• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.53-55
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• 2004

In emergency cases, such as the severe trauma involving the fracture of skull, spine, or cervical bone, from auto accident or a fall, and/or pneumothorax which can not be diagnosed exactly by the eye examination, it is necessary the radiological examination during transferring to the hospital for emergency care. The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the prototype of mobile medical image communication system based on CDMA 1X EVDO. The system consists of a laptop computer used as a transmit DICOM client, linked with cellular phone which support to the CDMA 1X EVDO communication service, and a receiving DICOM server installed in the hospital. The DR images were stored with DICOM format in the storage of transmit client. Those images were compressed into JPEG2000 format and transmitted from transmit client to the receiving server. All of those images were progressively transmitted to the receiving server and displayed on the server monitor. To evaluate the image quality, PSNR of compressed image was measured. Also, several field tests had been performed using commercial CDMA2000 1X-EVDO reverse link with the TCP/IP data segments. The test had been taken under several velocity of vehicle in seoul areas.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2014

Among pre-harvest environmental factors, increasing attention has been paid to the effects of chemical and microbiological factors on fresh produce. The occurrence and prevalence of these factors have been usually studied with regard to the final products at the post-harvesting stage and/or when they are sold in the market. However, the origin and routes of transmission of both factors remain to be clarified. In the present study, we examined the contamination levels of food-borne pathogens and chemical factors such as pesticide residues and heavy metals in 83 and 43 samples, respectively, including various soil, water, and fertilizer samples, as well as post-harvested and processed samples. Among the organic farming samples, only one pesticide, dimethomorph, was detected in the soil sample, however no pesticides were observed from any other samples in organic farming system. Thus, it was thought that might be contaminated from conventional farm land in the vicinity. Whereas many pesticide residues were detected in conventional farming systems such as soil, fertilizer, water, and fresh produce as expected. Furthermore, heavy metals detected from all tested samples did not shown contamination levels higher than the standard limit. We comparatively assessed the levels of contamination by food-borne pathogens on the samples from organic and conventional farming systems, and found aerobic bacteria at approximately 7 log CFU/g, with no significant differences observed between the two systems. Coliforms were present at lower levels than aerobic bacteria. No human pathogens were present among the coliforms detected, indicating that these bacteria are saprophytes without the ability to cause food-borne illnesses. In contrast, among the high-risk food-borne pathogens, only sporadic cells of Bacillus cereus were found on samples of organic farming system. These data extend previous findings that the most prevalent food-borne pathogen is B. cereus and demonstrate that it spreads to whole living plants via soil.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.31 no.12C
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• pp.1173-1183
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• 2006

In this paper, we propose an efficient method for improving visual quality of AR-FGS (Adaptive Reference FGS) which is adopted as a key scheme for SVC (Scalable Video Coding) or H.264 scalable extension. The standard FGS (Fine Granularity Scalability) adopts AR-FGS that introduces temporal prediction into FGS layer by using a high quality reference signal which is constructed by the weighted average between the base layer reconstructed imageand enhancement reference to improve the coding efficiency in the FGS layer. However, when the enhancement stream is truncated at certain bitstream position in transmission, the rest of the data of the FGS layer will not be available at the FGS decoder. Thus the most noticeable problem of using the enhancement layer in prediction is the degraded visual quality caused by drifting because of the mismatch between the reference frame used by the FGS encoder and that by the decoder. To solve this problem, we exploit the principle of cyclical block coding that is used to encode quantized transform coefficients in a cyclical manner in the FGS layer. Encoding block coefficients in a cyclical manner places 'higher-value' bits earlier in the bitstream. The quantized transform coefficients included in the ealry coding cycle of cyclical block coding have higher probability to be correctly received and decoded than the others included in the later cycle of the cyclical block coding. Therefore, we can minimize visual quality degradation caused by bitstream truncation by adjusting weighting factor to control the contribution of the bitstream produced in each coding cycle of cyclical block coding when constructing the enhancement layer reference frame. It is shown by simulations that the improved AR-FGS scheme outperforms the standard AR-FGS by about 1 dB in maximum in the reconstructed visual quality.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.277-284
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• 2006

Background : Delayed treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis is an important problem because it results in greater mortality and the nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis. This study was conducted to analyze the factors that contribute to the delayed treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in a university hospital and we wanted to provide basic data for instituting an effective management program for tuberculosis. Methods : we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 155 patients with smear-positive or culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis and who were treated between May 1999 and October 1999. A case-control study was performed to analyze the factors. We then tried to follow up the patients in delayed treatment group via telephone for the purpose of assessing the therapeutic interventions. Results : Among 150 patients, 55 (37%) were included in the delayed treatment group. The factors associated with delayed treatment on the univariate analysis included age (61 vs 40 years old; p <0.001), a smear-negative sputum test for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) (85% vs 55%; p <0.001) and no visits to a private clinic before the patient presented to the university hospital (56% vs 36%; p = 0.014). Multivariate analysis revealed that old age (p = 0.001), a smear-negative sputum for AFB (p = 0.001), and lower lobe infiltrate on chest X-ray (p = 0.041) were the independent predictors of delayed treatment. Of the 22 patients who did not receive any treatment, 20 of them 91%) consented to our suggestion of revisiting the hospital. Conclusion : Delayed treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis is not uncommon in a university hospital. Old age, smear-negative for AFB, and lower lobe infiltrate on chest X-ray are the risk factors for delayed treatment. A more systematic management system is required for achieving better control of tuberculosis.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.51-57
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• 2019

In this paper, we analyzed the performance of IoT based smart wearable mine detection device. There are various mine detection methods currently used by the military. Still, in the general field, mine detection is performed by visual detection, probe detection, detector detection, and other detection methods. The detection method by the detector is using a GPR sensor on the detector, which is possible to detect metals, but it is difficult to identify non-metals. It is hard to distinguish whether the area where the detection was performed or not. Also, there is a problem that a lot of human resources and time are wasted, and if the user does not move the sensor at a constant speed or moves too fast, it is difficult to detect landmines accurately. Therefore, we studied the smart wearable mine detection device composed of human body antenna, main microprocessor, smart glasses, body-mounted LCD monitor, wireless data transmission, belt type power supply, black box camera, which is to improve the problem of the error of mine detection using unidirectional ultrasonic sensing signal. Based on the results of this study, we will conduct an experiment to confirm the possibility of detecting underground mines based on the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper consists of an introduction, experimental environment composition, simulation analysis, and conclusion. Introduction introduces the research contents such as mines, mine detectors, and research progress. It consists of large anti-personnel mine, M16A1 fragmented anti-mine, M15 and M19 antitank mines, plastic bottles similar to mines and aluminum cans. Simulation analysis is conducted by using MATLAB to analyze the mine detection device implementation performance, generating and transmitting IoT signals, and analyzing each received signal to verify the detection performance of landmines. Then we will measure the performance through the simulation of IoT-based mine detection algorithm so that we will prove the possibility of IoT-based detection landmine.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.231-239
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• 2004

Cerebral microvessel endothelial cells that form blood-brain barrier (BBB) have tight junction for maintaining brain homeostasis. Occludin, one of tight junction protein, is crucial for BBB function. $H_2O_2$ induced occludin changes and effects in bovine brain BBB endothelial cells were examined in this study. The decrease of transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) by $H_2O_2$ was due to disruption of occludin localization. Cytotoxicity test revealed that $H_2O_2$ did not cause cell death below 1 mM $H_2O_2$ within 4 hr. $H_2O_2$ caused intermittent disruption and loss of occludin at tight junctions and occludin disappeared with dose dependent manner from tight junction in confocal laser microscopy. But Western blot revealed that the total amounts of occludin increased by $H_2O_2$ administration. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the ultrastructure of tight junction was not changed by $H_2O_2$. These data suggest that functional disruption of BBB by $H_2O_2$ was due to the localized loss of occludin in tight junction, but the expression of occludin increased in order to compensate the disrupted function in BBB.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.653-661
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• 2001

Background: Retrograde cerebral perfusion(RCP) is one of the methods used for brain protection during aortic arch surgery. The author previously published the data, however, for the safety of it, there still remains many controversies. The author performed RCP and checked various parameters to clarify the possibility of early detection of cerebral injury. Material and Method: The author used pigs(Landrace species) weighing 25 to 30kg and performed RCP for 120 minutes. After weaning of cardiopulmonary bypass, we observed pigs for another 120 minutes. Rectal temperature, jugular venous oxygen saturation, central venous pressure were continuously monitored, and the hemodynamic values, histological changes, and serum levels of neuron-specific enolose(NSE) and S100$\beta$ protein were checked. Central venous pressure during RCP was maintained in the range of 20 to 25 mmHg. Result: Flow rates(ml/min) during RCP were 224.3$\pm$87.5(20min), 227.1$\pm$111.0(40min), 221.4$\pm$119.5(60min), 230.0$\pm$136.5(80min), 234.3$\pm$146.1(100min), and 184.3$\pm$50.5(120min). Serum levels of NSE did not increase after retrograde cerebral perfusion. Serum levels of S100$\beta$ protein(ng/ml) were 0.12$\pm$0.07(induction of anesthesia), 0.12$\pm$0.07(soon after CPB), 0.19$\pm$0.12(20min after CPB), 0.25$\pm$0.06(RCP 20min), 0.29$\pm$0.08(RCP 40min), 0.41$\pm$0.05(60min), 0.49$\pm$0.03(RCP 80min), 0.51$\pm$0.10(RCP 100min), 0.46$\pm$0.11(RCP 120min), 0.52$\pm$0.15(CPBoff 60min), 0.62$\pm$0.15(60min after rewarming), 0.76$\pm$0.17(CPBoff 30min), 0.81$\pm$0.20(CPBoff 60min), 0.84$\pm$0.23(CPBoff 90min) and 0.94$\pm$0.33(CPBoff 120min). The levels of S100$\beta$ after RCP were significantly higher than thosebefore RCP(p<0.05). The author could observe the mitochondrial swellings using transmission electron microscopy in neocortex, basal ganglia and hippocampus(CA1 region). Conclusion: The author observed the increase of serum S100$\beta$ after 120 minutes of RCP. The correlation between its level and brain injury is still unclear. The results should be reevaluated with longterm survival model also considering the confounding factors like cardiopulmonary bypass.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.514-523
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• 2004

Statement of problem: All-ceramic restorations have been advocated for superior esthetics. Various post and core systems have been used to improve the strength of damaged teeth, but it is unclear whether they affect the final shade of finished all-ceramic restorations. Purpose: The influence of different types of post and core systems on light transmission through all-ceramic crowns was assessed by spectrophotometric analysis. Also the masking effect of different thickness of ceramic ingot was evaluated. Material and Methods : Forty-five sample disks (15mm in diameter) at several thickness(1.0, 1.5, 2.0mm) and value(shade 100, 200, 300) were made in heat pressed ceramic(IPS-Empress). Background specimens simulating gold-alloy cast posts(Type III casting gold alloy), metal posts(Ni-Cr casting alloy) and ceramic posts(CosmoPost) were fabrica-ted. Resin composite(Z250, A3 shade) was used as a tooth substrate reference. For each combination, the change in color was measured with a spectrophotometer. Readings were performed for 2 conditions (1) ability of ceramic to mask the core in relation to its thickness(1.0, 1.5, or 2.0mm) ; (2) influence of post and core types on the final color of the ceramic. Data were recorded according to the CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ systems and color difference($\Delta$E) was calculated. Results: 100 shade ingot: when ceramic thickness was 1.0mm, $\Delta$E value for ceramic post larger than 1 but $\Delta$E value for metal and gold post was larger than 2. For ceramic thickness of 1.5mm, only $\Delta$E value for metal was larger than 2, and the other samples' $\Delta$E value was smaller than 2. For ceramic thickness of 2.0mm, $\Delta$E values for all specimens was smaller than 2. 200 shade ingot: when ceramic thickness was 1.0mm, $\Delta$E value for ceramic post was smaller than 1 but $\Delta$E value for metal and gold post was larger than 2. For ceramic thickness of 1.5 mm, only the $\Delta$E value for metal was larger than 2, and the other samples' $\Delta$E value was smaller than 2. For ceramic thickness of 2.0mm, $\Delta$E values for all specimens was smaller than 1. 300 shade ingot: when ceramic thickness was 1.0mm, only $\Delta$E value for metal was larger than 2 and the other samples' $\Delta$E value was smaller than 2. For ceramic thickness of 1.5mm, $\Delta$E values for all specimens was smaller than 1. For ceramic thickness of 2.0mm, $\Delta$E values for all specimens was smaller than 1. Conclusion: The final esthetic result of the IPS-Empress glass-ceramic restoration was not affected by the presence of different core materials when the thickness was more than 2.0 mm. When ceramic thickness decreases to 1.5mm, it is advised to take the substrate aspects into consideration. If the ceramic thickness is less than 1.0mm, using the tooth color matched substrate is strongly recommended.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2011

The Sensor technology and portable device capability able to collect recent user information and the information about the surrounding environment haven been highly developed. A user can be made use of various contents and the option is also extending with this technology development. In particular, the initial portable device had simply a call function, but now that has evolved into 'the 4th screen' which including movie, television, PC ability. also, in the past, a portable device to provided only the services of a SMS, in recent years, it provided to interactive video service, and it include technology which providing various contents. Also, it is rising as media which leading the consumption of contents, because it can be used anytime, anywhere. However, the contents available for the nature of user's handheld devices are limited. because it is very difficult for making the contents separately according to various device specification. To find a solution to this problem, the study on one contents from several device has been progressing. The contents conversion technology making use of the profile of device out of this study comes to the force and profile study has been progressing for this. Furthermore, Demand for a user is also increased and the study on the technology collecting, analyzing demands has been making active progress. And what is more, Grasping user's demands by making use of this technology and the study on the technology analyzing, providing contents has been making active progress as well. First of all, there is a method making good use of ZigBee, Bluetooth technology about the sensor for gathering user's information. ZigBee uses low-power digital radio for wireless headphone, wireless communication network, and being utilized for smart energy, automatic home system, wireless communication application and wireless sensor application. Bluetooth, as industry standards of PAN(Personal Area Networks), is being made of use of low power wireless device for the technology supporting data transmission such as drawing file, video file among Bluetooth device. With analyzing the collected information making use of this technology, it utilizes personalized service based on network knowledge developed by ETRI to service contents tailor-made for a user. Now that personalized service builds up network knowledge about user's various environments, the technology provides context friendly service constructed dynamically on the basis of this. The contents to service dynamically like this offer the contents that it converses with utilizing device profile to working well. Therefore, this paper suggests the system as follow. It collects the information, for example of user's sensitivity, context and location by using sensor technology, and generates the profile as a means of collected information as sensor. It collects the user's propensity to the information by user's input and event and generates profile in the same way besides the gathered information by sensor. Device transmits a generated profile and the profile about a device specification to proxy server. And proxy server transmits a profile to each profile management server. It analyzes profile in proxy server so that it selects the contents user demand and requests in contents server. Contents server receives a profile of user portable device from device profile server and converses the contents by using this. Original source code of contents convert into XML code using the device profile and XML code convert into source code available in user portable device. Thus, contents conversion process is terminated and user friendly system is completed as the user transmits optimal contents for user portable device.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.356-370
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• 2017

The energy savings and $CO_2$ emission reductions obtainable from the situation that the Smart Grid system (SGs) is assumed to be applied in Korea up to 2030 is quantitatively analyzed with many reported data. For calculation, SGs is divided into five sectors such as Smart Transmission and Distribution (ST&D), Smart Consumer (SC), Smart Electricity Service (SES), Smart Renewable Energy (SRE) and Smart Transportation (ST). Total annual energy savings in 2030 is estimated to be approximately 103,121 GWh and this is 13.1% of total electricity consumption outlook. Based on this value, total amount of reducible $CO_2$ emissions is calculated to 55.38 million $tCO_2$, which is 17.6% of total nation's GHG reduction target. Although the contribution of energy saving due to SGs to total electricity consumption increases as years go by, that of $CO_2$ emission reduction gradually decreases. This might be because that coal fired based power generation is planned to be sharply increased and the rate of $CO_2$ emission reduction scheduled by nation is very fast. The contributable portion of five each sector to total $CO_2$ emission reductions in 2030 is estimated to be 44.37% for SC, 29.16% for SRE, 20.12% for SES, 5.11% for ST&D, and 1.24% for ST.