• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.263-266
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• 1999

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. ‘KF109’) seeds were primed in polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) solutions to determine a) what osmotic potential of the solution would be optimal for priming, i.e., critical potential level for preventing germination, and b) what temperature and duration would be the most effective in priming. The germination was completely prevented below -0.8 MPa of PEG 6000, that indicates a optimum water potential for seed priming. Seeds were primed for 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10 and 15 days at 15, 20 and $25^{\circ}C$, respectively, under the-0.8 MPa PEG 6000 solution to find out the most effective temperature and duration for priming. The effectiveness of priming, particularly in germination speed, was observed more distinctly when the primed seeds were germinated at 15$^{\circ}C$ than 2 5$^{\circ}C$. The greatest reduction of the time to 50% germination (T/sob 50/) was when the seeds were primed at $25^{\circ}C$. The reduction rate of the $T_{50}$ was rapid when primed from 1 day to 8 days and then slowed down in the seeds primed for longer than 8 days. The time from 10 to 90% germination ( $T_{10-90}$ increased in the primed seeds for longer than 8 days which showed the reversed effect of synchronous germination. However, $T_{50}$ was reduced continuously in the seeds even primed over 8 days. Thus, the optimum condition for tobacco seeds priming with PEG 6000 solution was -0.8 MPa in osmotic potential of the solution at $25^{\circ}C$ for 8 days.ays.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 1999

The seeds of Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) were soaked with GA3 50 ppm and primed with CaCl2 at -1.0 MPa for 4days at 23$^{\circ}C$ to identify presoaking and priming regimes that may improve germination in saline condition and with PEG 8000 at high temperature. Presoaked, primed, and untreated seeds were then germinated at 30 and $35^{\circ}C$. NaCl salinity stress consistently decreased the rate of germination of zoysiagrass seed. GA3 or CaCl2 alleviated the inhibitory effect of salinity on germination. However, total percent germination (G) and T50 of untreated control seeds significantly decreased and prolonged at $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ as NaCl salinity stress increased. Presoaked seeds with GA3 50 ppm for 4 days at $23^{\circ}C$ had significantly higher germination and lower T50 than untreated or primed with CaCl2 at -1.0 MPa for 4days at $23^{\circ}C$m and overcame the inhibitory effect of germination derived from PEG 8000. In addition, presoaked seed had higher, faster, and more uniform germination than untreated seeds after sowing in growing media in greenhouse.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2003

The purposes of this study were to examine effect by Solid Matrix Priming(SMP) ; method far enhanced rapid and uniform seedling emergence in tobacco seeds. The results were as follows. No enhancement of germination rate was by SMP treatment. In KF114 during 9 days treatment and in KB108 during 7 days treatment, germinative energy was highest, and T50 and mean germination time were the shortest. Cells in embryo and hypocotyl were divided and extended during SMP treatment. The contents of fatty acid were increased in SMP treatment. The changes of glucose content were little.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2003

This study was conducted to clarify on germination rate enhancement effect and to develope the growing seedling method on Sorbus commixta Hedl. The results were follows; The optimum temperature of stratification and germination of mountain ash was $5^{\circ}C$ the seed germination rate in wet stratification with sand at $5^{\circ}C$ for 90 days was 22.6% and the highest germination of 78.9% was observed when seed was soaked in BA 200ppm for 20 minute after stratification for 90 days at $5^{\circ}C$. The highest germination of large chinese hawthorn was 11.1% when seed was soaked BA 50ppm for 20 minute after stratification 90 days at $5^{\circ}C$. Emergence ratio in box raising seedling and pot seedling showed high, 93 and 95%. Root length and dry root weight in pot seedling for 50 days showed higher than that of direct seedling and box raising seedling, Plant height and dry leaf weight in box raising seedling showed higher than that of pot seedling and direct seedling. The growth increment of seedling was high between 40 days and 50 days after seedling. The excellent seedling of mountain ash was produced in pot seedling for 50 days.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 2009

The seeds of Phellodendron amurense have difficulty to obtain because these plants show dioecism with independent distributions. This experiment was conducted to find the effects of soaking and prechilling treatment on the germination of P. amurense seeds. Seeds were soaked for 3, 5 and 10 days (soaking treatment), and placed on petri-dish at $4^{\circ}C$ for 10, 20, 30 and 50 days after soaked at room temperature for 24 hours (prechilling treatment). After the treatments, germination percentage, mean germination time, germination speed and germination performance index were analyzed. As a result of sowing, prechilled seeds for 30 days had the highest percent of germination, whereas all of the soaked seeds showed lower percent of germination than non-treatment (control). In case of mean germination time, only prechilling for 30 days was more effective than control. In germination speed, all of the soaked seeds had lower values than control whereas all prechilled seeds except prechilled seeds for 20 days showed higher values than control. Especially prechilled seeds for 30 days showed the highest rate among the prechilling treatments. Germination performance index was similar to germination speed.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2009

This study was performed to determine the effect of drying conditions on the germination properties of rapeseed after seeds were dried under different drying conditions: $40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, or $60^{\circ}C$ in combination with 30%, 45%, or 60% relative humidity. As analytic results, drying conditions had significant effects (P-value < 0.001) and drying temperature was considered as the main factor on the germination properties of rapeseed. When drying temperature increased or relative humidity decreased, the vigor rate and germination rate decreased, the median germination time increased. The maximum values of vigor rate and germination rate were 90% and 95.44%, and their minimum values were 60.17 and 75%, respectively. To ensure the standard germination rate of 85%. The appropriate drying zone was determined and the drying temperature should be less than $51.0^{\circ}C$, $54.5^{\circ}C$ and $58.7^{\circ}C$ at 30%, 45% and 60% RH, respectively. The values for median germination time varied from 2 to 4 days. The predicted models of germination rate, vigor rate, and median germination time were determined.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 2016

Background: Many Taraxacum spp. plants are widely used in medicine, but some of them have propagation problems, such as strong dormancy and poor germination rates. This study investigated the effects of temperature, gibberellic acid ($GA_3$), and potassium nitrate ($KNO_3$) on seed germination in Taraxacum ohwianum. Methods and Results: The seeds (NIBRGR0000135524) were exalbuminous, and their length and width were $4.54{\pm}0.032mm$ and $0.97{\pm}0.029mm$, respectively. Various germination temperatures were tested (15, 20, 25, and $30^{\circ}C$), the optimum temperature for germination was found to be $20^{\circ}C$ (31.3%). High temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) resulted in non-typical seedlings (thickened and crumpled cotyledons, with a restricted root system). To increase the germination capacity, $GA_3$ (200, 500, and $1,000mg/{\ell}$) or $KNO_3$ (20, 50, 100, 200, and $500mg/{\ell}$) solutions were used as pre-soaking solutions instead of water. The $GA_3$ treatments increased the germination percentage and rate, but germination percentage was higher with the $KNO_3$ treatments. Under the $50-200mg/{\ell}\;KNO_3$ treatments, the germination percentage exceeded 80% after 12 days, and $50mg/{\ell}\;KNO_3$ was notably effective (91.2% after 15 days). Conclusions: T. ohwianum seeds showed improved germination at low temperatures. The best method for germination was presoaking in $50mg/{\ell}\;KNO_3$ for 24 h, in the dark at $4^{\circ}C$, and then incubating the germinated seed at $20^{\circ}C$ for 15 days.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2013

The study was conducted to investigate early establishment characteristics and germination pattern of fine-textured fescues (FF) under natural room temperature and to analyze differences between alternative and natural conditions for a practical application. Six cultivars from Chewings fescue (CF), creeping red fescue (CRF), hard fescue (HF) and sheep fescue (SF) were evaluated in the study. Daily and cumulative germination pattern were measured and analyzed. Significant differences were greatly observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 60% germination, and germination percentage with environments, species and cultivars. Final germination rate was 29.7 to 80.0% under natural conditions. The first germination was initiated between 8 and 10 DAS (days after seeding) under natural conditions, being 3 to 4 days later as compared with ISTA conditions. Days to the 60% germination were 12.1 to 19.0 DAS, being 3.0 to 4.2 days slower than that under ISTA conditions. CF 'Jamestown II' was the fastest cultivar, while the slowest CRF 'Audubon'. Turf establishment speed was faster with CRF < SF < HF and < CF in order. Information on differences in germination characteristics and pattern between alternative and natural conditions would be practically useful for a golf course construction etc., when established with FF.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 2023

Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Smith is used as a medicinal plant and cosmetic material in China and Southeast Asia. To mass-produce Kadsura coccinea seedlings, the effects of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and cold stratification treatments on seed germination were investigated. Seed germination rate with GA₃ treatment was most effective at concentrations of 250 or 500 mg/L. With respect to mean germination time (MGT), mean daily germination, and T₅₀ (days to reach 50% seed germination), the germination-promoting effect was improved as the concentration of GA₃ increased. Stem growth of seedlings was the highest following GA₃ treatments of 250 and 500 mg/L, and the growth promoting effect gradually decreased as the concentration of GA₃ decreased. Root growth was stimulated at GA₃ concentrations of 250-1,000 mg/L. Examination of the effect of stratification treatment for 15, 30 and 60 days at temperatures of 0, 5 and 10℃ on the germination rate revealed that the most stratification treatment temperature was 10℃, and the results improved with longer treatment periods. Altogether, GA₃ and stratification treatments improved the seed germination rate, shortened the MGT, improved germination uniformity, and produced healthy seedlings.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 2001

In an effort to investigate the germination and growth characteristics of tannin containing forage crops (such as chicory, birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus pedunculatus, sulla, lespedeza, crownvetch, sainfoin), germinativity, seedling vigor, and productivity were studied. Although the cumulative germination percentage (CGP) of chicory and birdsfoot trefoil was low, the germination rate(GR) and days to reach 50% of final germination(Gt50) were excellent. Crownvetch, lespedeza and sainfoin showed poor germination. Chicory seeds were light but the rate of emergence and establishment were high. Seeds of Lotus pedunculatus and birdsfoot trefoil were also small, but their rates of emergence and establishment were quite good. On the other hand, seeds of sainfoin and crownvetch were heavy but their emergence and establishment rate were very low. Lespedeza was the best in getting over the hot summer, and crownvetch also survived well during summer. Chicory was good in productivity and early growing but its persistence was not good. In case of birdsfoot trefoil and Lotus pedunculatus their early growing were slow but their productivity and persistence were fairly well. Lespedeza, crownvetch, and sainfoin showed poor growth in Korea. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that chicory would be better to use as short term high productive forage crop, and Lotus pedunculatus and birdsfoot trefoil could be used as continuous functional forage crops in Korea. (Key words : Tannin. Germination. Chicory. Birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus pedunculatus)