• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.373-378
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• 2013

In order to clarify the effect of C/Ti atom ratios(${\chi}$) on the deformation behavior of $TiC_{\chi}$ at high temperature, single crystals having a wide range of ${\chi}$, from 0.56 to 0.96, were deformed by compression test in a temperature range of 1183~2273 K and in a strain rate range of $1.9{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}5.9{\times}10^{-3}s^{-1}$. Before testing, $TiC_{\chi}$ single crystals were grown by the FZ method in a He atmosphere of 0.3MPa. The concentrations of combined carbon were determined by chemical analysis and the lattice parameters by the X-ray powder diffraction technique. It was found that the high temperature deformation behavior observed is the ${\chi}$-less dependent type, including the work softening phenomenon, the critical resolved shear stress, the transition temperature where the deformation mechanism changes, the stress exponent of strain rate and activation energy for deformation. The shape of stress-strain curves of $TiC_{0.96}$, $TiC_{0.85}$ and $TiC_{0.56}$ is seen to be less dependent on ${\chi}$, the work hardening rate after the softening is slightly higher in $TiC_{0.96}$ than in $TiC_{0.85}$ and $TiC_{0.56}$. As ${\chi}$ decreases the work softening becomes less evident and the transition temperature where the work softening disappears, shifts to a lower temperature. The ${\tau}_c$ decreases monotonously with decreasing ${\chi}$ in a range of ${\chi}$ from 0.86 to 0.96. The transition temperature where the deformation mechanism changes shifts to a lower temperature as ${\chi}$ decreases. The activation energy for deformation in the low temperature region also decreased monotonously as ${\chi}$ decreased. The deformation in this temperature region is thought to be governed by the Peierls mechanism.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1672-1679
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• 2002

This paper provides an engineering J estimation equation for cylinders with finite internal axial surfacecracks under internal pressure. The proposed equation is the J estimation equation based on deformation plasticity using Ramberg-Osgood (R-O) materials. Based on detailed 3-D FE results using deformation plasticity, plastic influence functions for fully plastic J components are tabulated for practically interesting ranges of the mean radius-to-thickness ratio, the crack depth-to-length ratio, the crack depth-to-thickness ratio. the strain hardening index for the R-O material, and the location along the semi-elliptical crack front. Based on tabilated plastic influence functions, the J estimation equation along the crack front is proposed and validated for R-O materials. Good agreements between the FE results and the proposed J estimation provide confidence in the use of the proposed method to elastic-plastic fracture mechanics of pressurized piping.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.421-424
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• 2006

High nitrogen steels (HNS) exhibit both high strength and ductility during tensile deformation. In the present study the Fe-18Cr-14Mn-4Ni-0.9N high nitrogen steel was heat treated at $1000^{\circ}C$ and $1100^{\circ}C$ to produce $Cr_2N$ precipitates in austenite matrix and full austenite microstructures, respectively. Tensile tests of the heat treated specimens were performed at two different strain rates of 0.05/sec and 0.00005/sec. Each tensile curve of the specimens could be well characterized by the the modified Ludwik equation. Plastic deformation of the steel was adequately represented by the four parameters of the modified Ludwik equation. At 0.05/s strain rate, the specimen with the $Cr_2N$ precipitate exhibited higher strength than the full austenite specimen, while the full austenite specimen showed better mechanical properties at 0.00005/s strain rate. It was found that the $Cr_2N$ precipitates influences deformation behavior of the high nitrogen steel significantly.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Pressure Vessels and Piping
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.75-83
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• 2017

This study investigated deformation behavior of major nuclear structural materials under cyclic loading conditions via cyclic stress-strain test. The cyclic stress-strain tests were conducted on SA312 TP316 stainless steel and SA508 Gr.3 Cl.1 low-alloy steel, which are used as materials for primary piping and reactor pressure vessel nozzle respectively, under cyclic load with constant strain amplitude and constant load amplitude at room temperature (RT) and $316^{\circ}C$. From the results of tests, the cyclic hardening and softening behavior, stabilized cyclic stress-strain behavior, and ratcheting behavior of both materials were investigated at both RT and $316^{\circ}C$. In addition, appropriate considerations for cyclic deformation behavior in the structural integrity evaluation of major nuclear components under excessive seismic condition were discussed.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.342-347
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• 2004

The deformation behavior of a $Zr_{55}Al_{10}Ni_5Cu_{30}$ bulk metallic glass under tensile loading at different range of strain rates and temperatures between 680 K and 740 K were investigated. The variation in the deformation behavior of $Zr_{55}Al_{10}Ni_5Cu_{30}$ bulk metallic glass which resulted from the crystallization induced during testing was reported. The$Zr_{55}Al_{10}Ni_5Cu_{30}$ bulk metallic glass has showed either homogeneous or inhomogeneous deformation depending on test condition. It exhibited a maximum elongation of about 560 % at the condition of $407^{\circ}C{\times}\;10^{-4}/s$. The flow behavior exhibited three different types and the flow stress became lower at higher temperatures and lower strain rates. The increase of the time elapsed during heating resulted in the partial crystallization of bulk metallic glass phase and eventually strain hardening and brittle fracture.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.117-126
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• 1998

For investigating rubber pad sheet metal forming process, the rubber pad deformation characteristics as well as the contact problem of rubber pad-sheet metal has been analyzed. In this paper, the behavior of the rubber deformation is represented by hyper-elastic constitutive relations based on a generalized Mooney-Rivlin model. Finite element procedures for the two-dimensional responses, employing total Lagrangian formulations are implemented in an implicit form. The volumetric incompressibility condition of the rubber deformation is included in the formulation by using penalty method. The sheet metal is characterized by elasto-plastic material with strain hardening effect and analyzed by a commercial code. The contact procedure and interface program between rubber pad and sheet metal are implemented. Inflation experiment of circular rubber pad identifies the behaviour of the rubber pad deformation during the process. The various form dies and scaled down apparatus of the rubber-pad forming process are fabricated for simulating realistic forming process. The obtaining experimental data and FEM solutions were compared. The numerical solutions illustrate fair agreement with experimental results. The forming pressure distribution according to the dimensions of sheet metal and rubber pads, various rubber models and rubber material are also compared and discussed.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.598-604
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• 2010

Tensile tests are widely used for evaluating mechanical properties of materials including flow curves as well as Young's modulus, yield strength, tensile strength, and yield point elongation. This research aims at analyzing the plastic flow behavior of high strength steels for automotive bodies using the finite element method in conjunction with the viscoplastic model considering the yield point elongation phenomenon. The plastic flow behavior of the high strength steel was successfully predicted, by considering an operating deformation mechanism, in terms of normalization dislocation density, and strain hardening and accumulative damage of high strength steel using the modified constitutive model. In addition, the finite element method is employed to track the properties of the high strength steel pertaining to the deformation histories in a skin pass mill process.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2005

Formation of nanocrystalline ferrite was investigated using milled powders obtained by planetary ball milling of chips, which were made by high speed mechanical cutting of a low carbon steel(0.15%C-1.1%Mn-0.01%Ti). After 4 hour milling the chips were changed to powders of $50{\mu}m$ in average size, and with increasing milling time the powders were refined to about $3{\mu}m$ for 128 hour and showed more equiaxed shapes. Nanocrystalline(nc) region appeared in the surfaces of powders milled for 1 hour, and the 4 hour milled powders were almost filled with nc region. Hardness of nc region was much higher than that of work-hardened(WH) region. With increasing milling time, ferrite and cementite in pearlite were severely deformed and lamellar spacing was decreased, and then cementites began to disappear after 4 hour milling due to dissolution into ferrite. Deformation bands formed in lightly work-hardened region showed large width and similar crystallographic orientations. Spacing of deformation bands was decreased with deformation and the layered microstructure consisting of narrow deformation bands subdivided into variously oriented small grains was formed by more deformation, and eventually this structure seemed to be evolved to the nc structure by further deformation. It is also conjectured the growth of nc ferrite grains occurred through the coalescence of nanocrystalline ferrites rather than the nucleation and growth of recrystallized grains.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

The object of this study is to develop the examination technique for measuring the O-ring deformation behavior under the pressure and the squeezed condition simultaneously. The O-ring deformation measuring device in which two grooves were dug to insert the two O-rings was manufactured to be not deformed under the high pressure and the 1 mm and 0.1 mm gap were designed to measure the extrusion lengths under the internal pressure. The beam hardening correction, the histogram analysis and the dead zone correction were executed to exactly measure the shape of O-ring deformation and the lengths of the O-ring deformation were measured by the LSF and the ERF. The computed tomography applied the pressure of 0, 1.378, 4.902, 9.804, 15.692 MPa at 22.3% squeezed condition and the expanded diameter, contact length and extrusion depth were measured in each pressure. The shape of O-ring deformation was evaluated by the FEM to verify the results of measuring by the computed tomography and the area of O-ring was mutually compared to the area measured by the computed tomography.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.303-306
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• 2002

P/M high speed steels with various Co contents were fabricated by gas atomization and Canning/HIP process. As Co content in P/M high speed steel increased, hardness, transverse rupture strength and yield strength in compressive testing increased due to solid solution hardening of Co in matrix. Especially, PM high speed steels with Co have high deformation resistance to repeated compressive loading.