• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.276-282
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• 2008

It is estimated that over 80% of deer antlers produced in the world are consumed in Korea. However, mislabeling or fraudulent replacement of costly antlers with cheaper ones is one of the most common problems in the domestic antler market. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of technology to identify species of antlers. This study was carried out to develop an accurate and reliable method for the identification and authentication of species or subspecies of antlers using DNA sequence analysis and comparison of mitochondrial cytochrome band D-loop region genes among antlers of five deer species, Cervus elaphus sibericus, Cervus elaphus canadensis, Cervus nippon, Cervus elaphus bactrianus and Rangifer tarandus. A variable region of cytochrome band D-loop genes was amplified using PCR with specifically designed primers and sequenced directly. The cytochrome band D-loop region genes showed different DNA sequences between the species of antlers and thus it is possible to differentiate between species on the basis of sequence variation. To distinguish between reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) antlers and other deer antlers, PCR amplicons of the cytochrome b gene were digested with the restriction enzymes NlaIV and TaqI, respectively, which generates a species-specific DNA profile of the reindeer. In addition, samples of 32 sliced antlers labeled Cervus elaphus sibericus from commercial markets were collected randomly and the mt DNA D-loop region of these antler samples was sequenced. Among the antler samples investigated, only 62.5% were from Cervus elaphus sibericus, and others were from Cervus elaphus bactrianus (25.0%), elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Our results suggest that DNA sequencing of mt DNA and PCR-RFLP methods using NlaIV and TaqI enzymes are useful for the identification and discrimination of deer antler species by routine analysis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.125-137
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• 2006

Objectives : The effect of water extract of the pilose antler of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe (Nokyong), a traditional immuno-suppressive and immuno-activating Korean oriental medicine, on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice model was studied. Identification of common Nokyong capable of affording protection or modulating the onset and severity of arthritis may have important human health implications. Methods : Nokyong has shown to possess anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties in experimental animals. In this study we determined the effect of DAE on collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Results : In three independent experiments mice given DAE in water exhibited significantly reduced incidence of arthritis (33% to 50%) as compared with mice given no DAE in water (84% to 100%). The arthritis index also was significantly lower in DAE-fed animals. Western blot analysis showed a marked reduction in the expression of inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), $Interferon-{\gamma}\;(INF-{\gamma})$, and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$ in arthritic joints of DAE-fed mice. The neutral endopeptidase (NEP) activity was approximately 6-fold higher in arthritic joints of non-DAE-fed mice in comparison to nonarthritic joints of nonimmunized mice whereas it was only 2-fold higher in the arthritic joints of DAE-fed mice. Additionally, total IgG and type II collagen-specific IgG levels were lower in the arthritic joints of DAE-fed mice. Conclusion : Taken together our studies suggest that DAE may be useful in the prevention of onset and severity of arthritis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1859-1866
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• 2010

It is reported that about 80% of deer antlers (Cervi Pantotricuhum Cornu) produced in the world are consumed in Korea. Fraudulent replacement or mislabeling of costly deer antlers with cheaper ones, however, is one of the most common problems in the Korean deer antler market. Therefore, there is a continuous need for the development of genetic markers to discriminate between genuine and fraudulent deer antlers. This study was performed to develop a method for the identification and authentication of deer antlers using nucleotide sequence analysis against displacement loop of mitochondrial genome among four deer antlers, Cervus eleaphus sibericus, Cervus eleaphus bactrianus, Cervus eleaphus Canadensis, and Cervus eleaphus, originated from Russia, China, North America and New Zealand, respectively. As a result, multiple-alignment of mitochondrial displacement (D) loop region in 1.2 kb showed that, among the four deer antlers, a deleted sequence of about 70 bps was only found in Cervus elaphus bactrianus from China. Finally, Cervus elaphus bactrianus among nine samples of deer antlers were successfully identified by PCR using primer amplifying deleted D-loop. Cervus elaphus bactrianus was also confirmed from cloning the PCR products and their nucleotide sequence analyses were confirmed. However, no marker to identify Cervus eleaphus sibericus, Cervus eleaphus canadensis and Cervus eleaphus were found in the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial D-loop. Our results suggest that PCR for deleted D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA are useful for identification and authentication of deer antlers of Cervus elaphus bactrianus originating from China.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2022

The Yezo sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) is a subspecies of sika deer originated from Hokkaido, Japan. This paper is a study on the ecological impact caused by large mammals invading the ecosystem. Two pairs of deer were donated to the Agency for Defense Development in Taean in the late 1980s, and the population expanded to over 280 in 2018. The thermal imaging camera showed that the population ranged from 8 to 53 herds, divided into approximately 10 groups. It was confirmed that some of the herds had escaped the management area and invaded the nearby natural ecosystem, causing damage to cultivated land and natural vegetation. Herds of over 50 individuals have been studied in large grassland areas near drinking water sources such as streams and ponds. In places with excessive deer concentration, 1) feeding damage to herbs, shrubs and sub-trees, 2) tree withering due to antler-rubbing, and their habit of migrating along forest edges 3) excessive soil loss on slopes, 4) destruction of herbaceous layers due to compaction, and finally 5) damage to infrastructure were also investigated. As such, it is expected that the results of this study on the ecological and economic damage of Yezo sika deer can be used to predict the impact of other exotic sika deer in South Korea with similar behavioral characteristics and to establish a management plan.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.49-59
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to classify of the Tree-typed and Tree and Antler-typed Diadem in old tombs of ancient Silla, Gaya. First, Tree-typed Diadem is four part in according to the Mountain(; 山)-typed piled up. Only one Mountain(; 山)-typed one in three stand-up ornament(I-1 Style), and three step one in three stand-up ones(I-4 S.). Three and Antler-typed diadem is three part in according to the step of Mountain(; 山)-typed and cross-shaped of the upper part. Three one of three step one of four step one(II-3 S.). They were influenced by Tree worship and cult of deer in Northern mounted nomadic groups.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.749-758
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• 2003

The velvet antler of Korean sika deer has been used to the important resources for human health care with ginseng in Korea and Chinese. For studying on biological function of deer velvet being recorded in many ancient literatures, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of powdered velvet antler on growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and intestinal organ development in growing and adult Sprague-Dawley Rats. Experiments were designed by adding amount of powdered velvet antler such as control (non- supplementation), powdered velvet antler I (PVA I, recommended dose) and powdered velvet antler II (PVA II, thrice recommended dose). The recommended dose of powdered velvet in this experiment was calculated with metabolic body weight of rats, which based on the recommended amounts for 70 kg of human. The growths of growing and adult rats generally appeared advantage in PVA supplementation. The final body weight of control, PVA I and II were respectively 470${\pm}$39.00g, 478${\pm}$30.33g and 475${\pm}$22.72g in growing rats, and 485${\pm}$38.50g, 521${\pm}$38.67g and 508${\pm}$34.44g in adult rats. The average daily feed intake were not significantly influenced but the feed efficiency ratios (feed/gain) were improved by PVA supplementation. The feed/gain ratios of control, PVA I and II were respectively 5.99, 5.47 and 5.54 in growing rats, and 9.04, 7.73 and 8.18 in adult rats. In case of developments of liver, heart, kidney and stomach, we obtained favorable results in both PAC I and II, but their results were not significantly different according to amount of PVA supplementation. Because liver and heart are important organs in the circulation of blood, their favorable effects suggest that velvet antler may have factors contributing hematopoiesis. Conclusively, supplementation of powdered velvet antler resulted in an improved growth, feed efficiency and development of some intestinal organs in growing and adult rat. Even if further investigation of dose in human health care are should be performed, this experiment appeared the best desirable results in PVA I, recommended dose of powdered velvet antler.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.279-284
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• 2008

To investigate the effects of CaCl2 on artificial induction of antlerogenesis in female deer, various CaCl2 conditions with different concentrations, dosages and times were treated to five female Elk(Cervua Canadensis). After injection of CaCl2 solution to the putative region of antlerogenesis, rate of induction, yield of antler, length of antler, number of point were examined. In regard to the effect of concentration of CaCl2 solution on the induction of antlerogenesis in the female deer, generation of pedicle and antler has not induced under treatment of 2ml and 3ml of 15％ solution, but only pedicle has generated with 4ml of 15％ solution, otherwise generation of pedicle and antler has induced under treatment of 1.5ml, 2ml and 3ml of 30％ solution and 1ml and 2ml of 50％ solution. The yields of antler were 319g in 4ml of 15％ solution, and 1,290g, 513g and 295g in 1.5ml, 2ml and 3ml of 30％ solution, respectively, and 800g and 443g in 1ml and 2ml of 50％ solution, respectively. The yields of antler of 30％ solution and 50％ solution were decreased with increase the dosage volume. The maximum yield of antler was 1,290g at 30％ 1.5ml treatment. The length of antler were 25cm in 15％ 4ml treatment, and 55cm, 51cm and 35㎝ in 1.5ml, 2ml and 3ml of 30％ solution, respectively, and 60cm and 35cm in 1ml and 2ml 50％ solution, respectively. There was a tendency that length of antler became longer as yield of antler were grew. The numbers of point were 2 in 15％ 4ml treatment, and 5, 2.3 and 1 in 1.5ml, 2ml and 3ml of 30％ solution, respectively, and 3 and 1 in 1ml and 2ml of 50％ solution, respectively. The number of point was not related to concentration and dosage of CaCl2 solution, but related to the shape of wound due to the time and method of injection. Consequently, the optimum concentration of CaCl2 solution for artificial induction of antlerogenesis in female elk is 30%.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of selenium feeding and supplementation in diet on the concentration of selenium in blood and velvet antler of spotted deer(Sika deer). Three spotted deer were fed high selenium concentration(6mg/kg DM). Absorption and retention rates of selenium were examined by evaluating selenium concentrations in feces and urine. Stress-related hormones and serum biochemical parameters in blood were also evaluated for the purpose of detecting any negative effect by the high level of selenium feeding. Eight spotted deers were randomly assigned to two groups and were fed with one of two diets for 20 days, which were with or without the addition of 6mg selenium /kg diet. Concentration of selenium in velvet antler was evaluated. Selenium concentration in blood of spotted deer fed high level selenium for 30 days was significantly increased(p<0.05), retention rate of selenium reached 59.15%. No differences in level of stress-related hormone and biochemical parameters(NEFA, ALT, AST) in blood were observed by feeding high level selenium. The diet with selenium significantly increased concentrations of selenium in top(0.11 vs 0.45ppm; p<0.001), middle(0.08 vs 0.21ppm; p<0.01) and basepart(0.08 vs 0.15ppm; p<0.05) of velvet antler.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Community Living Science Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.60-62
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• 2006

• Proceedings of the Korean Nutrition Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.123-123
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• 2002