• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.423-437
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• 2007

The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is well-known for its ability to decompose a multi-component signal into a set of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). The method uses a sifting process in which local extrema of a signal are identified and followed by a spline fitting approximation for decomposition. This method provides an effective and robust approach for decomposing nonlinear and non-stationary signals. On the other hand, the IMF components do not automatically guarantee a well-defined physical meaning hence it is necessary to validate the IMF components carefully prior to any further processing and interpretation. In this paper, an attempt to use the EMD method to identify properties of nonlinear elastic multi-degree-of-freedom structures is explored. It is first shown that the IMF components of the displacement and velocity responses of a nonlinear elastic structure are numerically close to the nonlinear normal mode (NNM) responses obtained from two-dimensional invariant manifolds. The IMF components can then be used in the context of the NNM method to estimate the properties of the nonlinear elastic structure. A two-degree-of-freedom shear-beam building model is used as an example to illustrate the proposed technique. Numerical results show that combining the EMD and the NNM method provides a possible means for obtaining nonlinear properties in a structure.

• 청정기술
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.190-195
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• 2016

회전식 소각공정은 고에너지 물질의 폐기처리를 위해 현재 상용화 되고 있는 기술로 열풍을 이용하여 대상물질을 열분해하는 공정이며 TNT, RDX 및 Composition B를 통한 열분해 공정의 사전연구가 진행되었다. 본 연구의 대상물질은 나이트로셀룰로스(nitrocellulose, NC)와 나이트로글리세린(nitroglycerine, NG)의 혼합물인 더블베이스 추진제(M8)로 선정하였다. M8 추진제의 열분해 반응은 응축상 반응(condensed phase reaction, CPR)과 기체상 반응(gas phase reactions, GPRs)로 구성되어 있다. CPR의 경우 흡열반응으로 4가지 화합물을 생성하며, GPRs의 경우 59개의 가스화합물 및 365개의 흡열·발열 반응으로 구성되어 있다. 본 연구는 gPROMS 소프트웨어를 이용하여 관형반응기의 수학적 모델링을 완성하였으며, 운전온도 및 유속 변화에 따른 케이스스터디를 진행하였다. 상대적으로 낮은 유속 및 높은 공정온도는 반응기의 내부온도(Case3: 953 K, Case6: 1300 K)를 상승 시켰으며, CO₂와 H₂O 몰농도 값 상승을 통해 완전연소율이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구 내열형 소각로 설계, 운전조건을 도출하는데 있어 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 청정기술
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2009

온실효과를 발생시킬 수 있는 $SF_6$는 고체 산 촉매상에서 물과 산소에 의해 가수분해 및 산화반응에서 황 및 불소화합물로 분해될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 $SF_6$ 제거를 위한 고체 산 촉매로 ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$가 사용되었으며, 반응온도와 공간속도에 따른 촉매활성이 조사되었다. 가수분해에 의한 촉매환성은 $20,000\;ml/g_{-cat}{\cdot}h$의 공간속도와 973 K이상의 반응온도 조건에서 $SF_6$ 전화율이 거의 100% 달하는 최대 값에 도달하였다. 공간속도가 $45,000\;ml/g_{-cat}{\cdot}h$이하에서 $SF_6$ 전화율은 최대값이 유지되었다. 한편, 동일한 반응조건에서 산화반응에 의한 $SF_6$ 전화율은 약 20%정도였다. ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$는 가수분해과정 에서 ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$, 산화반응과정에서 $AlF_3$로 각각 변화됨을 SEM과 XRD분석에 의해 확인되었다. 산화반응 후 $AlF_3$는 $20\;{\mu}m$이상 성장되었고, 이들의 촉매활성은 낮은 표면적 때문에 매우 낮아졌다. 그러므로 $SF_6$의 분해를 위한 촉매반응은 산화반응보다는 가수분해가 유리하다고 판단된다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.381-398
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• 2024

This study presents a mode analysis of 3D turbulent velocity data around a square-section building model to identify the dynamic system for Kármán-type vortex shedding. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was first performed to extract the significant 3D modes. Magnitude-squared coherence was then applied to detect the phase consistency between the modes, which were roughly divided into three groups. Group 1 (modes 1-4) depicted the main vortex shedding on the wake of the building, with mode 2 being controlled by the inflow fluctuation. Group 2 exhibited complex wake vortexes and single-sided vortex phenomena, while Group 3 exhibited more complicated phenomena, including flow separation. Subsequently, a third-order polynomial regression model was used to fit the dynamics system of modes 1, 3, and 4, which revealed average trend of the state trajectory. The two limit cycles of the regression model depicted the two rotation directions of Kármán-type vortex. Furthermore, two characteristic periods were identified from the trajectory generated by the regression model, which indicates fast and slow motions of the wake vortex. This study provides valuable insights into 3D mode morphology and dynamics of Kármán-type vortex shedding that helps to improve design and efficiency of structures in turbulent flow.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.887-895
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• 2012

Lamb waves have received a great attention in the structural health monitoring (SHM) societies because they can propagate over relatively large distances in wave guides such as thin plates and shells. The time-of-flights of Lamb waves can be used to detect damages in a wave guide. However, due to the inherent dispersive and multi-mode characteristics of Lamb waves, one must decompose the Lamb wave modes into the symmetric and anti-symmetric modes for SHM applications. Thus, this paper proposes a decomposition method for the two-mode Lamb waves based on two rules: the group velocity ratio rule and the mode amplitude ratio rule. The group velocity ratio rule means that the ratio of the group velocities of fundamental symmetric and anti-symmetric modes is constant, while the mode amplitude ratio rule means that the magnitude of the fundamental symmetric modes of all measured response signals should be always larger than those of the anti-symmetric mode once the input signal is applied so that the magnitude of fundamental symmetric mode of excited Lamb-wave is larger than that of anti-symmetric mode, and vice versa. The proposed method is verified through the experiments ducted for an aluminum plate specimen.

• 에너지공학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 1996

Ni-Cu를 SiO$_2$에 담지시켜 공간속도(Space Velocity; S.V), 메탄올 분압, 반응온도 및 Ni-Cu 조성비에 따른 메탄올 분해 반응의 활성을 조사하였다. S.V는 10,000~30,000h$^{-1}$, 반응온도는 150~40$0^{\circ}C$까지 변화시켰으며 Cu/(Ni＋Cu)비는 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1로 변화시켜 보았다. Ni 단일 촉매의 경우 온도가 상승하면서 전환율이 100%에 도달함에 따라 CO의 선택도가 급감소하는 반면 Ni에 Cu를 첨가함으로써 높은 선택도를 유지하였다. 반응의 주생성물로서 CO와 H$_2$가 생성되었고 $CO_2$와 CH$_4$가 부생성물로서 주로 생성되었다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.142-149
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• 2013

Among ammunitions which are stored in a war field, the lifespan of propelling gunpowder is affected by storage environment such as storage temperature, humidity, and exposure to sunlight. These are because Nitrocellulose (NC) which is the main component of propelling gunpowder can be naturally disassembled to unstable substances similar with other nitric acid ester. We can't prevent it fundamentally from being disassembled, but to restrain induction of automatic disassembly by decomposition product, a decomposition product ($NO_2$, $NO_3$, and $HNO_3$) and tranquillizer DPA (Diphenylamine), having high reactivity, are added into a propellant. For this, it will decrease the velocity of tranquillizer which can also affect the velocity of producing the decomposition product of NC, storage temperature or humidity of propelling gunpowder is higher, drop of tranquillizer content is much faster. Therefore, to extend storage lifespan of propelling gunpowder, it is really important to control storage temperature or humidity inside the magazine. Hereupon, according to the manufacture of small scale model magazine and the result of performing experiments and measuring variation of inside temperature (storage temperature), using roof types that have a steel slate structure of magazine among ground magazines, this research shows the differences in details.

• 대한전자공학회논문지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.98-105
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• 1989

본 논문에서는 생체 조직을 정량화하기 위한 음속의 측정법을 제안하였다. 기존의 음속 측정법에서는 주파수 분산의 영향이 무시되고 있으나, 주파수 분산은 전파 지연에 영향을 미친다. 따라서 진폭 스펙트럼으로부터 최소 위상 스펙트럼을 유도하여 주파수 분산을 정량화하였으며, 주파수 분산을 제거하기 위한 신호 분해법을 제안하였다. 또한 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안된 이론의 유효성분을 확인하였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.495-502
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• 1999

Common-mid-point (CMP) seismic data on a dipping layer have have a stacking different from a horizontal layer velocity and the reflection points on data are dispersed to many positions. Therefore, the CMP data are not stacked well by the conventional stacking method using the horizontal layer velocity. The CMP gather can ideally stacked by applying dip-moveout(DMO) processing. Hence, modern seismic processing indludes DMO as an essential routine step. DMO processing techniques are broadly categorized by two, Fourier transform and integral methods, each of which has many different computational schemes. In this study, the dip-decomposition technique of the Fourier transform method is used to test the DMO effect on the synthetic scismic data generated for dipping structures. Each of constnat offset sections NMO corrected by using the layer velocity of the model and DMO processed. The resulting zero-offset sections for many offsets are stacked. The stacked sections with DMO processing show the structural boundaries of the models much better than those without DMO processing.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.207-218
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• 2015

In this paper, forming of fully clamped circular plate by using low velocity impact system has been investigated. This system consists of liquid shock tube and gravity drop hammer. A series of test on mild steel and aluminum alloy plates has been done. The effect of varying both impact load and the plate material on the deflection are described. This paper also presents a simple model to prediction of mid-point deflection of circular plate by using input-output experimental data. In this way, singular value decomposition (SVD) method is used in conjunction with dimensionless number incorporated in such complex process. The results of obtained model have very good agreement with experimental data and it provides a way of studying and understanding the plastic deformation of impact loads.