MF pilot plant which can treat maximum $500m^3/d$ consisted of 3 racks and was operated for 10 months under various operation conditions. After 10 months operation, $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ rack of membrane pilot plant system were cleaned chemically and the degree of the restoration of the fouled membrane in terms of the pure water flux was detemnined. Inorganic compounds which contained in chemical cleaning waste was analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). One membrane module for 3rd rack was disjointed and membrane fouling materials, especially inorganic compounds were investigated by Electron Probe Microanlysis (EPMA) to elucidate the reason of TMP increase. And also, the various chemical reagents (1N HCl or $H_2SO_4$, oxalic acid as acid and 0.3% NaOCl as alkali) were tested by combination of acid and alkali to determine the optimal chemical cleaning method for the MF system using micro-modules manufactured using the disjointed module. It was verified that the inside and outside of membrane module was colorized with black. As a result of the quantitative and semi-qualitative analysis of membrane foulant by ICP, most of inorganic foulant was manganese which is hard to remove by inorganic acid such as HCI. Especially, it was observed by EPMA that Mn was attached more seriously in inside surface of membrane than in outside surface of that. It was supposed that Mn fouling in inside surface of membrane might be caused by the oxidation of soluble manganese (Mn(II)) to insoluble manganese ($MnO_2$) by chlorine containing in backwashing water. The optimal cleaning method for the removal of manganese fouling was consecutive cleaning with the mixture of 1N HCl and 1% of oxalic acid, 0.3% NaOCl, and 1N HCl showing 91% of the restoration of the fouled membrane.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.727-735
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• 2007

The use of water by cities is increasing owing to industrialization, the concentration of population, and the enhancement of the standard of living. Accordingly, the amount of waste water is also increasing, and the degree of pollution of the water system is rising. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to remove organisms and suspended particles as well as the products of eutrophication such as nitrates and phosphates. This study developed a high-end treatment engineering solution with maximum efficiency and lower costs by researching and developing a advanced treatment engineering solution with the use of Biosorption. As a result, the study conducted a test with a $50m^3/day$ Pilot Scale Plant by developing treatment engineering so that only the secondary treatment satisfies the standard of water quality and which provided optimal treatment efficiency along with convenient maintenance and management. The removal of organisms, which has to be pursued first for realizing nitrification during the test period, was made in such a way that there would be no oxidation by microorganisms in the reactor while preparing oxygen as an inhibitor for the growth of microorganism in the course of moving toward the primary settling pond. The study introduced microorganisms in the endogeneous respiration stage to perform adhesion, absorption, and filtering by bringing them into contact with the inflowing water with the use of a sludge returning from the secondary settling pond. Also a test was conducted to determine how effective the microorganisms are as an inner source of carbon. The HRT(Hydraulic Retention Time) in the nitrification tank (aerobic tank) could be reduced to two hours or below, and the stable treatment efficiency of the process using the organisms absorbed in the NAR reactor as a source of carbon could be proven. Also, given that the anaerobic condition of the pre-treatment tank becomes basic in the area of phosphate discharge, it was found that there was excellent efficiency for the removal of phosphate when the pre-treatment tank induced the discharge of phosphate and the polishing reactor induced the uptake of phosphate. The removal efficiency was shown to be about 94.4% for $BOD_5$. 90.7% for $COD_{Cr}$ 84.3% for $COD_{Mn}$, 96.0% for SS, 77.3% for TN, and 96.0% for TP.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.150-159
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• 2011

The need of securing the stability and extending service lives by efficient maintenance of deteriorated tunnels for several decades has been increased. The stability and the usability of conventional tunnels can be decreased by change of physical properties of the surrounding ground, geometrical properties of the tunnel, an underground water level, environmental conditions, oxidation of lining and the breakdown of constituent materials. In respect of a long-term view, it is need to check all sorts of degradation, the degree of damage and durability to improve the serviceability and to come up with measures to maintain effectively. This paper is about study to analyze the stability of conventional tunnels(American Steel Support Method. ASSM). Three tunnels are chosen in those built in the 1930s and 1960s and the locations of tunnels are selected variously(ChungCheong, GyungBuk, GangWon, Jeolla, etc.) to secure reliability of this study. The state of repair and reinforcement of linings, cracks, and thickness and strength of lining of conventional tunnels in service are researched, compared and analyzed. The crack gauge, the GPR, the schmitt hammer was used for the crack investigation, cavitation, the strength respectively. By using these, the comparative analysis for conventional tunnels was conducted. As a result, there are more cracks in tunnels built in the 1930s than those of tunnels built in the 1960s, and lining strength of the 1930s is higher than those of the 1960s. The thickness of lining in tunnels built in the 1960s is higher than those in tunnels built in the 1930s. In proportion to thickness, cavitation occurred more frequently in tunnels built in the 1960s compared to those in tunnels built in the 1930s.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.891-899
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• 2008

For the effective use of under-utilized resources, silver-stripe round herring (SSRH), the boiled-dried SSRH was investigated on the food component and sensual characterization. Moisture content and salinity of the boiled-dried SSRH were 27.2% and 7.0%, respectively, which were in the range described in Korean Industrial Standards. In the lipid content of the boiled-dried SSRH, viscera was higher in viscera than muscle. The major fatty acids of the boiled-dried SSRH were 16:0 (23.9%), 18:1n-9 (9.5%), and 22:6n-3 (DHA, 28.5%). The degree of lipid oxidation of the boiled-dried SSRH was similar to that of the boiled-dried anchovy caught in the southern sea. When compared to the boiled-dried anchovies, the boiled-dried SSRH was lower in total content of amino acid, while was higher in calcium and phosphorus contents. The boiled-dried SSRH was higher in taste strength, while was similar in the taste pattern to the boiled-dried anchovies. According to the results of chemical components and sensory evaluation, the boiled-dried SSRH could be substituted for boiled-dried anchovy classified into special grade.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2002

An investigation was carried out to study the characteristics of lipoxygenase in dioctyl sulfosuccinate (aerosol-OT, AOT)/isooctane revered micelles of microaqueous system containing infinitesimal water. ${\alpha}-Linoleic$ acid as a substrate could be analyzed by the colorimetric methodology using 5%(w/v) cupric acetate-pyridine solution and the activity of lipoxygenase was able to be assayed by the degree of ${\alpha}-linoleic$ acid consumption per minute. Optimal pH, temperature, and R-value ([water]/[AOT]) were determined as the value of 5.0, $25^{\circ}C$, and 10.0, respectively. Kinetic analysis of the enzyme reaction under the optimal conditions showed that the values of $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ were 0.31 mM of ${\alpha}-linoleic$ acid and $384.16{\mu}mol$ of ${\alpha}-linoleic$ acid decomposed/min, respectively. The results indicate the reaction to be lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxidation of ${\alpha}-linoleic$ acid in AOT/isooctane reversed micellar system. The inhibitory effect of natural antioxidants on lipoxygenase showed little inhibitory effect of L-ascrobic acid while ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ showed 72% of inhibitory effect.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Cu/Mn/Ce catalysts for water gas shift (WGS) reaction were synthesized by urea-nitrate combustion method with the fixed molar ratio of Cu/Mn as 1:4 and 1:1 with the doping concentration of Ce from 0.3 to 0.8 mol%. The prepared catalysts were characterized with SEM, BET, XRD, XPS, $H_2$-TPR, $CO_2$ TPD, $N_2O$ chemisorption analysis. The catalytic activity tests were carried out at a GHSV of $28,000h^{-1}$ and a temperature range of 200 to $400^{\circ}C$. The Cu/Mn(CM) catalysts formed Cu-Mn mixed oxide of spinel structure ($Cu_{1.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$) and manganese oxides ($MnO_x$). However, when a small amount of Ce was doped, the growth of $Cu_{1.5}Mn_{1.5}O_4$ was inhibited and the degree of Cu dispersion were increased. Also, the doping of Ce on the CM catalyst reduced the reduction temperature and the base site to induce the active site of the catalyst to be exposed on the catalyst surface. From the XPS analysis, it was confirmed that maintaining the oxidation state of Cu appropriately was a main factor in the WGS reaction. Consequently, Ce as support and dopant in the water gas shift reaction catalysts exhibited the enhanced catalytic activities on CM catalysts. We found that proper amount of Ce by preparing catalysts with different Cu/Mn ratios.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.6
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• pp.55-66
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• 2005

Three types of epoxy resins (Epo-Tek 301, Araldite 103, and Araldite 106) and three types of pigments (bunche, pastel, and conté), which are materials for porcelain restoration, were selected as examination materials. The tone change, porosity, and sedimental resulting from the mixtures of varying ratios of these three materials were observed. Samples were also made from the mixture of Epo-teck 301, four kinds of white pigments, and six types of fillers and subjected to ultraviolet ray penetration for 200 hours to observe the oxidation of the epoxy resins. The result showed that the chemical composition of pastel drastically changed when mixed with Epo-tek 301. Although bunche and conté displayed clear colors, those of conté were less clear when it was mixed with other substances. Adding a small amount of Epo-tek 301 tended to be driven into the corner, whereas mixing a large amount caused saturation and boiling. On the other hand, AW 106 did not display clear colors owing to its high viscosity; when mixed in large amounts, however, the clarity of colors improved. For AY 103, a similar standard of color clarity was maintained regardless of the mixture ratio. The following was ranked according to the level of porosity: [Pastel>bunche≒conté]. In terms of sedimentary, however, [bunche>conté>Pastel], [Epo-tek 301> AY 103> AW 106]. The result of measuring the degree of yellowing revealed that titanium, pastel, silicon dioxide, and kaolin tended to turn yellow, whereas bunche, conté, diatomaceous earth, and calcium hydroxide tended to resist yellowing.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2021

The recycling of titanium turning scraps requires the removal of cutting oil and other contaminants remaining on the surface. In this study, an experiment was conducted in which titanium scraps were cleaned by a combination of ultrasonic immersion-steam cleaning and subsequent drying at high temperature. To determine the removal mechanism of cutting oil, the contact angle between titanium surface and cutting oil was measured. The result confirmed the optimum condition of the immersion solution of the titanium turning scraps. In the case of immersion cleaning of Na4P2O7 aqueous solution, the degree of carbon removed in the cutting oil was the highest at 50℃, and it was confirmed that the carbon content obtained from the combination of steam cleaning and ultrasonic immersion-steam cleaning was lower than that from steam cleaning after ultrasonic immersion. The oxidation and decomposition behaviors of cutting oil were investigated using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the result was applied in the high temperature drying process. From the results of the high temperature drying tests, it was concluded that 200℃ is the optimal drying temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the removal efficiency of an intermittently aerated nonwoven fabric filter bioreactor fed continuously with domestic sewage. The hydraulic retention time(HRT) of the reactor was reduced from 12 hrs to 10 hrs to 8 hrs during an experimental period of 17 months. In order to search an optimum aeration/nonaeration time ratio for the nitrogen removal at each HRT, the cycle times of 3, 2 and 1 hr were tested at the aeration/nonaeration time ratio of 1. Then, the aeration/nonaeration time ratio was changed from 50 min/70 min to 40 min/80 min to 30 min/90 min at the cycle time of 2 hr which showed the best nitrogen removal. During the experimental period, the effluent SS concentration was always below 1.2 mg/L with more than 95% of BOD removal efficiency. The highest nitrogen removal of 90.1% was observed at the aeration/nonaeration time ratio of 40 min/80 min at the HRT of 10 hr. Oxidation-reduction potential could represent the degree of the nitrification and denitrification reaction in the reactor.