• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.427-434
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• 2006

The form of furcation influence both the pathogenesis of periodontal destruction and therapeutic results. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of root trunk length on clinical outcomes of guided tissue regeneration. Total 30 mandibular first molars were evaluated in this study. Probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, vertical defect depth and horizontal defect depth were measured at baseline and 6 month after GTR. Correlation coefficients between root trunk length and other clinical measurement were analyzed. The results of this study were as follows 1. The mean root trunk length in lower 1st molar was 2.15 mm. 2. Probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, vertical defect depth and horizontal defect depth were significantly reduced at 6 month postoperatively compared to values of baseline 3. Correlation coefficient between root trunk length and vertical defect depth at baseline was 0.406 showing the positive correlation 4. Correlation coefficient between root trunk length and horizontal defect depth at baseline was -0.463 showing the negative correlation. 5. Correlation coefficient between root trunk length and decrease of horizontal defect depth after GTR was 0.654 showing the positive correlation. In conclusion, the root trunk length maybe effector for clinical outcome after guided tissue regeneration.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.11
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• pp.3852-3859
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• 2021

This paper presents experimental and numerical analysis results regarding the effects of an incomplete penetration defect on the fatigue lives of socket welded pipes. For the experiment, four-point bending fatigue tests with various defect geometries (defect depth and circumferential length) were performed, and test results are presented in terms of stress-life data. The results showed that for circumferentially short defects, the fatigue life tends to increase with increasing crack depth, but for longer defects, the trend becomes the opposite. Finite element analysis showed that for short defects, the maximum principal stress decreases with increases in crack depth. For a longer defect, the opposite trend was found. Furthermore, the maximum principal stress tends to increase with an increase in defect length regardless of the defect depth.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2009

Infrared thermography was used to determine the location, size, and depth of defects under the surface of M.C nylon. Defects were created in a specimen by back-drilling circular holes. These defects were located at the maximum temperature difference that occurred. The sizes of the defects could be calculated by means of the full width at half of the maximum temperature difference. The depth of a defect could be calculated by the peak time and the maximum temperature difference. The maximum temperature difference between a defect and normal part was decreased with the depth of the defect. And the peak time also slowly appeared with the depth of the defect.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.1597-1601
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• 2020

Background: Non-destructive evaluation of defects in metals or composites specimens is a regular method in radiographic imaging. The maintenance examination of metallic structures is a relatively difficult effort that requires robust techniques for use in industrial environments. Methods: In this research, iron plate, lead marker and tungsten defect with a 0.1 cm radius in spherical shape were separately simulated by MCNP code and SuperMC software. By ¹⁹²Ir radiation source, two exposures were considered to determine the depth of the actual defined defect in the software. Also by the code, displacement shift of the defect were computed derived from changing the source location along the x- or y-axis. Results: The computed defect depth was identified 0.71 cm in comparison to the actual one with accuracy of 13%. Meanwhile, the defect position was recognized by disorder and reduction in obtained gamma flux. The flux amount along the x-axis was approximately 0.5E+11 units greater than the y-axis. Conclusion: This study provides a method for detecting the depth and position of the defect in a particular sample by combining code and software simulators.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.7-14
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• 1985

An experiment to investigate the rate of change of phase angle of eddy current output signal caused by outer surface defect of nonferromagnetic tube by variation of standard depth of penetration and variation of percent of tube wall penetration was carried out. The results of the experiment show that the phase angle of defect signal is increased with decreasing the standard depth of penetration or the depth of defect. The results also show that the phase angle is decreased with increasing the skin effect of eddy current, and that the resolution is decreased with decreasing the depth of defect.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.07b
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• pp.702-704
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• 2003

In this paper, analysis of bobbin probe signal in steam generator tube with bulge defect on CE system 80 nuclear power plant is represented. The CE system 80 steam generator is adopted in ULJIN-4 nuclear power plant. From Maxwell's equation, the electromagnetic governing equation for eddy current problem is derived and by performing the finite element formulation the 3-dimensional finite element code with brick element is developed. For the ease of the comparison the numerical results with experimental ones, the calculated signals are adjusted by using the ASME standard 100[%] through hole signal. For analysis of the effect of variation of the bulge depth on the impedance signal 0.2[mm] and 0.4[mm] depth of bulge defect signals are calculated and analyzed. As the depth of the bulge defect is increased, the magnitude of the signal is increased, too. But the rate of the increment of the signal is less than that of the depth of defect. From the result of this paper, we can obtained the information of the effect of bulge defect on the impedance signal.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.37-41
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• 2011

This paper introduces the special eddy current sensor and its characteristic for bolt hole defect evaluation in gas turbine rotor. In the past, Fluorescent penetration inspection method was used for qualitative defect evaluation in gas turbine rotor bolt hole. This method can defect the bolt hole defect but can not evaluate the defect size. Nowadays, eddy current method is used quantitative defect evaluation due to advanced sensor design technology. And eddy current method is more time and cost saving than the old method. We developed bolt shape eddy current sensor for the rotor bolt hole defect detection and evaluation. The eddy current sensor moves to the bolt hole guided by screw nut and detects the defect on the bolt hole. The bolt hole mock-up and artificial defects were made and used for the signal detection & resolution analysis of eddy current sensor. The results show that signal detection capability is enough to detect 0.2 mm depth defect. And the resolution capability is enough to differentiate 02, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mm depth defect.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.253-266
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• 2023

The time-reversal method is employed to improve the ability of pipeline defect detection, and a new approach of identifying the pipeline defect depth is proposed in this research. When the L(0,2) mode ultrasonic guided wave excited through a lead zirconate titinate (PZT) transduce array propagates along the pipeline with a defect, it will interact with the defect and be partially converted to flexural F(n, m) modes and longitudinal L(0,1) mode. Using a receiving PZT array attached axisymmetrically around the pipeline, the L(0,2) reflection signal as well as the mode conversion signals at the defect are obtained. An appropriate rectangle window is used to intercept the L(0,2) reflection signal and the mode conversion signals from the obtained direct detection signals. The intercepted signals are time reversed and re-excited in the pipeline again, result in the guided wave energy focusing on the pipeline defect, the L(0,2) reflection and the L(0,1) mode conversion signals being enhanced to a higher level, especially for the small defect in the early crack stage. Besides the L(0,2) reflection signal, the L(0,1) mode conversion signal also contains useful pipeline defect information. It is possible to identify the pipeline defect depth by monitoring the variation trend of L(0,2) and L(0,1) reflection coefficients. The finite element method (FEM) simulation and experiment results are given in the paper, the enhancement of pipeline defect reflection signals by time-reversal method is obvious, and the way to identify pipeline defect depth is demonstrated to be effective.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.159-163
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• 2014

In the current study, the effect of small surface defects in the starting material including roughness, indentations, or scratches, which are perpendicular to the direction of drawing, on the product quality is investigated using the finite element method. An axisymmetric defect is assumed. Such defects are defined by a cylindrical defect area and two tapered regions connecting the defect area to the non-defective area of the material. Various conditions for these initial surface defects are considered, including defect depth, defect slope and defect length. To describe the plastic deformation of the defect in detail during the simulation, local remeshing is applied. Based on the finite element results, defect disappearance maps were generated. It was found that defect disappearance is significantly dependent on the defect depth and the defect length coupled with the defect slope.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.360-365
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of forming depth on the deformation behavior of cup-like tubes made of AISI1020 steel in tube spinning process. Spinning process was performed on cup-like tubes, which had an inner diameter of 34mm and thicknesses of 7, 8.5 or 11.5mm. The forming depths achieved were 3, 4, and 5.5mm. The complex deformation behaviors occurring during the tube spinning process was explained using the experimental results. Also analyzed were the causes of the material buildup and the bulge defect of inner surface, observed on cross section of tubes. The relationship between tube spinning conditions and the height of bulge defect was examined. The results indicate that bulge defect is increased with a decrease of the forming depth. Moreover, a critical forming depth exists for preventing the generation of the bulge defect in the tube spinning process. The present results will be useful for future decisions of forming depths for successful tube spinning of cup-like tubes.