• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.207-224
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• 2016

Granulated coal ash (GCA), a mixture of the by-product from milling processes with a small amount of cement added, has recently come to be used as a new form of geomaterial. The shear strength and deformation behaviours of GCA are greatly determined by its relative density or void ratio. A series of drained triaxial compression tests were performed on cylindrical specimens of GCA at confining pressures of between 50 kPa and 400 kPa at initial relative densities of 50%, 70% and 80%. Experimental results show that a rise in relative density increases the peak shear strength and intensifies the dilation behaviour. The initial tangent modulus and secant modulus of the stress-strain curve increase with increasing initial relative density, whereas the axial and volumetric strains at failure decrease with level of initial relative density. The stress-dilatancy relationships of GCA at different relative densities and confining pressures display similar tendency. The dilatancy behaviour of GCA is modelled by the Nova rule and the material property N in Nova rule of GCA is much larger than that of natural sand.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

In this paper, local ratcheting behavior of 1045 steel plates with circular cutout was investigated. Experimental tests were carried out by a Zwick/Roell HB 100 servo hydraulic machine. In order to measure the local strain at notch root, a data acquisition system with strain gauge was used. Various notch diameters and distances of strain gauges mounted from the notch root were found influential in the magnitude of local ratcheting strain. It was found that the local maximum principal stress plays a crucial role in increasing the local plastic deformation. Numerical simulation was done by ABAQUS software using nonlinear isotropic/kinematic hardening model. Material parameters of hardening model were attained from several stabilized cycles of flat specimens subjected to symmetric strain cycles. The nonlinear kinematic hardening model along with the Neuber's rule was employed to assess local ratcheting at the notch root of steel plates. The results of the numerical simulations agreed closely with those measured values in this study. Both ratcheting progress and mean stress relaxation occurred simultaneously at the notch root.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 자연섬유 복합재료를 적용하여 1kW급 수평축 소형 풍력 발전 시스템 블레이드의 제작과 구조 시험 연구를 수행하였다. 블레이드의 설계 요구 조건을 분석하여 공력 설계를 수행하였다. 공력 설계 이후 구조 설계 하중을 도출하고 블레이드의 구조 설계를 수행하였다. 블레이드의 구조 설계기법은 복합재료를 적용한 단순 설계 기법과 혼합 설계 기법을 적용하였다. 설계된 블레이드의 구조 안전성은 다양한 하중조건, 변위, 좌굴 등의 해석을 위해 유한요소기법으로 분석하였다. 최종 자연 섬유를 적용한 블레이들 제작하였으며, 구조 시험을 수행하였다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2008

As ships become to be larger than ever, the thicker plate and the higher tensile steel plate are used in naval shipyard. Though special chemical composition is needed for high-tensile steels, recent high-tensile steels are made by the TMCP(Thermo-Mechanical control process) skill. The increase of yield stress and tensile stress of TMCP steels is induced from bainite phase which is transformed from austenite, but that increased yield stress can be vanished by another additional thermal cycle like welding and heating. As thermal deformations are deeply related by yield stress of material, the study for prediction of plate deformation by heating should reflect principle of TMCP steels. This study developed an algorithm which can calculate inherent strain. In this algorithm, not only the mechanical principles of thermal deformations, but also the predicting of the portion of initial bainite is considered when calculating inherent strain. The simulations of plate deformation by these values showed good agreements with experimental results of normalizing steels and TMCP steels in welding and heating. Finally we made an inherent strain database of steels used in Class rule.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.211-220
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• 2020

This paper investigates the effect of linear and non-linear distribution of carbon nanotube volume fraction in the FG-CNTRC beams on the critical buckling by using higher-order shear deformation theories. Here, the material properties of the CNTRC beams are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a new exponential power law distribution in terms of the carbon nanotube volume fractions. The single-walled carbon nanotube is aligned and distributed in the polymeric matrix with different patterns of reinforcement; the material properties of the CNTRC beams are described by using the rule of mixture. The governing equations are derived through using Hamilton's principle. The Navier solution method is used under the specified boundary conditions for simply supported CNTRC beams. The mathematical models provided in this work are numerically validated by comparison with some available results. New results of critical buckling with the non-linear distribution of CNT volume fraction in different patterns are presented and discussed in detail, and compared with the linear distribution. Several aspects of beam types, CNT volume fraction, exponent degree (n), aspect ratio, etc., are taken into this investigation. It is revealed that the influences of non-linearity distribution in the beam play an important role to improve the mechanical properties, especially in buckling behavior. The results show that the X-Beam configuration is the strongest among all different types of CNTRC beams in supporting the buckling loads.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 재36권6호
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• pp.689-702
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• 2020

The current study deals with the size-dependent free vibration analysis of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) reinforced polymer nanocomposite plates resting on Pasternak elastic foundation containing different boundary conditions. Based on a four variable refined shear deformation plate theory, which considers shear deformation effect, in conjunction with the Eringen nonlocal elasticity theory, which contains size-dependency inside nanostructures, the equations of motion are established through Hamilton's principle. Moreover, the effective material properties are estimated via the Halpin-Tsai model as well as the rule of mixture. Galerkin's mathematical formulation is utilized to solve the equations of motion for the vibrational problem with different boundary conditions. Parametrical examples demonstrate the influences of nonlocal parameter, total number of layers, weight fraction and geometry of GNPs, elastic foundation parameter, and boundary conditions on the frequency characteristic of the GNPs reinforced nanoplates in detail.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제73권6호
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• pp.685-698
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• 2020

The dynamic stability of a functionally graded polymer microbeam reinforced by graphene oxides subjected to a periodic axial force is investigated. The microbeam is assumed to rest on an elastic substrate and is subjected to various immovable boundary restraints. The weight fraction of graphene oxides nanofillers is graded across the beam thickness. The effective Young's modulus of the functionally graded graphene oxides reinforced composite (FG-GORC) was determined using modified Halpin-Tsai model, with the mixture rule used to evaluate the effective Poisson's ratio and the mass density. An improved third order shear deformation theory (TSDT) is used in conjunction with the Chebyshev polynomial-based Ritz method to derive the Mathieu-Hill equations for dynamic stability of the FG-GORC microbeam, in which the scale effect is taken into account based on modified couple stress theory. Then, the Mathieu-Hill equation was solved using Bolotin's method to predict the principle unstable regions of the FG-GORC microbeams. The numerical results show the effects of the small scale, the graphene oxides nanofillers as well as the elastic substrate on the dynamic stability behaviors of the FG-GORC microbeams.

• Journal of Advanced Research in Ocean Engineering
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.148-156
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• 2015

Deck plates of ships or offshore structures would make out-of-plane distortion for their thin thickness. These distortions are usually straightened by thermal straightening such as flame heating method. After thermal straightening, the blocks are lifted and moved by cranes to assemble it at dry-dock stage. After this lifting process, out-of-plane deformation again happens frequently. And then, they continuously cause quality and accuracy problems in the final dry-dock process. So, it takes more time for repair and correction working. According to preceding research, the lifting process by cranes would offset the effect on thermal straightening. The target of this study is to develop a methodology analyzing the remaining efficiency of thermal straightening after block lifting. The development was based on the assumption of yield state at straightening region. Therefore the remaining efficiency was obtained by different stiffness slope while lifting & relieving. The efficiency formula was designed using inherent strain, and we made a table of zero-efficiency by cooling speed and class rule's steels. As a result, if the stress orthogonal to straightened line is calculated during lifting analysis by FEA, the efficiency can be obtained linearly to the values in the table. Finally, even optimized carling position can be designed by considering the regional data from series project and welding region on deck.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.161-180
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• 2007

A first endeavor is made to exploit the differential quadrature method (DQM) as a simple, accurate, and computationally efficient numerical tool for the large deformation analysis of thin laminated composite skew plates, which has very strong singularity at the obtuse vertex. The geometrical nonlinearity is modeled by using Green's strain and von Karman assumption. A recently developed DQ methodology is used to exactly implement the multiple boundary conditions at the edges of skew plates, which is a major draw back of conventional DQM. Using oblique coordinate system and the DQ methodology, a mapping-DQ discretization rule is developed to simultaneously transform and discretize the equilibrium equations and the related boundary conditions. The effects of skew angle, aspect ratio and different types of boundary conditions on the convergence and accuracy of the presented method are studied. Comparing the results with the available results from other numerical or analytical methods, it is shown that accurate results are obtained even when using only small number of grid points. Finally, numerical results for large deflection behavior of antisymmetric cross ply skew plates with different geometrical parameters and boundary conditions are presented.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제66권6호
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• pp.771-781
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• 2018

This study deals with free vibrations analysis with stretching effect of nanocomposite beams reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) resting on an elastic foundation. Four different carbon nanotubes (CNTs) distributions including uniform and three types of functionally graded distributions of CNTs through the thickness are considered. The rule of mixture is used to describe the effective material properties of the nanocomposite beams. The significant feature of this model is that, in addition to including the shear deformation effect and stretching effect it deals with only 4 unknowns without including a shear correction factor. The governing equations are derived through using Hamilton's principle. Natural frequencies are obtained for nanocomposite beams. The mathematical models provided in this paper are numerically validated by comparison with some available results. New results of free vibration analyses of CNTRC beams based on the present theory with stretching effect is presented and discussed in details. The effects of different parameters of the beam on the vibration responses of CNTRC beam are discussed.