• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.6_1
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• pp.917-930
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• 2017

To understand the temporal and spatial variations of surface chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) distribution in the Indian Ocean ($30^{\circ}E{\sim}120^{\circ}E$, $30^{\circ}S{\sim}30^{\circ}N$) by the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), we conducted EOF and K means analyses of monthly satellite-derived Chl-a data in the region during 1998~2016 periods. Chl-a showed low values in the central region of the Indian Ocean and relatively high values in the upwelling region and around the marginal regions of the Indian Ocean. It also had a strong seasonal variation of Chl-a, showing the lowest value in the spring and the highest value in summer due to the change of the monsoon and current system. The EOF analysis showed that Chl-a variation in EOF mode 1 is related to ENSO (El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$/Southern Oscillation) and that of mode 2 is linked to IOD. Both modes explained spatially opposite trends of Chl-a in the east and west Indian Ocean. From K means analysis, the Chl-a variation in the east and west Indian Ocean, and around India have relatively good relationship with IOD while that in the tropical and middle Indian Ocean closely associated with ENSO. The spatial and temporal distribution of Chl-a also showed distinct spatial and temporal variations depend on the different types of IOD events. IOD classifies two patterns, which occurred during the developing ENSO (First Type IOD) and the year following ENSO event (Second Type IOD). Chl-a variation in the First Type IOD started in summer and peaked in fall around the east and west Indian Ocean. Chl-a variation in the Second Type IOD occurred started in spring, peaked in summer and fall, and disappeared in winter. In the Chl-a variation related to IOD, developing process appearing in the Chl-a difference between the east and west Indian ocean was similar. Chl-a variation in the northern Indian Ocean were opposite trend with changing developing phase of IOD.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.11-20
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• 2005

This study has a purpose on contributing to apprehend safe and right way to stop to the inline skate beginners and to the instructors who teaches line skating on the basis for the result of the kinematical analysis on Heel brake stop movement of the inline skate, focusing on the displacement on COG, angle displacement of ankle joint, angle displacement of knee joint, angle displacement of hip joint, using a 3D image method by DLT. To achieve this goal, we analysed the kinematical factor of the 3 well-trained inline skating instructors and obtained the following results. 1. During the movement of heel-brake stop, when strong power was given to a stable and balanced stop and the lower limbs, if the physical centroid is lowered the stability increases, and if it is placed high from the base surface, as the stability decreases compared to the case of low physical centroid, we should make a stop by placing a physical centroid in the base surface and lowering the hight of physical centroid. 2. To make a stable and balanced stop and to provide a strong power to the lower limbs, it is advisable to make a stop by decreasing an angle displacement of ankle joint during a "down" movement. In case of the left ankle joint, in all events and phases the dorsiflexion angle showed a decrease. Nevertheless, in the case of the right ankle joint, the dorsiflexion angle shows an increase after a slight decrease. The dorsiflexion angle displacement of ankle joint can be diminished because of the brake pad of the rear axis frame of the right side inline skate by raising a toe, but cannot be more decreased if certain degree of an angle is made by a brake pad touching a ground surface. To provide a power to a brake pad, it is recommended to place a power by lowering a posture making the dorsiflexion angle of the left ankle joint relatively smaller than that of the right ankle. 3. To make a stable and balanced stop and to add a power to a brake pad, the power must be given to the lower limbs in lowering the hight of physical centroid. For this, it is recommended to make a down movement by decreasing the flexion angle of a knee joint and it is necessary to make a down movement by a regular decrease of the angle displacement of knee joint rather than a swift down movement in every event and phase. 4. The right angle displacement of hip joint is made by lowering vertically the hight of physical centroid as leaning slightly forward. If too narrow angle displacement of hip joint is made by leaning forward too much, the balance is lost during the stop by placing the center in front. To make a stable and balance stop and to place a strong power to the lower limbs, it is recommendable to make a narrow angle by lower the hip joint angle. However, excessive leaning of the upper body to make the angle too narrow, can cause an instable stop and loss of physical centroid. After this study, it is considered to assist the kinematical understanding during the heel brake stop movement of the inline skate, and, to present basic data in learning a method of stable and balanced stop for the inline skating beginners or for the inline skate instructors in the present situation of the complete absence of the study in inline skating.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2002

Purpose : This study was undertaken to analyze the efficacy and sphincter preservation rate of platinum based neoadjuvant chemotherapy Plus radiotherapy versus abdominoperineal resection and Postoperative radiotherapy for anal cancer. Materials and Methods : Data of forty-two patients with anal cancer were retrospectively analyzed. Among thirty-eight patients with epidermoid histology, four patients received radiotherapy, and nineteen patients received abdominoperineal resection and adjuvant radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy $(APR+RT{\pm}CT)$, and fifteen patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy (CRT). The CRT regimen was composed of three cycles of 5-fluorouracil $(1,000\;mg/m^2\;bolus\;on\;D1\~5)$ and cisplatin $(60\;mg/m^2\;bolus\;on\;D1)$ followed by 50.4 Gy to the tumor bed and regional lymphatics over 5.5 weeks. Both inguinal lymphatics were treated with an identical dose schedule. Residual disease was treated with an additional three cycles of identical adjuvant chemotherapy. An identical dose schedule was used for post-operative radiotherapy. Median follow-up period was eighty-five months. Results : Overall five-year survival rates were $80.3\%$, 88.9 and $79.4\%$ for entire patients, $APR+RT{\pm}CT$ group, and the CRT group, respectively. No significant difference was found between the two groups (p=0.49). Anus preservation rate for the CRT group was $86.7\%$. Age (0=0.0164) and performance status (p=0.0007) were found to be significant prognostic factors by univariate analysis. Age (p=0.0426), performance status (p=0.0008), and inguinal lymph node metastasis (e=0.0093) were statistically significant prognostic factors by multivariate analysis. No case of RTOG grade 3 complication or higher was reported. Conclusion : This and other recent studies have shown that combined chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for anal cancer results in a high rate of anal sphincter preservation as well as local control and survival. Furthermore, neoadjuvant use of chemotherapy with a cisplatin based regimen rather than a concurrent regimen may lead to a decrease in complications.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.263-273
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the family phenomenon and characteristics by ICNP such as family shape, life standard. area, and development stage. Method: 1. Sample size was 115. 2. Data analysis method included frequency analysis including ratio. Results: 1. On the distribution of the family phenomena by family shape, the nuclear family showed a higher ratio on the distribution in family communication and the unhealthy life style. The nuclear family was related to children andhad a higher ratio on the inadequate care management of the sick member. The extended family showed the highest ratio on the inadequate care management of sick member. 2. On the distribution of the family phenomena by family life standard, the family with medium life standard showed a higher ratio on the inappropriate family coping, whereas the family with lower life standard appeared to have a higher ratio on the inadequate care management of the sick member. 3. On the distribution of the family phenomena by area. the large city area showed the highest ratio on the inappropriate family coping, the medium and small city area appeared to have the highest ratio on the unhealthy life style. The county area showed the highest ratio on the inadequate care management of sick member. 4. On the distribution of the family phenomena by development stage, the family in rearing period showed a higher ratio on the inappropriate family coping and the lack of family intimacy. Families with preschool children showed a higher ratio on the unhealthy life style, and families with school age children showed the highest ratio on the inappropriate family coping. Families with adolescents appeared to have the highest ratio on the disturbance in family communication, and families with launching young adults showed the highest ratio on the inadequate care management of sick member. 5. On the distribution of the family characteristics by family shape, the nuclear family showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chances among family members and neglect of general child rearing, whereas the third generation family appeared to have a higher ratio on the characteristics such as overburden of housewife's role and short of caring among family members. 6. On the distribution of the family characteristics by family life standard, the family of medium life standard showed higher ratio on the family characteristics such as a few communication chance among family and overburden of housewife's role, and the family of lower life standard appeared to higher ratio on the family characteristics such as short of caring among family members. 7. On the distribution of the family characteristics by area. the large city area showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as overburden of housewife's role and neglect of general child rearing. The medium and small city area appeared to have a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chancec among family members. The county area showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as short-term care among family members. 8. On the distribution of the family characteristics by development stage, the family with rearing period showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as neglect of general child rearing. Families with preschool children showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chancec among family members. Families with school age children showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as overburden of housewife's role. Families with adolescents appeared to have a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chances among family members. Families with launching young adults showed a higher ratio on the family characteristics such as less communication chances and short-term care among family members.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.39-50
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• 2011

This study furnishes basis data for plan foundation and proper valuation of view by presenting objective and concrete selection standards and ways of Landscape Control Point(LCP) on valuation of development projects. To sum up the results of study, it establishes the prospect, publicity and direction of view as a selection standard LCP on precedent studies. The prospect, which includes visual range, direction of view, geographical features, and visibility, sets up as a valuation basis picking out the available places which have alterations according to direction and distance in practice. In the case of publicity, to select the place as there presentative area where public activities often happen than others, thirteen evaluation indexes including administration facilities, educational facilities, commercial facilities and so on. And variation of landscape is set up as an assessment index to know how much the land has changed from the beginning to the end of development. To apply the selection standards to sample places, the preliminary LCP is founded by analyzing both the prospect and published; a series of courses for selecting the final LCP is founded by analyzing the preliminary LCP and variableness of landscape on a basic of placed which have many alterations of view. At last, in the case of a selection system for LCP, the preliminary LCP is founded by analyzing both the prospect and publicity; a series of courses for selecting the final LCP is found by analyzing the preliminary LCP and variableness of landscape. Applying selection standards and the assessment index to the Sam-deok 3 residence improvement area, in the case of prospect, the southern distant view area has the largest extent. Next, the results of the assessment using the system of publicity show that a five-lane road is taking up the largest area. Hence, a total of 48 preliminary LCPs are set up by analyzing both the prospect and publicity. The results of analyzing landscape variation, one of the valuation indexes, show that Sam-deok dong around the post office has the highest rate of variation at 28.07%. Finally, three LCPs in each part, which are close range, middle range and distance view, are selected; thus, a total of nine LCPs are selected. The selected LCPs that go through a series of practical courses like a GIS program have a lot of professional opinions and are expected to secure objectivity of landscape assessment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.98-106
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• 2011

This study was performed with the purpose of providing basic data for the improvement of zoning regulations of urban nature park by analyzing the present problem which occurred during last 6 years from the year of 2005 when the program was introduced for the first time. The study was processed first by the analysis of the cases of problems evoked by citizens, second the other problems was delineated by interviews of officials, at last the validity of all of the problems was verified by a group of professionals through delphi method. The results can be summarized as follows. 1. In relation to the designation and management of urban national park areas, designation criteria, designation process, maintenance, laws and regulations and 20 other items were found to be problematic. After Delphi method, 5 items were removed and 2 added. The results showed that there were 17 problematic items in total. 2. Regarding the problem of criteria for designation, which are, lack of priority(weights), lack of objectivity due to the difficulty to use quantitative evaluation method, incompatibility for contaminated land environmental impact assessment, incompatibility of land suitability assessment, lack of detailed field survey standards, lack of national park area standards, and 6 other items. 3. Regarding the problem of designation process, which are, the occurrence of civil appeals for designating a new national park, the needs of feasibility study on the urban national park areas constructed before urban national park guidelines came out, lack of a comprehensive review of the boundaries set when determining national park area management plan, poor temporal and financial conditions for an accurate field survey, and 4 other items. 4. Regarding the problem of maintenance management, which are, lack of management system in each space, lack of effectiveness of Urban Nature Park Area Management Plan among master plans for park and green areas, the occurrence of dual managers due to dual natures such as purpose area and city park, lack of professional manpower to manage park areas, and 4 other items. 5. Regarding the problems of regulation guidelines, which are, lack of separate urban park area management plan, incompatibility of the permitted facilities in the park to the park area standards, lack of feasibility study on urban park areas, and 3 other items.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 1986

This study was aimed at investigating the health seeking behaviors of patients; For the purpose of analyzing the research theme we classified the study into two phase. First, the types of patients' health seeking behavior were categorized into a scheme according to what medical care resources were utilized in patients' coping process. Second, from patients' first visits to third visits to medical resources, we analyzed variations of factors which noted as crucial elements in constituting the patients' sickness career. To grasp the generalized characteristics from complicated empirical data, we limited the scope of our analysis to third stage of health seeking. A total of 121 persons who had beer suffering from chronic diseases more than 3 months was sampled among the residents of Banwol-Eup, the target Area of Korea University Health Project. The findings are as follows ; 1) In the course of visiting medical care resources, 34 different types of health seeking Behavior were found. From this result we inferred the idea that patients in Banwol-Eup had not any stable norms to cope with their pains. Clinics, hospital, pharmacy, Herb-doctors', folkways (self-treatment) were accessed by patients in orders. But more than half of patients who had utilized clinics or hospitals from their first to third visits, changed medical care resources to others, for example herb doctors or folkways, which had fundamentally different treatment models. Upon these two facts, the diversified types and capricious patterns in the health seeking behavior of Banwol patients, we observed a typical Shopping-Around phenomenon. 2) Factors which influenced patients' to their sickness career were changed along the courses of health seeking, from first to third visits as follows ; $\cdot$ Perceived seriousness of diseases were tended to decrease. $\cdot$ Professional medical personnel tended to be influencial in the patients' sickness career, (5.0%, 25.0% and 65.7%). The influence of the primary interaction groups such as parents, friends, neighbours, tended to decrease ; (90.9%, 71.2% and 30.0%). $\cdot$ The subjective reasons why to choose such a medical care resource were related to economic affordability and disease-itself as main motives. Credibility of health resources tended to increase 14.9%, 24.0% and 31.4 sequently. $\cdot$ Geographic accessibility factors did not change significantly. Most of patients had utilized health resources in Banwol and Anyang area. 3) Cultural inclination in the shopping-around phenomenon has shown difference among age groups. The age group' over 50 years' preferred traditional health resources to modern health resources. 4) Consistency of health seeking behavior on the shopping around phenomenon has shown difference according to the degrees of patients' economic affordability and those of psychological satisfaction toward modern health services. However, there were some restrictions in this thesis ; a) the study was limited to the 3rd health seeking career so it did not allow us to collect more informations after that, b) the study was not able to carry out causal analysis on patients health behavior determinated by explanatory model of health resources, and c) the study was not able to take into consideration of factors connected with social structural circumstances. Despite of restrictions described above, we are sure that this thesis would promote health providers' understanding toward patients' inclinations, through which they could provide efficient and accurate medical service.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.353-360
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• 2010

The result of analysis of the observed temperature data by the Serial Oceanography Investigation of National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) during last 41 years from 1969 to 2008 showed that sea surface temperatures in the East, West and South Sea of Korea were clearly increased. In case of 100m depth, temperature was increased in the South Sea of Korea, but it was decreased in the East Sea. Especially, the temperature around the coastal area in the East Sea was significantly decreased by the spatial distribution of long-term change of temperature on 100m depth. It should lead to the decreasing trend in the long-term change of temperature on 100 m depth in the entire East Sea. The increasing trend was clearly larger in wintertime than in summertime by a factor of about 2 It means that the long-term increasing trend of sea surface temperature in the Korean Waters is usually caused by the distinctive increasing trend in wintertime. As the results of the analysis of air temperature and wind speed on the 6stations around the coastal area in the Korean Waters, air temperature was found to be continuously increased, but wind speed to be gradually decreased in winter. The weakness of vertical mixing by decreasing of wind speed caused to make the surface mixed layer shallow. it could be considered that the increasing trend of surface temperature was caused by weak mixing between surface and intermediate layers.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.159-170
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• 2006

Objective: The purpose of this study is to find out risk factors related to uterine leiomyoma in Korean women and to compare with the results of previous western studies. Methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out. All the cases of uterine leiomyoma (n=244) were diagnosed surgically or sonographically between Jannuary 1998 and December 2004. Total of 269 controls not having uterine leiomyoma were collected from patients who visited Kyungpook national university hospital for routine gynecologic check-up or treatment of their gynecologic or obstetric diseases other than uterine leiomyoma. Data were collected through review of medical records and interviews and analyzed with $x^2$ and logistic regression model. Results: In multivariate analysis, patient's age (OR 1.070; 95% CI 1.041~1.099), number of artificial abortion (OR 1.182; 95% CI 1.018~1.374) and alcohol drinking (OR 1.865; 95% CI 1.231~2.824) had significantly positive correlation with uterine leiomyoma. The duration of lactation was the only factor which had negative correlation (OR 0.985; 95% CI 0.972~0.998). BMI, parity, age at menarche, the duration and interval of menstruation, caffeine consumption and marital status did not show any correlations. Conclusion: In this study, patient's age, number of artificial abortion, and alcohol drinking were the risk factors of uterine leiomyoma in Korean women and the result was similar to that of western studies. Though we couldn't find out the specific risk factors related to the development of uterine leiomyoma in this study, but it has a great meaning to be the first trial in Korean women. The role of information bias should be carefully evaluated and further multicentered, randomized, controlled prospective studies will be needed to know the possible risk factors among Korean women.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.361-366
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• 1996

This study was to determine the effect of $Al^{3+}$ in $^{99m}Tc$ eluate from $^{99}Mo-^{99m}Tc$ generator on labeling efficiency and biodistribution of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP. The chromatographic analysis of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP preparations containing $Al^{3+}(0-62.5{\mu}g/ml)$ showed decreased labeling efficiency $^{99m}Tc$ pertechnetate and hydrolyzed reduced $^{99m}Tc$ fraction increased with increasing concentrations of aluminum. However, the chromatography system could not discern between hydrolyzed reduced $^{99m}Tc$ and $^{99m}Tc$ labeled colloid. $^{99m}Tc$-MDP preparations containing aluminum were relatively stable. Chromatographic analysis also confirmed that no significant differences were observed in the radiochemical purity of the filtered and the unfiltered $^{99m}Tc$-MDP preparations containing aluminum by $0.22{\mu}m$ syringe filter. In biodistribution data of ICR-mice, blood and heart uptake were increasing with increasing concentrations of aluminum, because of decreasing labeling efficiency of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP and increasing of $^{99m}Tc$ pertechnetate. However, liver and bone uptake were not significantly increased. In rat images no difference were observed at $5{\mu}g/ml\;Al^{3+}$ compare with at $0{\mu}g/ml\;Al^{3+}$, but at $10{\mu}g/ml\;Al^{3+}$ lumbar uptake was increased. As a practical conclusion, a concentration below $10{\mu}g/ml\;Al^{3+}$($10{\mu}g/ml\;Al^{3+}$ is the maximum allowed in pertechnetate eluate from $^{99}Mo-^{99m}Tc$ generator by USP.) in $^{99m}Tc$-MDP radiopharmaceutical result in low labeling efficiency. Radiochemical purity 90% of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP is the minimum allowed by USP. Therefore, when soft tissue uptake is observed in $^{99m}Tc$-MDP bone scan and labeling efficiency is above 90%, we can expect that $Al^{3+}$ in pertechnetated eluate is not the cause of soft tissue uptake.