• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.327-337
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• 2024

The ocean is linked to long-term climate variability, but there are very few methods to assess the short-term performance of forecast models. This study analyzes the short-term prediction performance regarding ocean temperature and salinity of the Global Seasonal prediction system version 5 (GloSea5). GloSea5 is a historical climate re-creation (2001-2010) performed on the 1st, 9th, 17th, and 25th of each month. It comprises three ensembles. High-resolution hindcasts from the three ensembles were compared with the Array for Real-Time Geostrophic Oceanography (ARGO) float data for the period 2001-2010. The horizontal position was preprocessed to match the ARGO float data and the vertical layer to the GloSea5 data. The root mean square error (RMSE), Brier Score (BS), and Brier Skill Score (BSS) were calculated for short-term forecast periods with a lead-time of 10 days. The results show that sea surface temperature (SST) has a large RMSE in the western boundary current region in Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and Antarctic Circumpolar Current region, and sea surface salinity (SSS) has significant errors in the tropics with high precipitation, with both variables having the largest errors in the Atlantic. SST and SSS had larger errors during the fall for the NINO3.4 region and during the summer for the East Sea. Computing the BS and BSS for ocean temperature and salinity in the NINO3.4 region revealed that forecast skill decreases with increasing lead-time for SST, but not for SSS. The preprocessing of GloSea5 forecasts to match the ARGO float data applied in this study, and the evaluation methods for forecast models using the BS and BSS, could be applied to evaluate other forecast models and/or variables.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.384-394
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was to explore family member's caregiving stress and satisfaction of care for patients with dementia in long term care facilities and day care centers. Methods: The subjects were 129 family members of elders with dementia from ten long term care facilities and eight day care centers in Daegu and Kyungsangbukdo. Data were collected from August to October, 2007. The instruments were self administered questionnaires and included. The Family Perceptions of Caregiving Role (FPCR) and the Family Perceptions of Care Tool (FPCT) which were developed by Maas and Buckwalter (1990) and translated by Park (2002). Results: Family member's care giving stress in day care centers were higher than that of long term care facilities (t=-2.89, p=.005) especially in the categories of captivity (t=-3.27, p=.001), guilty (t=-2.93, p=.004), and loss (t=-2.44, p=.016). Family member's satisfaction of care in day care centers was higher than that of long term care facilities (t=-3.21, p=.002) in the (use - categories or measures since you are referring to the instrument and delete aspects) aspects of effective management (t=-3.69, p=.000) and activity (t=-2.00, p=.045). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that family members' perceptions toward their care giving roles and satisfaction of care differ whether the facilities are long term care or day care centers. This study provides baseline data that could be used for improving the quality of long term care services.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.236-247
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• 2012

Purpose: Purposes of this study were: evaluation of family burden of caring for elders who receive long term care services, and examination of differences in burden before and after the introduction of long term care service in Korea. Methods: Data were collected by questionnaires from 416 caregivers of elders who were registered with the Long Term Care Insurance Corporation in six cities. Data were collected in September, 2010 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and ANOVA with the Scheffe test, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Family burden decreased significantly after longterm care service was initiated. Subjective burden decreased from 2.93 to 2.69 (t=11.78, $p$<.001), and objective burden, from 3.40 to 3.10 (t=12.73, $p$<.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that factors affecting subjective burden were family relations (F=13.60, $p$=.003), age (F=5.47, $p$=.019), job (F=6.98, $p$=.008), and education (F=4.59, $p$=.032), and that factors affecting objective burden were living together (F=17.66, $p$<.001), job (F=13.34, $p$=.003), monthly income (F=6.61, $p$=.010), and type of service (F=6.62, $p$=.010). Conclusion: The results of this first study to investigate caregiver burden after the Korean Long-term Care Insurance System was begun provide positive information for the development of strategies to decrease family burden in long term care.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2022

Background: This study aimed to identify patterns of elderly patients who transferred from long-term care hospitals to emergency rooms and provide the evidence of emergency medical systems to prepare for a super-aged society. Methods: The data source was the National Emergency Department Information System database from January 2014 to December 2019 in Korea. We performed a cross-sectional study among elderly patients (≥65 years) who transferred from a long-term care hospital to an emergency room. Trend analysis was conducted by year. Results: We identified 225,765 elderly patients who were transferred from long-term care hospitals to emergency rooms between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2019. The proportion of the study population and their mean age were recently increased (p<0.001, respectively). The proportion of elderly patients being re-transferred (p=0.049) and the patients re-transferred to long-term care hospitals is significantly increased (p=0.005). Conclusion: The establishment of efficient emergency medical services for an aging society is important. It is necessary to develop a healthcare network with the government, long-term care hospitals, and medical institutions in the community suitable for preventing disease deterioration.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.199-206
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• 2021

As the super-aged society is imminent, the number of people with senile diseases is also increasing, resulting in a lack of facilities and policies as a social problem. National Health Insurance Service is being talked about as a realistic alternative to medical coverage. Long-term care hospitals are classified into acute-stage hospitals and long-term care facilities and are acting as an alternative to reducing medical expenses. However, in long-term care hospitals, which are the core of maintenance rehabilitation, the quality of service issues have been raised seriously. Currently, there is a problem of mass production of refugees from rehabilitation due to a problem of the medical system. In particular, in the preceding study in 2015, the status of long-term care hospitals in Jeollabuk-do was the worst. Therefore, using public data, the general status of long-term care hospitals in Jeollabuk-do, status of frequent disease, status of rehabilitation services, and status of occupational therapy services are to be explored.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.46-57
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• 2021

Purpose - In terms of human resource management, many Korean enterprises in China have experienced problems such as frequent resignations of Chinese employees and labor disputes. This can be mainly attributed to the fact that Chinese employees are not consistent with Korean vertical management methods, which is closely related to the national culture theory proposed by Hofstede, specifically the dimension of power distance and long- versus short-term orientation (LTO). Therefore, this research aims to investigate cultural differences between Korea and China from these two dimensions, and the impact on the human resource management of Korean-invested enterprises in China. Design/methodology - This research first utilizes the latest data (Wave 7) of the World Values Survey (WVS) to verify the difference in power distance and long- versus short-term orientation between Korean and Chinese cultures using responses from Korea and China, and then uses case analysis to analyze the impact of this cultural difference on the human resource management of Korean enterprises in China. Findings - Our main findings can be summarized as follows. Korea and China have significant differences in power distance and long- versus short-term orientation. In terms of power distance, Korean respondents show higher power distance compared to Chinese respondents. In the dimension of long- versus short-term orientation, it was found that Chinese respondents showed a shorter-term orientation, whereas Korean respondents showed a longer-term orientation. Originality/value - Previous studies put focus on the power distance and individualism-collectivism dimensions to explain cultural differences between Korea and China, and generated contradictory results. This research further confirms the cultural differences between Korea and China from the dimensions of power distance and long-versus short-term orientation using secondary data. The comparative studies from this perspective have long been underexplored and lack empirical confirmation.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.572-584
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the subjective experience of job stress among nurses working in long-term care hospitals. Methods: A phenomenological approach was used for the study. Data were collected from May to June, 2016 using open-ended questions during in-depth interviews. Participants were nurses working in long-term care hospitals and had reported experiences of stress. Six nurses participated in this study. Results: Six themes emerged from the analysis using Colaizzi's method: (a) Heavy workload and responsibility due to nurse shortage, (b) Getting exhausted by caring for cognitively impaired patients, (c) Feeling pressure due to conflict with patients' family, (d) compassion for patients who are getting worse, (e) Low value in being a long-term hospital nurse, and (f) Efforts to overcome stress. Conclusion: Sufficient labor supply, environmental improvements, program for improving interpersonal skills, education and counseling on end-of-life care, and recognition improvement about long term hospital are suggested to reduce the job stress of long-term hospital nurses.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.107-118
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• 1993

A dimension of well-being economic security was analyzed and compared with economic adequacy. Again it was tested whether two indicators of economic security(short-term vs. long-term) yield same distribution across all household groups. Economic Security was defined as the household ability to sustain a given level of consumption in the case of economic emergency; specifically loss of income. Measure of 8 different kinds of economic security were constructed from household net worth including and excluding home equity. Data were taken from the 1988 U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey and 2148 households were selected to test hypotheses concerning the economic security of American households Empirical results showed a very low level of economic security in general. The first hypothesis that distribution of economic adequacy and economic security are same across all population groups was rejected. On the average security measure rather than adequacy measure was favor to white female-headed households and households who have old and highly educated house-holder. The second hypothesis that the indicators of long-term and short-term economic security yield the same results across all household was not rejected. In general the level of economic security was relatively higher when long-term indicator was used than short-term indicator was however the direction and relative size of effect of income and each control variable was almost same.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.353-366
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was to define the care time of elderly in long-term care facilities and to compare and analysis the care time by staff and facility types. Method: The data were collected from 530 elderly over sixty, residing in two long-term care hospitals for dementia, three long-term care hospitals for the elderly and two skilled nursing facilities. Care time for individual residents was measured the total time spent by nurses, aides. Result: The average care time measured by nursing staff was 158.6 minutes a day. The average care time for one resident by nurse was 40.4 minutes, and by aides, 118.2 minutes. The difference of the care time showed statistical significance between long-term care facility types(p<0.001) : average care time for dementia hospital(199.1min) was twice as long as that of skilled nursing facility(94.1min). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the care time differentiates care time provided to elderly in long-term care facilities in Korea. The study suggests the need to emphasize the importance of standardization of level of staff and service programs by the long-term facilities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.109-118
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• 2022

The data of the missing section among the vertex surface sea temperature observation data was imputed using the Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network(BiRNN). Among artificial intelligence techniques, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), which are commonly used for time series data, only estimate in the direction of time flow or in the reverse direction to the missing estimation position, so the estimation performance is poor in the long-term missing section. On the other hand, in this study, estimation performance can be improved even for long-term missing data by estimating in both directions before and after the missing section. Also, by using all available data around the observation point (sea surface temperature, temperature, wind field, atmospheric pressure, humidity), the imputation performance was further improved by estimating the imputation data from these correlations together. For performance verification, a statistical model, Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations (MICE), a machine learning-based Random Forest model, and an RNN model using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) were compared. For imputation of long-term missing for 7 days, the average accuracy of the BiRNN/statistical models is 70.8%/61.2%, respectively, and the average error is 0.28 degrees/0.44 degrees, respectively, so the BiRNN model performs better than other models. By applying a temporal decay factor representing the missing pattern, it is judged that the BiRNN technique has better imputation performance than the existing method as the missing section becomes longer.