• 성인간호학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.563-572
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• 2003

Purpose: This study aimed to compare differences on sexual satisfaction between non-smokers and smokers of Korean adult males. Method: The subjects of this study were 304 current smokers and 331 current non-smokers(stop smokers, never smokers) (58.0%). Because of the nature of the study, the participants were recruited through a home page advertisement of a brand newspaper company in Korea, and the survey was done through Internet system. The tool to measure participant's sexual satisfaction was adopted from the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale-Male. Result: Participant's age ranged from 20 to 49, mostly in their 30s-40s(96.1%). They were smoking average of 15 cigarettes per day. There were no significant difference on sexual satisfaction between current smokers and non-smokers( t=-.55, p>.05). However, there were significant difference on sexual satisfaction between ever smokers(n=481) and never smokers(n=154) (t=2.10, p<.05). There were significant differences an erectile and orgasm satisfaction according to number of cigarettes they smoked per day. 54.5% smokers who said that they have difficulty in keeping erectile state considered on smoking cessation within 30 days whereas 24.2% in those who said that keeping erectile state was easy. Conclusion: Informing about the high risk of sexual dysfunction with cigarette smoking should become a important part of smoking cessation education and for smoking adolescents.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.367-374
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• 2012

Cigarette smoking (SM) is considered to be well known environmental toxin which contributes to the onset of various diseases. SM cause direct lungs damage, activate lungs inflammatory responses, and in some cases leads to the development of lung cancer. Cytokines in injured starfish (Asterina pectinifera) is the potential changes in its expression during the regeneration process. Especially, expression of TGF-${\beta}1$ has increased in arm cut starfish extract after eight days. Also, starfish including saponin like the ginseng. Saponin is widely used in the world because of some effective pharmacological activities. Therefore, the current study was designed to elucidate the pharmacological activities of starfish extract against cigarette smoking induced damage in cell line and pulmonary tissue. We investigate that the effect of eight days starfish extract after arm cut (8d) and intact starfish extract on cell line and mouse lung injury by SM. In cell proliferation analysis, although cigarette smoking extract (CSE) was co-treated, the higher proliferation ability is shown in 8d treatment than intact starfish extract. 8d and intact starfish extract was directly transported to pulmonary cells through respiratory organ by nebulizer inhalation. In this case of cigarette smoking, the pulmonary structure was damaged and functions become abnormal. However, 8d treated groups showed similar with the control group compared with SM group. Among them, 8d was proved to be more effective than intact starfish extract. These results demonstrate that 8d could more protect pulmonary structure and function than intact starfish extract against cigarette smoking by ginseng like saponin and regulation of inflammatory cytokines.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.511-516
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• 1992

연구배경 : 장기적 흡연이 폐암이나 만성폐쇄성폐질환등의 폐질환 및 여러 심장질환의 위험인자인 것은 잘 알려져 있으나 흡연이 단기적으로 운동시 호흡기 및 심혈관계 기능에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대한 연구는 많지 않다. 흡연시에는 일산화탄소를 흡입하으로, 일산화탄소 흡입후 운동시에 나타나는 호흡수, 심박수, 호흡량 및 심장출량의 증가와 최대산소섭취량의 감소가 흡연후 운동시에도 관찰될 것으로 예상된다. 목적 : 흡연의 운동부하시 심폐기능에 대한 단기적 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 흡연자 13명을 대상으로 시간당 3개피를 5시간 흡연한 흡연일 및 흡연하지 않고 100% 산소를 15분간 흡입한 금연일을 무작위 순서로 정하여 두 번 단계적 운동부하 검사를 시행하였다. 결과 : 대상자 13명의 평균 연령은 $25{\pm}4.9$세, 평균 흡연력은 $6{\pm}5$ pack-years였고, 금연일과 흡연일간 일반 폐기능검사의 결과에는 차이가 없었다. 혈중 일산화 탄소혈색소량의 평균은 금연일 $1.45{\pm}0.83%$, 흡연일에 $5.97{\pm}1.34%$로서 흡연일에 유의하게 높았다(p<0.01). 무산소역치는 금연일 $1.53{\pm}0.20$ L/min, 흡연일에 $1.33{\pm}0.24$ L/min로서 흡연일에 유의하게 낮았으며(p<0.05) 최대산소섭취량은 금연일 $2.39{\pm}0.32$ L/min, 흡연일에 $2.09{\pm}0.32$ L/min로서 흡연일에 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 안정시 심박수는 금연일에 분당 $75.46{\pm}5.83$회, 흡연일에 분당 $84.38{\pm}11.06$회로서 흡연일에 유의하게 높았으나(p<0.05) 최대심박수는 금연일에 $160.38{\pm}9.09$회, 흡연일에 $161.23{\pm}8.09$회로서 차이가 없었다. 결론 : 일반 폐기능검사는 양일간에 차이가 없었으나 금연일에 비해 흡연일에 무산소역치와 최대산소섭취량의 감소가 관찰되어 흡연은 단기적으로 운동부하시 심혈관계장애를 초래한다고 사료되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.427-430
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• 2015

Background: Dokha is a novel form of smoking in United Arab Emirates (UAE) on which there is very little published literature, especially among adolescents, and this form of smoking has been not been addressed adequately in the smoking cessation strategies in the UAE. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of dokha smoking among male secondary school students in Ajman UAE. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted among male secondary school students in Ajman, UAE. A total of 560 participants filled in self-administered questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of ever smokers was 39%; ever dokha smokers was 36% and current dokha smokers was 24%. The prevalence is very high when compared to other forms of smoking in the region and globally. Prevalence increased with increasing age and grade of students, prevalence of ever smokers, ever dokha smokers and current dokha smokers was lower in students in the science stream. 40% of the smokers used dokha, cigarettes and shisha, 30% used dokha and cigarettes, and 21% used dokha alone. 30% of the students smoked dokha on all days of the month. Conclusions: The prevalence of ever smokers, ever dokha smokers and current dokha smokers is very high. There is an urgent need for specific health promotion programs tailored to this age group on prevention of dokha smoking and policies restricting the availability of dokha to this age group.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine if smoking cessation programs (SCPs) are effective for adults through a systematic review of the results of such programs in large randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: The PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) strategy was established, 1,160 literature from domestic and foreign electronic databases was reviewed, and 22 references were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of each reference was evaluated using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network tool, and meta-analysis was carried out. Results: The SCPs were significantly effective for adult smokers. Smoking cessation counseling, education, and smoking cessation medications such as nicotine patch were more effective than the other interventions. However, the results showed short-term effects (within six months), and differences were observed among the SCPs. For the outcome measures for SCPs, the abstinence rate of seven days was mainly used, but differences were identified between the CO level and the cotinine-verified abstinence rate of smoking cessation. Conclusions: For a smoking cessation program for adult smokers, the strength of the evidence of the program's effectiveness in RCTs that provide the identified intervention strategies should be considered.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was to examine the effects of auricular acupressure therapy on smoking cessation for female university students. Method. The research design was a nonequivalent control group nonsynchronized design. Subjects were 60 (Experimental: 30, Control: 30) smoking female university students. The measuring tools were the number of cigarettes smoked per day, dependency on nicotine, and need for smoking. Auricular acupressure therapy, an experimental treatment, was applied 3 times a day, 2 days a week, for 2 weeks. Data was collected from March 2006 to October 2006. Data was analyzed using the SPSS PC+ 12 version. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, $x^2$-test, and Fisher's exact test were used for each aim of this study. Result: The number of cigarettes smoked per day (t=8.63, p=.00), dependency on nicotine (t=18.15, p=.00), and need for smoking (t=14.23, p=.00) significantly decreased in the experimental group by application of auricular acupressure therapy. Conclusion: Auricular acupressure therapy can be a better effective primary nursing intervention on smoking cessation for female university students shown through studies of repetition.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.432-443
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• 2000

Smoking can increase oxidative stress and thereby change the antioxidant defense system in the body. Supplementation of antioxidant vitamins might improve antioxidant status in the body. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin C supplementation and smoking cessation education on changes of antioxidant status and psychosocial factors related to smoking. To obtain above purposes, we investigated the effectiveness of intervention for male adolescent smokers were evalnate by assessing changes in dietary intakes, plasma antioxidant vitamin concentration, and psychosocial factors related to smoking after program completion. Subjects, male adolescent smokers, were assigned into four groups : Control group(19 students), Educ. group(19 students), Vit. C supple. group(19 students), and Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group(19 students). The Educ. group and Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group received nutrition and smoking cessation education once a week for 5 weeks. Vit. C suppl. group and Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group received 500 mg per day of ascorbic acid for 35 days. All data were collected before and after intervention. Vit. B$_2$and Vit. C intakes of all groups were increased, but the only Ca intake was increased in the Educ. group. Plasma Vit. C concentration and Ratio(plasma Vit. C/Vit. C intakes) were increased in the Vit. C suppl. group and Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group, and the Vit. C deficiency status of these groups(Vit. C suppl. group and Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group) disappeared. Showing the effects of Vit. C supplementation, plasma $\alpha$-tocopherol was increased in the Educ. and Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group, and especially high increases were seen in the Educ.+Vit. C suppl. group. Psychosocial factors related to smoking changed after the education a little. This intervention program had an impact on nutrition intakes, plasma antioxidant vitamins, and some beliefs related to smoking in male adolescent students. Various programs of nutrition and smoking cessation education and vitamin supplementation for quitting smoking must be implemented for adolescent smokers, and further studies are needed regarding sorts and amount of antioxidant nutrients and supplementation periods.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.49-59
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• 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the factors related with the intention of smoking abstinence among elementary students in a metropolitan city in Korea. Methods: All the elementary schools in the city were stratified by region, and then schools as a primary sampling units (PSU) were selected by probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling. One class per grade was sampled randomly from 5th and 6th grade in the sampled schools from October to December in 2004. The students completed a standardized self-administered questionnaire anonymously. A total number of 1,712 respondents who did not smoke was included in the final analysis. The dependent variable was an intention of smoking in the future, and it was dichotomized into 'absolutely confident in smoking abstinence' and 'others'. The risk of non-absolute confidence in smoking abstinence was calculated with simple and multiple logistic regression, which were conducted with STATA 9.0 by a design-based analysis considering strata variable, PSU, and sampling weight. Results: In the final model of multiple logistic regression analysis, those who were more likely to have non-absolute confidence in smoking abstinence were male students (OR=2.66, p<0.001); barely attending religious services (OR=3.32, p=0.002) or having no religion (OR=1.95, p=0.027); exposure to environmental tobacco smoke outside home 1${\sim}$2 days per week (OR=1.60, p=0.013); having friends who smoked (OR=1.93, p=0.011); non-absolute confidence in refusing to smoke (OR=5.35, p<0.001); having relatively less negative attitude (OR=2.88, p<0.001), positive attitude (OR=2.35, p<0.001), and indifference (OR=4.05, p=0.034) toward peer smoking; not good relationship with mother (OR=1.52, p=0.016). Conclusion: The factors related with non-absolute confidence in smoking abstinence were coincided with those of smoking among children. The results of this study suggest the smoking prevention education should be applied to the children more actively, especially who are not confident in smoking abstinence in the future.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.515-520
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• 2005

최근 일본 연구자들을 중심으로 새로 시작한 흡연에 의해 발생한 급성 호산구성 폐렴의 증례 보고가 증가하고 있고 또 발병기전에 대한 연구도 점차 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 본 저자들도 흡연에 의해 발생한 급성 호산구성 페렴환자를 경험하고 이 환자에서 흡연유발검사를 통해 새로 시작한 흡연이 급성 호산구성폐렴의 원인임을 확인하여 이 환자의 임상적인 특징과 경과를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.369-377
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• 2013

본 연구는 일부 대학생의 흡연실태와 흡연실태에 따른 흡연신념을 파악하여 대학생의 건강증진에 도움이 될 수 있는 흡연 예방 및 금연 프로그램 개발과 활용에 필요한 자료를 제공하고자 2012년 5월 1일부터 6월 1일까지 전라북도에 위치하고 있는 10개 대학교 학생 중 1,696명을 대상으로 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 흡연실태는 흡연경험이 있는 학생은 23.7%였고, 처음 흡연한 시기는 고등학교가 42.1%로 가장 높았고, 흡연기간은 4년 이상이 46.1%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 2. 일반적 특성에 따른 흡연신념은 한 달 용돈이 30만원~39만원과, 40만원 이상에서 1.91점으로 가장 높았고(p<0.001), 흡연과 구강건강 관련성은 '전혀 그렇지 않다'가 2.00점으로 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.001). 3. 흡연실태에 따른 흡연신념은 처음 흡연한 시기에서 초등학교가 2.66점으로 가장 높았고, 친한 친구 5명 중 흡연하는 친구는 4명이 2.60점으로 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 4. 흡연의존도와 금연의도에 따른 흡연신념은 흡연의존도에서 '매우 그렇다'가 2.75점으로 가장 높았고(p<0.001), 금연의도는 '금연하지 않음'이 2.68점으로 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.01).