• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2007

While Defense Agency fur Technology and Quality(DTaQ) has been utilized a risk assessment method as a quality assurance activity for defense goods since 1999, a risk assessment method is known to be ineffective to identify defective items. The objective of this study is to propose the new evaluation method, that adjusts a relative priority of evaluation elements using AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process). Newly evaluated scores have been applied to the risk assessment result of 2005 defective items to test a validity of the new evaluation model. The new model is capable to identify more high and medium risk-level items than the current method. The company risk-level gets more scores than the item risk-level in the new model.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.92-113
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• 2000

Products liability refers to the liability of any or all parties along the chain of manufacture of any product for damage caused by that product. This includes the manufacturer of component parts (at the top of the chain), an assembling manufacturer, the wholesaler, and the retail store owner (at the bottom of the chain). Products containing inherent defects that cause harm to a consumer of the product, or someone to whom the product was loaned, given, etc., are the subjects of products liability suits. The goal of products liability system should be to maximize consumer welfare by efficiently providing just compensation for injuries incurred and deterring future injuries without unreasonably impeding the supply of the goods and services to consumers. Some advanced countries, apart from relying on products liability systems, also apply other policies and legislation directly aimed at the safety of the consumer. The application of general safety policies as well as products liability rules is not costless. An efficient system will not eliminate risk from society. An efficient system ... that maximises consumer welfare ... maximises the benefits while minimising the costs. Products liability claims can be based on negligence, strict liability, or breach of warranty of fitness depending on the jurisdiction where the claim is based. In view of international business and law circumstances, it should be stressed that international enterprises in Korea should consider how to cope with the situation of international transaction. International enterprises should have a correct perception about products liability which is to contribute the stabilization and improvement of the people's life and the sound develpement of the national economy. Products liability system creates incentives that influence behaviour and performance in ways that are desirable, such as more diligent monitoring to prevent defective products from reaching the market-place. At the same time, any liability system will impose burdens that are undesirable, such as greater costs imposed on business and consumers and reduced avaiability of consumer goods. The concern for society is to balance. The ideal situation is where the cost imposed on producers of goods and services pushes them to a desirable level of care but not so far that producers reach undesirable level of caution that may deprive consumers unnecessarily of the benefits from new and innovative products.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1992.07a
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• pp.506-507
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• 1992

When it comes to the 'Leak Detector System' generally, our country has a large income 'Rotary Type Leak Detector' of foreign goods. The completed development of the 'Line Type Leak-Detector' system was produced to check Whether the containers for small and large on the filling line are auto defective. This system is applied to the filling package Processing during the production and contributed to inproving competiveness of domestic containers manufactures of all society of Industry. Also, high precision and realiablity, very compact size, low cost and Easy set-up etc. by checking the experimental data directly plan, Design and making for '1 Compression Head Control Leak Detector System'. This flexcible system can be equipped with multiple Compression heads depending on the requested prodution test rate and test precision.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.9-14
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• 2020

A forklift accident occurs in the logisitcs center. there are many kinds of accidents such as a casualty accident or a minor accident, etc. there are many other causes of accident, including poor visibility and habitual operational mistakes The result of the accident is the phenomenon of cutting, falling, scratching of the product. In the case of minor accidents, workers do not report accidents, so the occurrence of accidents is unknown. The customer receives the goods and then notifies them that they are defective product. After the product is returned, we can see that the forklift accident caused the problem of the product The result of the late response affects the image of the enterprise. In this study, we recognized the need for safety education to prevent accidents and found out which of the education items could raise awareness of safety. As result of the study, disinfection and forklift maneuverability regarding speed were mentioned as the most important items in education.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.59-158
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• 2005

When a military aircraft suffers damages due to the defects in its design, manufacturing or notification, all of which are generally understood as products liability defects, the obvious compensation is sought as it would in other consumer good case. However, there exist clear yet unappreciated difference between general consumer goods and military aircraft, as far as products liability law is concerned - some sort of recovery should be obtained even when there exist only defects, not damages, to the aircraft because of the implication of defective parts is much grave than what can be expected in a consumer goods case. While certain anticipatory measures do exist in manual or at negotiation stages for the safety of military aircraft, such measures are ineffective, if not ambiguous, in recovery effort in the post-accident stage In another word, the standardized military procurement contract manuals and boilerplate forms do not appreciate the unique and dangerous military nature of military aircraft. There are many unique legal issues which can arise when trying to prevent defective aircraft or parts, or to recover compensations for accident due to such defects. At two-level, the government should establish legal system (or countermeasures if you'd like) for purchasing safer military aircraft. First, one should be able to work with legal ground and policy that allows selecting and purchasing safer goods - the purpose of such contract is not litigious, but rather in acquiring what are most reliable. Second, in case the defects do arise and lead to damages, solid legal principles and instructions should be established for effectively pursuing appropriate company, (usually a aerospace industry giant with much experience) for products liability - the purpose of such pursuit is inevitable for a public official, since he or she is no private business man with much flexibilities, even to the point of waiving such compensatory right for future business purposes. This article tries to identify problems in methods of procuring military aircraft or parts - after reviewing on how the military can improve on legal and policy grounds for procuring what will be the focus of future military strength, it will offer some of the ways to effectively handling and resolving a liability issues.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.125-140
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• 2018

As one of the processes in the manufacturing industry, quality inspection inspects the intermediate products or final products to separate the good-quality goods that meet the quality management standard and the defective goods that do not. The manual inspection of quality in a mass production system may result in low consistency and efficiency. Therefore, the quality inspection of mass-produced products involves automatic checking and classifying by the machines in many processes. Although there are many preceding studies on improving or optimizing the process using the data generated in the production process, there have been many constraints with regard to actual implementation due to the technical limitations of processing a large volume of data in real time. The recent research studies on big data have improved the data processing technology and enabled collecting, processing, and analyzing process data in real time. This paper aims to propose the process and details of applying big data for quality inspection and examine the applicability of the proposed method to the dairy industry. We review the previous studies and propose a big data analysis procedure that is applicable to the manufacturing sector. To assess the feasibility of the proposed method, we applied two methods to one of the quality inspection processes in the dairy industry: convolutional neural network and random forest. We collected, processed, and analyzed the images of caps and straws in real time, and then determined whether the products were defective or not. The result confirmed that there was a drastic increase in classification accuracy compared to the quality inspection performed in the past.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.576-579
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• 2004

Eventhough the productivity has been improved remarkably by introducing automatic facilities, the 100％ inspection is necessary because the possibility to produce large amount of defective goods is also increased. Since it is extremely unreasonable that workers inspect very large amount of products as 100％ inspection, there has been many researches for the automatic inspection system. In this thesis, we develop an automatic detection system of suspension insulator's minutes cracks System The automatic detection system of suspension insulator's minute cracks： To detect the minute cracks of suspension insulators, images of the insulator are acquired with a progressive scan camera, rotating a suspension insulator on a turning table. And after the shadow and noises are eliminated by preprocessing techniques, we detect minute cracks using the features of them.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.88-105
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• 2022

Purpose - This paper studies whether economic sanctions can be used as grounds for a party to an international sales contract to get an exemption if he fails to meet his contractual obligation. Because the answer can differ depending on the governing law of the contract, this study focuses on CISG, the most widely recognized international uniform legal instrument as the governing law of the international sale of goods. Design/methodology - This paper focuses on analyzing the conditions to meet before getting an exemption under CISG. For such analysis, this paper examined various scholarly writings, cases, and hypothetical examples reflecting a wide variety of economic sanction measures. Findings - The findings of this paper are as follows. The main provision for exemption under CISG is Article 79(1), which provides for an exemption for a party that failed to perform if such failure was caused by an impediment that was uncontrollable, unforeseeable, and unavoidable; either a seller or a buyer may rely on the Article for his non-performance, delay, or defective performance. The Article is applicable not only where the economic sanction caused impossibility of performance but also where it caused hardship. The economic sanction will likely be found to be an uncontrollable impediment; however, it will be relatively more difficult to prove it to be unforeseeable or unavoidable. Originality/value - The subject of this paper is whether a party can be exempted from liability under CISG when he fails to perform his contractual obligations due to economic sanctions. Given that this issue is now actually faced by many involved in international trade, it is expected to provide practical help to practitioners and companies alike.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.6 no.1 s.19
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• pp.87-91
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• 2006

Since water leakage and cracks are not the source of serious problems such as long-term lowering of performance and durability of a stricture, including damages to operating facilities of a structure, damages to internal finishing materials, exhibition, and goods, and pollution of residential environment, they might have led to development of positive coping skills; however, an instant loss of lives or property due to earthquake, explosion, typhoon, or a fire was indeed neglected. In these days, repair materials for leakage cannot help but being taken in temporary way without any noticeable countermeasure. This kind of repair is socially criticized many times that is defective construction even if this costs a lot. It was not arrange the standard for construction methods of sealer of injection type for leakage maintenance, even it has been used various type of construction methods for leakage part. In conclusion, we suggest that the construction methods of sealer of injection type for leakage maintenance for leakage to establish the leakage repairing technology as increase of structure demand. Therefore, it would be possible to provide a stage-by-stage solution by developing systematic research activities among the industry, schools, and research institutes to spread maintenance management techniques globally through technical solution to water leakage and cracks, acquisition of structural safety with prolonged durability for life cycle, reduction of water leakage repair expense s, and so on.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.40
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• pp.3-30
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• 2008

This article attempts to describe and analyze the rules on the buyer's remedies for lack of conformity under PELS. It shows that such remedies under the PELS operate in a two-tier remedial scheme which is alien to both domestic and international legal systems. That is, repair and replacement take the position of primary remedy, whereas termination, price reduction and damages are secondary remedies which are available only where the primary remedies cannot be invoked. Notwithstanding its superiority, the PELS have some drawbacks in several aspects. First, the PELS seems to place its focus on the factor of cost except the other factors, for instance, the significance of the lack of conformity, when one decides whether the first tier remedies cause the seller unreasonable effort or expense. It is argued that the factors can be considered by referring to art. 1:302 PECL. Second, the PELS does not expressively provide any exclusion of the seller's right to choose between repair or replacement on the basis of unreasonable uncertainty in reimbursing the expenses advanced by the buyer. It argues that if there is such uncertainty, it should be regarded as causing the buyer an unreasonable inconvenience under art. 4:204(1). Third, the PELS does not seem to properly reflect the consumer's interests in that most consumers prefer to have the absolute right of termination as against the commercial sellers who have a relatively stronger bargaining position. The reasons for that is that there is a big hurdle, i.e., a hierarchy of remedies, to be overcome by the consumer to battle with the commercial seller, and that unavoidable vagueness in defining a minor lack of conformity has been often used against the consumer, but in favour of the commercial seller with a strong bargaining position.