• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.2 s.259
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• pp.117-126
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• 2006

Background: The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of malpractice claims related to hemopneumothorax and to identify the causes and potential preventability of such claims. Material and Method: A retrospective study was performed by reviewing the records in the Lawnb website and Lx CD-rom: the records on closed malpractice claims involving hemopneumothorax were abstracted from the files available for analysis. The records were reviewed and were analysed to determine the etiology of hemopneumothorax, patient age, results of lawsuit and indemnity payment, underlying diseases, cause of death or complications, and the factors associated with a successful defense. Result: Seven closed claim involving hemopneumothorax were founded in the data for malpractice. Three claims were supreme court decision, one was a high court decision and three claims were district court decision. The most common cause of death was tension pneumothorax. Four of which resulted in indemnity payments. Conclusion: While malpractice claims involving hemopneumothorax were uncommon, they resulted in a high rate and amount of indemnity payments. Claims are more common in pediatric patients. In case of iatrogenic hemopneumothorax, post-procedural X-ray can improve patient outcome and is also associated with decreased indemnity risks. Informed consent is also important.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.23-34
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• 2017

Objectives : The aim of this study was to survey the present utilization of pattern identification(PI) by chronic disease and using PI system in the clinical field among Korean medicine doctors. Methods : This survey was conducted from Oct. 1 to Oct. 31, 2014 by face-to-face interview using structured questionnaire. The subjects were 400 Korean medicine doctors who worked in hospitals or clinics. The questionnaire consisted of whether use clinical experience by chronic disease and the utilization of PI, the utilization of PI systems, the PI utilization rate, and the correlation between utilization PI and so on. General elements consisted of sex, age, clinical experience, place of work, district and so on. Results and Conclusions : This study revealed that clinical experience by chronic disease used 24.0-90.8%. The most chronic diseases were chronic fatigue and chronic pain, and least disease was cancer. Experience of the utilization of PI among Korean medicine doctors who have clinical experience was 87.8-97.1%. Also, the most utilized disease was chronic gastritis & gastric ulcer, and least disease was dyslipidemia. In this case, the most common cases were using the one PI between the utilization of PI systems, and the utilization ratio of Visceral PI was the highest. Phi coefficient between the PI systems in chronic diseases divided into positive correlation and negative correlation. The correlation of dementia between Triple energizer PI and Six excesses PI was the highest at positive correlation, and the frequency of occurrence between Defense, Qi, Nutrient and Blood PI was the highest at positive correlation. The correlation of osteoarthropathy between Meridian and Collateral PI and Sasang Constitutional Medicine was the highest at negative correlation. Also the frequency of occurrence between Qi, Blood, Fluid and Humor PI and Sasang Constitutional Medicine was the highest at negative correlation. We hope that additional studies on systematic PI research of chronic disease which needed to be in korean oriental medicine and meet the needs of clinical consumer continue based on this study.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2001

To study whether the secondary toxic substances such as ethylene and reactive oxygen species(ROS) are induced by air pollutants in foliage plants, $SO_2$ was fumigated to Pachira aquatica, Spathiphyllum patinii, and Hedera helix. $SO_2$ was controlled to $1\;{\mu}L/L$ and then fiumigated to plants for 2 days(8 hrs/day). It resulted in visible injury in P. aquatica and H. helix while no symptom appeared in S. patinii. Photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency were most remarkably reduced in P. aquatica compared to other two species whereas least in S. patinii. Two days after $SO_2$ fumigation, ethylene evolution was quantified to 23.56, 10.43 and 4.79 nL/g/h in P. aquatica, H. helix and S patinii, respectively. On the other hand, antioxidative enzymes were clearly activated by $SO_2$ treatment in all tested plant species implying ROS production. In conclusion, we could suggest that ethylene and ROS have been intimately related to the defense mechanism against $SO_2$ and their induction degree increased with plant susceptibility to $SO_2$. Furthermore, it was found that S. patinii was tolerant and P. aquatica sensitive to $SO_2$ on the basis of antioxidative enzyme activity and ethylene evolution.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.233-238
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• 2010

The phase transformations and the shape memory effect in In-rich Pb alloys and In rich-Sn alloys have been studied by means of X-ray diffractometry supplemented by metallographic observations. The alloys containing 12~15 at.%Pb transform from the ${\alpha}_2$ (fct) phase to the ${\alpha}_1$ (fct) phase by way of an intermediate phase (m phase) on cooling. The results of X-ray diffraction show that the metastable intermediate phase is observed both on cooling and heating, and has a face-centered orthorhombic (fco) structure. It is concluded that the ${\alpha}_1{\rightleftarrows}{\alpha}_2$ transformation is expressed by the ${\alpha}_1{\rightleftarrows}m{\rightleftarrows}{\alpha}_2$ transformation both on usual cooling and heating with the rate more than $8{\times}10^{-3}$ K/s. The $m{\rightleftarrows}{\alpha}_2$ transformation takes place with a mechanism involving macroscopic shear and are of diffusionless (martensitic) type. The temperature hysteresis in the two transformations is 10~13 K between the heating and cooling transformations. The alloys containing 0~11 at.%Sn are -phase solid solutions with a face centered tetragonal structure (c/a > 1) at room temperature, the axial ratio increasing continuously with tin content. The In-(11~15) at.%Sn alloys are mixtures of ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ phases, the ${\beta}$ phase having a f. c. tetragonal structure (c/a < 1). The alloys containing more than 15 at.%Sn are ${\beta}$-phase solid solutions. The In-(12.9~15.0) at.%Sn alloys show a shape memory effect only when quenched to the temperature of liquid nitrogen, although their effect becomes weak and finally disappears after keeping at room temperature for a long time. The ${\beta}{\rightarrow}{\alpha}^{\prime}$ phase transformation is of the diffusionless (martensitic) type, and takes place between 330 K at 12.9 at.%Sn and 150 K at 14.5 at.%Sn. The hysteresis of transformation temperatures on heating and cooling is considerably large (29~40 K), depending on the composition. Both In-Pb and In-Sn alloys showed distinct the shape memory effects.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2000

This study is fulfilled from September 1st to December 31st in 1999 and the object of investigation are all 289 students belong to 5 universities managing amateur Ssirum team in Kyungnam, Kyungpook. Pusan and Seoul(158 people) and 6 high schools(131 people). And these results were derived from percentage and cross analysis of Person Chi-square test ann interview and 47 questioned paper based on this purpose of study. 1. There were no significant differences between high school students and university students in the comprehension of physical therapy and injury occurrence by technique. 2. According to the relation between satisfaction of life as a player and injured part, the injury of soft tissue ranked high among satisfied and unsatisfied people. and the satisfaction or unsatisfaction of practicing place also derived same result. 3. $46.8\%$ of Ssirum players got the injury of soft tissue during practice. the articular injury and bone injury in regular sequence. But there were no relations between the time of injury and the sort of injury. 4. There were no statistical differences ortho sort of injury by technique.(p=0.399). 5. According to the part of injury by using techniques, the injury of soft tissue ranked high$(50.0\%)$, articular injury ranked high$(42.6\%)$ in the leg technique, bone injury ranked high in the leg technique, and nerve injury ranked high in hand technique. 6. The injury of soft tissue ranked high during the practice$(46.8\%)$, practice on the purpose of a match$(50.0\%)$ and match$(41.7\%)$ but there were no relations between the time of injury and son of injury. 7. The part of injury by technique ranked high in the soft tissue$(50.0\%)$, articular injury by leg technique$(42.6\%)$, bone injury in leg and waist technique and nerve injury in hand technique high. 8. The time of injury ranked high during the practice$(65.7\%)$, and $66.1\%$ of injury occurred in the afternoon. 9. During the practice, the cold weather ie related on the rate of injury because $67\%$ of injury occurred in winter, but there are no statistical significance. 10. There were no relations between the satisfaction of place far practice and time of injury. 11. The particular part of injury occurred very much during the match between defense and offense. 12. In the relation between the degree of understanding of physical therapy and the experience of physical therapy, the people who know physical therapy had much experiences of physical therapy(p=.000) And independent of the physical therapy experiences, the effectiveness of physical therapy therapy to players was $48.8\%$, no idea was 42.65 and no effectiveness was $8.7\%$(p=.000). 13. $59.6\%$ of the people admitting the physical therapy effectiveness answered they would follow the order of the doctor and $56.6\%$ of the people not admitting the physical therapy effectiveness answered no.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2008

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is very difficult to obtain stable production of qualified ginseng roots because of variable stresses in soil environments. High salt concentrations in the ginseng nursery soil environment of Korea is one of important reducing factors for the stable production of quality ginseng. These studies were accomplished to identify the growth rate and production of ginsenoside from ginseng hairy root against NaCI. In the MS liquid culture, the highest contents and productivity of ginsenosides were appeared at 4 week after onset of the treatment of 0.1 M NaCI. And 0.24 M NaCI was more effective on the growth of ginseng hairy root under light condition than dark condition. Plants generally produce secondary metabolites in nature as a defense mechanism against pathogenic and insect attack. In this study, NaCI acts as a kind of stress as well as elicitor for production of ginsenosides.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2017

Ablative material in a rocket nozzle is exposed to high temperature combustion gas, thus undergoes complicated thermal/chemical change in terms of chemical destruction of surface and thermal decomposition of inner material. Therefore, method for conjugate analysis of thermal response inside carbon/phenolic material including rocket nozzle flow, surface chemical reaction and thermal decomposition is developed in this research. CFD is used to simulate flow field inside nozzle and conduction in the ablative material. A change in material density and a heat absorption caused by the thermal decomposition is considered in solid energy equation. And algebraic equation under boundary layer assumption is used to deduce reaction rate on the surface and resulting destruction of the surface. In order to test the developed method, small rocket nozzle is solved numerically. Although the ablation of nozzle throat is deduced to be higher than the experiment, shape change and temperature distribution inside material is well predicted. Error in temperature with experimental results in rapid heating region is found to be within 100 K.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.7.1-7.7
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• 2009

"To be, or not to be?" This question is not only Hamlet's agony but also the dilemma of mitochondria in a cancer cell. Cancer cells have a high glycolysis rate even in the presence of oxygen. This feature of cancer cells is known as the Warburg effect, named for the first scientist to observe it, Otto Warburg, who assumed that because of mitochondrial malfunction, cancer cells had to depend on anaerobic glycolysis to generate ATP. It was demonstrated, however, that cancer cells with intact mitochondria also showed evidence of the Warburg effect. Thus, an alternative explanation was proposed: the Warburg effect helps cancer cells harness additional ATP to meet the high energy demand required for their extraordinary growth while providing a basic building block of metabolites for their proliferation. A third view suggests that the Warburg effect is a defense mechanism, protecting cancer cells from the higher than usual oxidative environment in which they survive. Interestingly, the latter view does not conflict with the high-energy production view, as increased glucose metabolism enables cancer cells to produce larger amounts of both antioxidants to fight oxidative stress and ATP and metabolites for growth. The combination of these two different hypotheses may explain the Warburg effect, but critical questions at the mechanistic level remain to be explored. Cancer shows complex and multi-faceted behaviors. Previously, there has been no overall plan or systematic approach to integrate and interpret the complex signaling in cancer cells. A new paradigm of collaboration and a well-designed systemic approach will supply answers to fill the gaps in current cancer knowledge and will accelerate the discovery of the connections behind the Warburg mystery. An integrated understanding of cancer complexity and tumorigenesis is necessary to expand the frontiers of cancer cell biology.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.244-250
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• 1999

MOCVD TiN films were prepared from a new TiN precursor, tetrakis(etylmethylamino)titanium (TEMAT) and ammonia. Deposition of TiN films from a single precursor, TEMA T yielded the growth rates of $70 to 1050\AA$/min, depending on the deposition temperature. Furthermore, the excellent bottom coverage of -90% over $0.35\mu\textrm{m}$ contacts was obtained at $275^{\circ}C$. The addition of ammonia to TEMA T lowered the resistivity of as- deposited TiN film to ~ $800\mu\omega-cm$ from $3500~6000\mu\omega-cm$ and improved the stability of TiN film in air. Examination of the films by Auger electron spectroscopy(AES) showed that the oxygen and carbon contents decreased with the addition of ammonia. However, increasing ammonia flow rate decreased the bottom coverage of TiN films over $0.5\mu\textrm{m}$ contacts, probably due to the high sticking coefficient of intermediate species produced from the gas phase reaction of TEMA T and ammonia. Based on the byproduct gases detected by the quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS), the transammination reaction was proposed to be responsible for TiN deposition. In addition, XPS analysis revealed that the carbon in the films made from TEMA T and ammonia was metallic carbon, suggesting that $\beta$-hydrogen activation process occurs competitively with the transammination reaction.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.417-427
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• 2012

We compared the transcriptome in response to propanol stress in wild-type and propanol-resistant mutant Escherichia coli using the DNA microarray technique. The correlation value of RNA expression between the propanol-treated wild type and the untreated-one was about 0.949, and 50 genes were differentially expressed by more than twofold in both samples. The correlation value of RNA expression between the propanol-treated mutant and the untreated one was about 0.951, and 71 genes in two samples showed differential expression patterns. However, the values between the wild type and mutant, regardless of propanol addition, were 0.974-0.992 and only 1-2 genes were differentially expressed in the two strains. The representative characteristics among differentially expressed genes in W3110 or P19 treated with propanol compared to untreated samples were up-regulation of hest shock response genes and down-regulation of genes relating to ribosome biosynthesis. In addition, many genes were regulated by transcription regulation factors such as ArcA, CRP, FNR, H-NS, GatR, or PurR and overexpressed by sigma factor RpoH. We confirmed that RpoH mediated an important host defense function in propanol stress in E. coli W3110 and P19 by comparison of cell growth rate among the wild type, rpoH disruptant mutant, and rpoH-complemented strain.